ABOUT AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT Northern Cape AQMP Upington 27 July - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Northern Cape AQMP Upington 27 July 2017

ABOUT AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Poor air quality is very old problem ….

In 61 A.D. Lucius Annaeus Seneca, the Younger wrote, "As soon as I had gotten out of the heavy air of Rome, from the stink of the chimneys and the pestilence, vapors and soot of the air, I felt an alteration to my disposition." When the 16th-century Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo discovered California's San Pedro Bay, he reportedly noted that while the mountain peaks in the distance were visible, their bases were obscured by the smoke from Indian fires.

Prior to the Industrial Revolution

• Coal was widely used in London houses
• Nottingham, England 1157 - wife of King Henry II moved

from Nottingham due to smoke from burning of wood

• In 1273 coal burning was prohibited in London
• In 1285 a commission was set up to investigate air pollution

in London

• In 1306 polluting London air by smoke was an offence

punishable by death

The Industrial Revolution

• In the 18th Century burning of coal was the backbone of

the Industrial Revolution

• The steam engine reigned supreme during this period and

was powered by coal. Machinery used was also powered by coal.

• Beginning in the 19th century, episodes of choking air

pollution associated with the burning of coal became a common phenomenon in many of the major cities in Europe and the United States.

• The British Parliament conducted numerous studies into

air quality in the 1800’s due to the levels of ‘dirty air’ but nothing was done to solve problem.

19th century London

• Numerous fatal air pollution events occurred in

London during the 19th century

• December 1873 (1150 people died)
• January 1880
• February 1882
• December 1891
• These events were linked to smoke emissions

from coal and stagnant fog

London Great Smog: 5-9 Dec 1952

Estimated that upwards of 4,000 died prematurely in the immediate aftermath of the smog

Response to London Smog

• In 1956 Great Britain passed the Clean Air Act,

legislation to control smoke emissions:

• banning dark visible smoke emissions from chimneys,

railway engines & vessels

• required new furnaces to be smokeless
• gave Local Authorities the power to designate smokeless

zones

Los Angeles Smog

• As early as 1922 LA had a large number of motor vehicles
• Problems with smog were noticed as early as the 1940’s with

the view of the San Gabriel Mountains was impaired.

• The effects of the smog were numerous with humans,

agriculture and materials being negatively affected.

• In 1947 the Los Angeles County formed the US nation's first air

pollution control agency.

• After the Second World War LA boomed and it started

experiencing numerous smog days.

• In the 1950s, automobile exhaust became a prime suspect.
• In this 1960 UCLA researchers demonstrate a new anti-smog

device developed for automobiles

Air quality: The African Context

• Africa experiences air pollution problems of First World
• increased urbanisation and industrialisation
• increased vehicular traffic
• increased per capita energy consumption
• Experiences air pollution problems of Third World
• informal settlements and reliance on high-polluting

domestic fuel sources therefore high indoor pollution

• inadequate legislation and poor enforcement

What is an AQMP?

An AQMP is a strategic planning document that assists the implementing organisation (national, province, municipality) achieve air quality management

• bjectives in a structured and measured manner.
• It is a structured system-based philosophy
• It can be applied at a range of spatial scales
• It is driven by defined air quality objectives
• It implies management of activities that impact on air quality
• It implies monitoring of progress towards reaching objectives

AQMP: The legal imperative

• In the US, Federal law require state Air Quality

Attainment Plans

• In the UK, Air Quality Management Plans are

establish at micro level

• In South Africa, provinces and municipalities are

required to include AQMPs in their EMPs and IDPs

What should an AQMP contain?

An AQMP should, where applicable, aim to:

• improve (or maintain) air

quality;

• identify and reduce the

negative impact on human health and the environment

• address the effects of

emissions from fossil fuel use in residential areas

• address the effects of

emissions from industrial sources

• address the effects of

emissions from any other sources

• implement obligations in

respect of international agreements

• give effect to best practice in

air quality management

• describe how

implementation will be effected and measured

AQMP process at a glance

STEP 1: Establish stakeholder group

Stakeholder participation enriched the process, gains acceptance and eases implementation

• Existing databases
• Direct approach,
• Newspaper notices
• Establish and maintain database
• Stakeholders include:
• Government (National, Province, Municipalities)
• Other government departments
• Industry, agriculture, NGOs, etc

STEP 1: Baseline assessment

Understanding of current status of air quality

• Nature of the receiving environment
• Emission sources
• Ambient air quality (measurements and/or

modelling)

• Capacity for air quality management function
• Intergovernmental relationships

 Location  Topography  Climate  Meteorology  Population

Receiving environment

10 20 30 40 50 60 microgram/m3 A B C D Site

Annual average conc. (ug/m3)

PM10 SO2 NO2

Baseline AQ information

• Emissions data
• Ambient monitoring data
• Dispersion modelling results
• Receptor data
• AQM capacity

Data are required for problem identification?

