A B rie f In tro d u c tio n to th e H is to ry o f - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

In tro to h isto ry o f co m p u tin g – 4 .5 A B rie f In tro d u c tio n to th e H is to ry o f C o m p u tin g - 5 W hat computers were used for, who made them: Operating system s, applications and the market ANU Faculty of Engineering and IT 4 generations of computer systems and manufacturers Department of Computer Science COMP1200 Perspectives on Computing 2002-05 Chris Johnson Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 2 4 .5 H isto ry o f co m p u te r syste m s, a p p lica tio n s a n d m a rke ts 4 generations Relax! M ost of the m aterial in this lecture is background •generation1 information to expand on the ideas of “generations” operating systems and 1945-59 and the ways in which computer use has changed. software tools •generation 2 M ost of the detail in this lecture is not directly applications 1959-1964 examinable. system configurations •generation3 the size of the market 1964-1981 manufacturers •generation 4 1981----- Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 3 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 4

1 s t. g e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5 -5 9 1 st. g e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5 -5 9 - co n fig u ra tio n hardware – recap vacuum tubes storage: magnetic core, mercury delay line, magnetic drum I/O: paper tape, punch cards, line printer software: no operating system assembly program, library 1951 symbolic assembler language invented (Grace Hopper) to improve on programming with numeric machine codes Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 5 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 6 one user at a time 1 st. g e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5 -5 9 - a p p lic a tio n s 1 st. g e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5 -5 9 – th e m a rke t (sta rte d 1 9 5 1 ) most computers made by existing business equipment manufacturers accounting (typically decimal computers) IBM business stock control 1951-55 IBM 701 (scientific), IBM 702 (commercial): 50 of each 24 computers installed in 1956 general substitute for punched card business data 1956-61 sold 1,100 IBM 350 RAMAC processing: personnel, payroll Random Access M emory Accounting Machine - with a notabley large 5M Byte disk storage unit military & scientific ( binary computers): calculation of Remington Rand -> Sperry Rand - 24 sold in 1956 artillery tables USA: RCA, GE, Philco, Burroughs, NCR, Honeywell decryption a few companies in UK and France air traffic/air defence displays top-end: SAGE air traffic control/air defence system: 8k x 32 bit words, 75KHz, 100 radar display consoles 1952-62: 46 computers installed Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 7 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 8

2 nd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9 -1 9 6 4 2 nd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9 -6 4 Hardware Operating system and software tools Batch operating systems: discrete transistors replace vacuum tubes in CPU people as professional operators, m agnetic core memory sequential execution of jobs controlled by operator switches, I/O: punched cards, high speed line printer using magnetic tapes loaded by operator from library removable disk packs – a few MBytes one job at a time systems software: assembler, compilers High level languages FORTRAN(from 1954-7); Algol (1960); COBOL (1961); LISP (1960) Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 9 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 10 2 nd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9 -1 9 6 4 c 2 nd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9 -1 9 6 4 a o n fig u ra tio n p p lic a tio n s m ore business operations airline reservation system SABRE: IBM 7090 com puters, 1100 users, rem ote access over leased phone lines (no general network), transaction based m ore scientific calculations: com putational modelling m ilitary... Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 11 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 12

2 nd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 5 9 -1 9 6 4 3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -1 9 8 1 m a rke ts - g ro w th example: IBM 1400 series (1401 - 7010) (1959-1965) integrated circuits (chips) in CPU: 1.4k to 16k memory 6 bit characters, decimal arithmetic Moore’s Law groeth takes off chain printer: 600 lines per minute (10 lines/second) 14,000 machines sold (IBM original estimate: 1,000) magnetic core primary storage M anufacturers solid state (RAM) memory from 1970 “a fierce shakeout” - IBM and the seven dwarfs (1964) IBM mag. disk 2ndry storage: virtual memory Sperry Rand RCA magnetic tape offline storage GE Burroughs->Sperry Rand/Unisys high speed line printer NCR Honeywell remote data terminals Control Data Corporation CDC VDU, 24 x 80 chars, fixed char. set; a few in UK (Ferranti->ICL), France (Bull), Germany (Nixdorf), Italy (Olivetti) Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 13 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 14 over short range slow lines (1200-9600 bps) 3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -8 1 m a in fra m e , m in ico m p u te r, 3 . F ro m 3 rd to 4 th g e n e ra tio n m icro co m p u te r m ainfram e 3 rd generation from approx 1964 enterprise scale mainframe computers first, then minis minicomputers: e.g.DEC PDP/8, PDP/11, m ultiple boards in C P U , room -sized Birth of UNIX operating system 1975 24-60 bit words microcomputers PET TRS-801979 ~100 users Apple II computer supercom puter: add another 10x cost, 10x speed word processing m ini VisiCalc spreadsheet application 1979 com pact, solid state LS I, fairly rugged, suits equipm ent rack: laboratory scale ~ 10 users 4 th generation............................ 1972 D E C P D P -8 : 12 bit word IBM PC, Microsoft DOS 1981 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 15 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 16 D ataG eneral N o va , D E C P D P -11 : 16 bit w ord

3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -8 1 m a in fra m e , m in ico m p u te r, 3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -8 1 o p e ra tin g syste m a n d so ftw a re m icro co m p u te r to o ls mainframe... multiprogramming O/S: concurrent processing and I/O, mini... “time-sharing” multiple jobs apparently simultaneously micro 1971-79 database management systems very compact, single chip processor time-sharing terminals, multiple users [early 70s] 8 bit to 16 bit interactive programming environments: slower than minicomputers editors, program debugger tools much cheaper again: $2,000-10,000 interactive data entry, transaction systems 1 user e.g. pocket calculator 4-5 chips down to single chip Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 17 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 18 replaces analogue slide rule ~1970 3 rd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 6 4 -8 1 - so 3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -1 9 8 1 - c ftw a re o n fig u ra tio n rapid development of many high level languages 1965 revised C O B O L 65 (A N S I standard C O B O L in 1968) 1966 FO R TR A N 66 (FO R TR A N IV ) A N S I standard led to later -->F77, F95 1967 A lgol W -> P ascal 1972 1971 P R O LO G program m ing in logic 1972 C B A S IC Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 19 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 20 1968 NATO Software Conference identifies “the software crisis”: human inability to create and