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A B rie f In tro d u c tio n to th e H is to ry o f - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

May 08, 2023 178 likes •435 views

A B rie f In tro d u c tio n to th e H is to ry o f C o m p u tin g - 5 ANU Faculty of Engineering and IT Department of Computer Science COMP1200 Perspectives on Computing 2002-05 Chris Johnson In tro to

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A B rie f In tro d u c tio n to th e H is to ry

  • f C
  • m

p u tin g

  • 5

ANU Faculty of Engineering and IT Department of Computer Science COMP1200 Perspectives on Computing 2002-05 Chris Johnson

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 2

In tro to h isto ry o f co m p u tin g – 4 .5

W hat computers were used for, who made them: Operating system s, applications and the market 4 generations of computer systems and manufacturers

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 3

Relax! M

  • st of the m

aterial in this lecture is background information to expand on the ideas of “generations” and the ways in which computer use has changed. M

  • st of the detail in this lecture is not directly

examinable.

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SLIDE 4

Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 4

4 .5 H isto ry o f co m p u te r syste m s, a p p lica tio n s a n d m a rke ts

4 generations

  • perating systems and

software tools applications system configurations the size of the market manufacturers

  • generation1

1945-59

  • generation 2

1959-1964

  • generation3

1964-1981

  • generation 4

1981-----

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 5

1 s

  • t. g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5

  • 5

9

hardware – recap

vacuum tubes storage: magnetic core, mercury delay line, magnetic drum I/O: paper tape, punch cards, line printer

software: no operating system

assembly program, library 1951 symbolic assembler language invented (Grace Hopper) to improve on programming with numeric machine codes

  • ne user at a time
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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 6

1

  • st. g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5

  • 5

9

  • co

n fig u ra tio n

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 7

1

  • st. g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5

  • 5

9

  • a

p p lic a tio n s

accounting (typically decimal computers) business stock control general substitute for punched card business data processing: personnel, payroll military & scientific (binary computers): calculation of artillery tables decryption air traffic/air defence displays

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 8

1

  • st. g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5

  • 5

9 – th e m a rke t (sta rte d 1 9 5 1 )

most computers made by existing business equipment manufacturers IBM

1951-55 IBM 701 (scientific), IBM 702 (commercial): 50 of each 24 computers installed in 1956 1956-61 sold 1,100 IBM 350 RAMAC Random Access M emory Accounting Machine

  • with a notabley large 5M Byte disk storage unit

Remington Rand -> Sperry Rand - 24 sold in 1956 USA: RCA, GE, Philco, Burroughs, NCR, Honeywell a few companies in UK and France top-end: SAGE air traffic control/air defence system: 8k x 32 bit words, 75KHz, 100 radar display consoles 1952-62: 46 computers installed

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 9

2

nd g

e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9

  • 1

9 6 4

Hardware discrete transistors replace vacuum tubes in CPU m agnetic core memory I/O: punched cards, high speed line printer removable disk packs – a few MBytes

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 10

2

nd g

e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9

  • 6

4

Operating system and software tools Batch operating systems: people as professional operators, sequential execution of jobs controlled by operator switches, using magnetic tapes loaded by operator from library

  • ne job at a time

systems software: assembler, compilers High level languages FORTRAN(from 1954-7); Algol (1960); COBOL (1961); LISP (1960)

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 11

2

nd g

e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9

  • 1

9 6 4 c

  • n

fig u ra tio n

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 12

2

nd g

e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9

  • 1

9 6 4 a p p lic a tio n s

m

  • re business operations

airline reservation system SABRE: IBM 7090 com puters, 1100 users, rem

  • te access over leased

phone lines (no general network), transaction based m

  • re scientific calculations: com

putational modelling m ilitary...

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 13

2

nd g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 5 9

  • 1

9 6 4 m a rke ts - g ro w th

example: IBM 1400 series (1401 - 7010) (1959-1965)

1.4k to 16k memory 6 bit characters, decimal arithmetic chain printer: 600 lines per minute (10 lines/second) 14,000 machines sold (IBM original estimate: 1,000)

M anufacturers “a fierce shakeout” - IBM and the seven dwarfs (1964)

IBM Sperry Rand RCA GE Burroughs->Sperry Rand/Unisys NCR Honeywell Control Data Corporation CDC a few in UK (Ferranti->ICL), France (Bull), Germany (Nixdorf), Italy (Olivetti)