• Receptor data
• Location of communities
• Location of other sensitive receptors
• Topography, climate, meteorology
• Expected outcomes
• Identification of areas of potential impact
• Understanding of nature of the impact
• Influence of topography on meteorology
• Understanding of data gaps

Analysis of data: Receiving environment

• Emission data
• Sources categories (e.g. industry, motor vehicles)
• Pollutants of interest
• Available inventories, studies, documents
• Available emission measurements
• Proxy data (e.g. fuel consumption, VKT)
• Expected outcomes
• Understanding of relative contribution of sources
• Understanding of pollutants of concern
• Understanding of location of sources
• Understanding of data gaps

Analysis of data: Emissions

• Ambient monitoring data
• Station type (location), e.g. traffic, industrial
• Type of monitoring, e.g. continuous, campaign
• Pollutants monitored
• Data quality
• Comparison with ambient standards
• Assessment of variation and trends
• Overlay with receptor areas
• Assessment using meteorology

Analysis of data: Ambient air quality

• Analysis for the following outcomes
• Understanding of ambient concentrations relative

to standards at specific locations (monitoring stations)

• Understanding of variation and trends
• Possible understanding of source impacts
• Understanding of gaps

Analysis of data: Ambient air quality

• Dispersion modelling results
• Specialist studies that have been done
• Sources included / excluded
• Comparison with monitored data
• Expected outcomes
• Understanding of spatial distribution of pollutants
• Understanding of relative contribution of sources
• Identification of monitoring needs
• Understanding of gaps

Analysis of data: Dispersion modelling

• Capacity includes:
• Systems, Structure, Skills, Incentives, Strategy, Inter-

relationships

• Expected outcomes
• Are the necessary systems in place for the mandated

AQM function?

• Are the departmental structures facilitate AQM

function

• Does the incumbent personnel have the skills to fulfil

the function

• Are there incentives for AQM personnel
• Are the necessary relationships forAQM functional

Analysis of data: AQM Capacity

• Based on findings of baseline assessment, e.g.:
• Emission inventory:
• Criteria and toxic pollutants
• Sources of concern
• Monitoring and modelling:
• Source apportionment
• Sources that result in ambient exceedances
• Receptor data for:
• Exposure
• Institutional requirements:
• Capacity

STEP 2: Identification of gaps and issues

STEP 3: AQMP vision and goals

• Develop of an overall objective (vision)
• Develop of goals to address the gaps and issues
• Contextualised by over-arching policy
• Consistency with related plans
• Goals should be SMART (Specific, Measurable,

Achievable, Relevant, & Time based)

Vision “Clean and healthy air for all in the Western Cape” Mission ‘To ensure the effective and consistent implementation of sustainable air quality management practices, by all spheres of government, relevant stakeholders and civil society to progressively achieve and efficiently maintain clean and healthy air in the Western Cape”

AQMP for the Western Cape

• To ensure effective and consistent Air Quality

Management

• To continually engage with stakeholders to

raise awareness with respect to air quality

• To ensure effective and consistent compliance

monitoring and enforcement

• To support climate change protection

programmes, including promoting the reduction of Green House Gas emissions

Western Cape AQMP goals

Air Quality Management in the Eastern Cape ensures clean, safe air for all

DEDEAT leads Air Quality Management in the Eastern Cape to continually improve air quality while protecting human health and securing environmental sustainability

• Goal 1: Intergovernmental relationships for Air

Quality Management are streamlined and function effectively in the Eastern Cape

• Goal 2: Air Quality Management is considered in

planning in the Eastern Cape and is led by sound scientific research in order to achieve sustainable development

• Goal 3: Adequate and competent staff in all District

and Metropolitan municipalities in the Eastern Cape

AQMP for the Eastern Cape

• Goal 4: Adequate and effectively resourced Air

Quality Management Systems support decision- making in the Eastern Cape

• Goal 5: Awareness and knowledge of Air Quality is

enhanced in the Eastern Cape

• Goal 6: Compliance and enforcement initiatives in

the Eastern Cape are visible and effective

AQMP for the Eastern Cape

STEP 4: Implementation plan

• Logical Framework Approach or Theory of

Constraints to break goals into smaller

• bjectives (sub-goals)
• Define What, How, Who, When for each
• bjective

• Issue: Ambient concentrations are not measured
• Implementation plan:
• Purchase, install and operate ambient monitors
• Technical questions
• What pollutants should be monitored?
• How should the monitoring be done?
• How many stations, where to site them?
• How will maintenance be done, by whom?
• How will data be captured, transmitted, stored, reported?

