A B rie f In tro d u c tio n to th e H is to ry o f - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

A B rie f In tro d u c tio n to th e H is to ry o f C o m p u tin g - 5 ANU Faculty of Engineering and IT Department of Computer Science COMP1200 Perspectives on Computing 2002-05 Chris Johnson

In tro to h isto ry o f co m p u tin g – 4 .5 W hat computers were used for, who made them: Operating system s, applications and the market 4 generations of computer systems and manufacturers Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 2

Relax! M ost of the m aterial in this lecture is background information to expand on the ideas of “generations” and the ways in which computer use has changed. M ost of the detail in this lecture is not directly examinable. Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 3

4 .5 H isto ry o f co m p u te r syste m s, a p p lica tio n s a n d m a rke ts 4 generations •generation1 operating systems and 1945-59 software tools •generation 2 applications 1959-1964 system configurations •generation3 the size of the market 1964-1981 manufacturers •generation 4 1981----- Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 4

1 s t. g e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5 -5 9 hardware – recap vacuum tubes storage: magnetic core, mercury delay line, magnetic drum I/O: paper tape, punch cards, line printer software: no operating system assembly program, library 1951 symbolic assembler language invented (Grace Hopper) to improve on programming with numeric machine codes Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 5 one user at a time

1 st. g e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5 -5 9 - co n fig u ra tio n Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 6

1 st. g e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5 -5 9 - a p p lic a tio n s accounting (typically decimal computers) business stock control general substitute for punched card business data processing: personnel, payroll military & scientific ( binary computers): calculation of artillery tables decryption air traffic/air defence displays Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 7

1 st. g e n e ra tio n 1 9 4 5 -5 9 – th e m a rke t (sta rte d 1 9 5 1 ) most computers made by existing business equipment manufacturers IBM 1951-55 IBM 701 (scientific), IBM 702 (commercial): 50 of each 24 computers installed in 1956 1956-61 sold 1,100 IBM 350 RAMAC Random Access M emory Accounting Machine - with a notabley large 5M Byte disk storage unit Remington Rand -> Sperry Rand - 24 sold in 1956 USA: RCA, GE, Philco, Burroughs, NCR, Honeywell a few companies in UK and France top-end: SAGE air traffic control/air defence system: 8k x 32 bit words, 75KHz, 100 radar display consoles 1952-62: 46 computers installed Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 8

2 nd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9 -1 9 6 4 Hardware discrete transistors replace vacuum tubes in CPU m agnetic core memory I/O: punched cards, high speed line printer removable disk packs – a few MBytes Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 9

2 nd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9 -6 4 Operating system and software tools Batch operating systems: people as professional operators, sequential execution of jobs controlled by operator switches, using magnetic tapes loaded by operator from library one job at a time systems software: assembler, compilers High level languages FORTRAN(from 1954-7); Algol (1960); COBOL (1961); LISP (1960) Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 10

2 nd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9 -1 9 6 4 c o n fig u ra tio n Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 11

2 nd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 5 9 -1 9 6 4 a p p lic a tio n s m ore business operations airline reservation system SABRE: IBM 7090 com puters, 1100 users, rem ote access over leased phone lines (no general network), transaction based m ore scientific calculations: com putational modelling m ilitary... Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 12

2 nd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 5 9 -1 9 6 4 ts - g ro w th m a rke example: IBM 1400 series (1401 - 7010) (1959-1965) 1.4k to 16k memory 6 bit characters, decimal arithmetic chain printer: 600 lines per minute (10 lines/second) 14,000 machines sold (IBM original estimate: 1,000) M anufacturers “a fierce shakeout” - IBM and the seven dwarfs (1964) IBM Sperry Rand RCA GE Burroughs->Sperry Rand/Unisys NCR Honeywell Control Data Corporation CDC a few in UK (Ferranti->ICL), France (Bull), Germany (Nixdorf), Italy (Olivetti) Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 13

3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -1 9 8 1 integrated circuits (chips) in CPU: Moore’s Law groeth takes off magnetic core primary storage solid state (RAM) memory from 1970 mag. disk 2ndry storage: virtual memory magnetic tape offline storage high speed line printer remote data terminals VDU, 24 x 80 chars, fixed char. set; Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 14 over short range slow lines (1200-9600 bps)

3 . F ro m 3 rd to 4 th g e n e ra tio n 3 rd generation from approx 1964 mainframe computers first, then minis minicomputers: e.g.DEC PDP/8, PDP/11, Birth of UNIX operating system 1975 microcomputers PET TRS-801979 Apple II computer word processing VisiCalc spreadsheet application 1979 4 th generation............................ IBM PC, Microsoft DOS 1981 Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 15

3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -8 1 m a in fra m e , m in ico m p u te r, m icro co m p u te r m ainfram e enterprise scale m ultiple boards in C P U , room -sized 24-60 bit words ~100 users supercom puter: add another 10x cost, 10x speed m ini com pact, solid state LS I, fairly rugged, suits equipm ent rack: laboratory scale ~ 10 users 1972 D E C P D P -8 : 12 bit word Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 16 D ataG eneral N o va , D E C P D P -11 : 16 bit w ord

3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -8 1 m a in fra m e , m in ico m p u te r, m icro co m p u te r mainframe... mini... micro 1971-79 very compact, single chip processor 8 bit to 16 bit slower than minicomputers much cheaper again: $2,000-10,000 1 user e.g. pocket calculator 4-5 chips down to single chip Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 17 replaces analogue slide rule ~1970

3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -8 1 o p e ra tin g syste m a n d so ftw a re to o ls multiprogramming O/S: concurrent processing and I/O, “time-sharing” multiple jobs apparently simultaneously database management systems time-sharing terminals, multiple users [early 70s] interactive programming environments: editors, program debugger tools interactive data entry, transaction systems Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 18

3 rd g e n e ra tio n – 1 9 6 4 -8 1 - so ftw a re rapid development of many high level languages 1965 revised C O B O L 65 (A N S I standard C O B O L in 1968) 1966 FO R TR A N 66 (FO R TR A N IV ) A N S I standard led to later -->F77, F95 1967 A lgol W -> P ascal 1972 1971 P R O LO G program m ing in logic 1972 C B A S IC Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 19 1968 NATO Software Conference identifies “the software crisis”: human inability to create and

3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -1 9 8 1 - c o n fig u ra tio n Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 20

3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -8 1 a p p lic a tio n s more business operations databases scientific calculations, mathematical, industrial modelling, weather forecasting minicomputers industrial and other equipm ent control data concentrators - front ends to m ainfram es microcomputers digital watches, gam es, calculators (special purpose system s) em bedded system s, hobby system s Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 21 military... embedded micro computers – digital avionics

3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -8 1 – th e m a rke t M ainframes e.g. IBM System/360 family 1965-71 not time-shared 18,000 machines sold System 370 1971-88 upward compatible from 360 series time-shared (multiproccessing) semi-conductor memory 80,000 sold Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 22

3 rd g e n e ra tio n 1 9 6 4 -8 1 – th e m a n u fa c tu re rs IBM and the BUNCH (approx 1968) [not 7 any longer] IBM Burroughs->Sperry Rand/Unisys UNIVAC NCR Control Data Corporation CDC - supercomputers Honeywell a few in UK (ICL), France (Bull), Germany (Siemens) the minis (approx 1970) [new companies, electronics cos] DEC Digital Equipment Corporation Data General Varian Hewlett-Packard... and others the micros Apple (and Apricot and Acorn and...) Intro to history of computing (3): systems, apps, markets 23 Xerox Commodore ... many others