A B rie f In tro d u c tio n to th e H is to ry o f - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

A B rie f In tro d u c tio n to th e H is to ry

• f C
• m

p u tin g

• 2

ANU Faculty of Engineering and IT Department of Computer Science COMP1200 Perspectives on Computing 2002-05 Chris Johnson

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 2

In tro to h isto ry o f co m p u tin g – 2

The early years: 1

st and 2nd generations of electronic

computing Moore’s Law The 3 or 4 Generations of computing technology - hardware

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 3

1 . e a rly y e a rs : B ig Id e a s : th e v

• n

N e u m a n n a rc h ite c tu re

The stored program computer

late 1940s

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 4

1 . e a rly ye a rs: B ig Id e a s - th e sto re d p ro g ra m co m p u te r

Why is the ability to store the program in memory significant?

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 5

1 . e a rly ye a rs: G e n e ra tio n s o f e le ctro n ic co m p u tin g

1.

electronic valves (1943)1948 (vacuum tubes)

2.

individual solid-state transistors 1959

3.

integrated solid-state circuits 1964

LSI, MSI, VLSI

• 4. VLSI & the Personal Computer

1981

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 6

1 . e a rly y e a rs : s m a ll id e a s ...

“I think there is a world market for m aybe five computers”

IBM’s chairman Thomas J Watson, 1943 (133 Million PCs were sold in 2000)

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 7

1 . e a rly ye a rs: th e 1

st g

e n e ra tio n

example: Bendix G-15 1956 300 built 2,160 x 29 bit words (about 8KBytes storage) speed: 2 kHz max 180 tube packages (valves) 300 germanium diode packages

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 8

1 . e a rly ye a rs: 1

st g

e n e ra tio n – va lve s (va cu u m tu b e s)

Burroughs B205, ca. 1954 This module represents one decimal digit in the ALU accumulator

University of Virginia museum

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 9

1 . e a rly ye a rs: 1

st g

e n e ra tio n h a rd w a re

based on vacuum tubes: like small light bulbs, 2, 3 - 5 contacts common (diode, triode,..., pentode) slow: computer logic needs internal switching of tube states: limited to kHz speeds expensive, so computers had only small ALU unreliable: vacuum tubes fail frequently, randomly - like light bulbs runs hot, required a lot of power & cooling physically big showed that electronic computing was useful

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 10

1 . e a rly ye a rs: 1

st g

e n e ra tio n so ftw a re

programs writen as numeric codes (machine language) and in primitive assembly languages (a few words and code names: A1, M100) system software tiny: small subroutine libraries for numeric routine (e.g.SIN, TAN) and I/O formatting (e.g. convert internal number to decimal digits) manual operation: load next program from paper tape by physical switches at console: no “operating system”

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 11

1 . e a rly y e a rs : 2

nd g

e n e ra tio n

from approximately 1959 transistor a general purpose electronic amplification device: cooler, faster, smaller, much more reliable than valves computer systems software: came with manufacturer-supplied Operating System for batch

• peration,

still needed an operator to load paper and magnetic tapes and paper cards – no online backing store files

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 12

1 . 1

st a

n d 2

nd

g e n e ra tio n I/O : in p u t/o u tp u t

TYPICAL INPUT/OUTPUT USED A SINGLE TYPEWRITER-LIKE DEVICE WITH MECHANICAL KEYBOARD, FAN-FOLD PAPER. PAPER TAPE, MAYBE PUNCH CARD READER AND PUNCH. ONE PERSON AT A TIME. EARLY INTERFACE DEVICES WERE THE SAME AS COMMUNICATIONS TELETYPES, RUNNING AT SPEED OF 10-30 CHARACTERS PER SECOND. NO GRAPHICS AT ALL. ONLY ONE FONT (like this Courier)

• Usually had only

UPPERCASE CHARACTERS.

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 13

1 . 2

nd g

e n e ra tio n

• tra

n s is to rs

software: by end of generation (early 1960s) each m anufacturer sold com pilers for machine independent, application-oriented programm ing languages for their machines: FORTRAN, COBOL, Algol, LISP no easy portability of programs, m agnetic tapes for fast secondary storage no general computer networks

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 14

1 . 3

rd g

e n e ra tio n e le c tro n ic s

ability to manufacture Integrated Circuit containing many transistors

• n single “chip” of silicon: 1964

fewer physical components, less soldering, cheaper, more reliable manufacturing

• fit more logic on each circuit board

computers now used custom-designed integrated circuits (ICs)

allowed circuits to work faster: MHz not kHz 4 microsecond ADD (0.25 MIPS) [IBM 360/50: 1965] 0.75 microsec ADD (1.25 MIPS) [IBM 360/75: 1968] computers more reliable, physically smaller, larger memory

360/50: 256K Byte (1965) 360/75: 1 M Byte (1968)

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 15

1 . 3

rd g

e n e ra tio n c

• m

p u te rs

IBM 360 1968

Conducting a war by computer Vietnam, circa 1968 Philip Jones Griffiths

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 16

1 . 3

rd g

e n e ra tio n : vo n N e u m a n n a rch ite ctu re p lu s virtu a l m e m

• ry

Secondary storage use for online file storage I/O controllers Virtual memory Online file storage

Intro to history of computing (2) hardware 17

1 . 3

rd g

e n e ra tio n sto ra g e a n d so ftw a re

add fast online secondary storage – disks - use for scratch files, database, general user files and Virtual Mem

• ry [Atlas - UK 1961]

Operating Systems - yes! High level Languages – yes yes yes! hundreds of langauges were created.