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 14

3

rd g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4

  • 1

9 8 1

integrated circuits (chips) in CPU: Moore’s Law groeth takes off magnetic core primary storage

solid state (RAM) memory from 1970

  • mag. disk 2ndry storage: virtual memory

magnetic tape offline storage high speed line printer remote data terminals VDU, 24 x 80 chars, fixed char. set;

  • ver short range slow lines (1200-9600 bps)
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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 15

3 . F ro m 3

rd to

4

th g

e n e ra tio n

3rd generation from approx 1964 mainframe computers first, then minis minicomputers: e.g.DEC PDP/8, PDP/11, Birth of UNIX operating system 1975 microcomputers PET TRS-801979 Apple II computer

word processing VisiCalc spreadsheet application 1979

4th generation............................ IBM PC, Microsoft DOS 1981

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 16

3

rd g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4

  • 8

1 m a in fra m e , m in ico m p u te r, m icro co m p u te r

m ainfram e

enterprise scale m ultiple boards in C P U , room -sized 24-60 bit words ~100 users supercom puter: add another 10x cost, 10x speed

m ini

com pact, solid state LS I, fairly rugged, suits equipm ent rack: laboratory scale ~ 10 users 1972 D E C P D P -8: 12 bit word D ataG eneral N o va, D E C P D P -11: 16 bit w ord

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 17

3

rd g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4

  • 8

1 m a in fra m e , m in ico m p u te r, m icro co m p u te r

mainframe... mini...

micro 1971-79

very compact, single chip processor 8 bit to 16 bit slower than minicomputers much cheaper again: $2,000-10,000 1 user

e.g. pocket calculator

4-5 chips down to single chip replaces analogue slide rule ~1970

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 18

3

rd g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4

  • 8

1

  • p

e ra tin g syste m a n d so ftw a re to

  • ls

multiprogramming O/S: concurrent processing and I/O, “time-sharing” multiple jobs apparently simultaneously database management systems time-sharing terminals, multiple users [early 70s] interactive programming environments: editors, program debugger tools interactive data entry, transaction systems

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 19

3

rd g

e n e ra tio n – 1 9 6 4

  • 8

1

  • so

ftw a re

rapid development of many high level languages

1965 revised C O B O L 65 (A N S I standard C O B O L in 1968) 1966 FO R TR A N 66 (FO R TR A N IV ) A N S I standard led to later -->F77, F95 1967 A lgol W -> P ascal 1972 1971 P R O LO G program m ing in logic 1972 C B A S IC

1968 NATO Software Conference identifies “the software crisis”: human inability to create and

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 20

3

rd g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4

  • 1

9 8 1

  • c
  • n

fig u ra tio n

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 21

3

rd g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4

  • 8

1 a p p lic a tio n s

more business operations databases scientific calculations, mathematical, industrial modelling, weather forecasting minicomputers

industrial and other equipm ent control data concentrators - front ends to m ainfram es

microcomputers

digital watches, gam es, calculators (special purpose system s) em bedded system s, hobby system s

military... embedded micro computers – digital avionics

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 22

3

rd g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4

  • 8

1 – th e m a rke t

M ainframes e.g. IBM System/360 family 1965-71

not time-shared 18,000 machines sold

System 370 1971-88

upward compatible from 360 series time-shared (multiproccessing) semi-conductor memory 80,000 sold

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 23

3

rd g

e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4

  • 8

1 – th e m a n u fa c tu re rs

IBM and the BUNCH (approx 1968) [not 7 any longer]

IBM Burroughs->Sperry Rand/Unisys UNIVAC NCR Control Data Corporation CDC - supercomputers Honeywell a few in UK (ICL), France (Bull), Germany (Siemens)

the minis (approx 1970) [new companies, electronics cos]

DEC Digital Equipment Corporation Data General Varian Hewlett-Packard... and others

the micros

Apple (and Apricot and Acorn and...) Xerox Commodore ... many others

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Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 24

R e a d in g a n d re v ie w

Most of the material in this lecture is background information to expand on the ideas of “generations” and the ways in which computer use have changed. Most of the detail in this lecture is not examinable (see previous years’ examination papers for examples) Reading: Brookshear section 3.1- Q 1, 2, 3, 4 chapter 3 review questions 1,2,3,4,5,6, 17, 18 [note: the reference to “question 13” in q18 is incorrect, should refer to q17] chapter 3 social issues: Q 3