STEP 4: Implementation plan: Example

• Issue: Ambient PM10 concentrations are high in a coal-burning

residential area close to a power generation facility

• Implementation plan:
• Impose PM emission reduction measures on the power

generation facility or address energy requirements of the community

STEP 4: Implementation plan: Example

• Technical questions
• What are the relative emissions of PM10?
• What are the diurnal trends in ambient PM10?
• What are the relative contributions to ambient PM10 in the

residential area?

STEP 5: Implementation of interventions

• Organisational buy-in and

clear objectives in the business plan

• Implementation champion
• Competent and passionate

team

• Reporting structures
• Job descriptions and KPIs

for performance evaluation

• Implement short term
• bjectives with existing

resources (personnel, equipment, budget)

• Plan to implement medium

and long term objectives through EMP, IDP and business plans

• Why prioritise?
• Implementation plan consist of any number of

activities, with different time frames

• What is important, what is urgent, no budget, no

time, no resources,

• Results in piece-meal implementation or

implementation paralysis!

Prioritising for implementation

• Immediate

First 3 months of AQMP adoption

• Short term

First 12 months of AQMP adoption

• Medium Term

2 to 3 years of AQMP adoption

• Long term

4 to 5 years of AQMP adoption

AQMP Implementation

For the implementation of each goal:

STEP 6: Monitoring, evaluation & review

• Monitoring the implementation of the AQMP:

Internal routine process of implementation

• Evaluation of the efficacy of the interventions:

External/internal evaluation annually

• Review of the relevance of the AQMP and the

goals: External process to re-assess baseline, gaps and issues, goals every 5 years

• Limited stakeholder consultation
• Results in uninformed role players, poor level of

buy-in, flawed, planning, implementation impeded

• Limited financial resources
• Inability to execute the plan, or parts of the plan,

loss of credibility

Implementation challenges

• Identify all stakeholders
• Understand their roles and responsibilities
• Engage with all stakeholders, emphasising:
• The need for the intervention, consequences
• Preferred intervention plan and why
• Alternative options, cost and benefit
• Plan for implementation (time line, etc)
• Role of each in the plan and when
• Sign-off, i.e. agreement
• Feedback on progress with implementation

Stakeholder engagement for buy-in

Objective: establishment and operation of an ambient monitoring station

Example: Stakeholder involvement

Activity Stakeholder Capex motivation and approval Operational manager, Financial manager Recruitment, training, career development Human capital management, training institutions, individuals Operation and maintenance Operations manager, technical personnel Siting Communities, site owner Reporting Environmental manager, DEA, communities

• AQMP addresses a number of issues
• Issues are prioritised and implementation

plan is rolled-out against a defined time line

• Monitoring and evaluation to assess

effectiveness of the plan (and interventions)

• Plan does not achieve the desired result:
• Carry on regardless, or change the plan

Static implementation

• Develop a business plan for the AQMP
• Business plan should include HR, CAPEX, OPEX

requirements

• Prioritise issues considering:
• Immediate: Have the personnel and other resources, legal

requirement

• Current financial year: Will have the resources in
• perational budget, Legal requirement
• Future financial years: Requires budget motivation,

requires rained personnel

Prioritising for implementation

• Recognise that air quality management is

technical and that lack of technical skills and understanding may lead to:

• Inappropriate planning and intervention design
• Inappropriate and inconsistent implementation
• Leading to:
• Inefficient and ineffective implementation
• Objectives not being achieved

Technical capacity and skills development

• Understand the incumbent capacity level
• Establish capacity requirements for effective

implementation

• Appointment or development of incumbent

personel

Technical capacity and skills development

• Restricted ability to acquired equipment
• Restricted ability to appoint skilled staff
• Inability to capacitate incumbent staff
• Leads to impeded implementation or no

implementation

• Loss of credibility in the plan and the

implementing department Limited financial resources for implementation

• Monitoring progress with implementation and

reviewing the efficacy of the interventions and

• f the plan
• Without monitoring and review there is no

means to:

• Assess the success at implementing the plan
• Assess whether progress is being made or the
• bjectives of the plan are being achieved

Lack of monitoring of implementation

• Monitoring
• Internal process, working groups, momentum in

implementation, reports, job descriptions and KPIs

• Evaluation
• Internal process (technical), annual performance

review, checklist for document, process, intervention performance, indicators

• Review
• Internal and external process, 5 years,

success/failures of implementation

Identify most suitable methods