H a s h t a b l e s H a s h t a b l e s n a i - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

h a s h t a b l e s h a s h t a b l e s n a i v e l y
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H a s h t a b l e s H a s h t a b l e s n a i - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

H a s h t a b l e s H a s h t a b l e s n a i v e l y A h a s h t a b l e i m p l e m e n t s a s e t o r m a p Tie p l a n : t a k e a n a r r a y o f s o m e s i z e


slide-1
SLIDE 1

H a s h t a b l e s

slide-2
SLIDE 2

H a s h t a b l e s n a i v e l y

A h a s h t a b l e i m p l e m e n t s a s e t

  • r

m a p Tie p l a n : t a k e a n a r r a y

  • f

s

  • m

e s i z e k D e fj n e a h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

t h a t m a p s v a l u e s t

  • i

n d i c e s i n t h e r a n g e { , . . . , k

  • 1

}

  • E

x a m p l e : i f t h e v a l u e s a r e i n t e g e r s , h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

m i g h t b e h ( n ) = n m

  • d

k

T

  • fj

n d , i n s e r t

  • r

r e m

  • v

e a v a l u e x , p u t i t i n i n d e x h ( x )

  • f

t h e a r r a y

  • A

v

  • i

d s e a r c h i n g t h r

  • u

g h t h e w h

  • l

e a r r a y !

slide-3
SLIDE 3

H a s h t a b l e s n a i v e l y , e x a m p l e

I m p l e m e n t i n g a s e t

  • f

i n t e g e r s , s u p p

  • s

e w e t a k e a h a s h t a b l e

  • f

s i z e 5 a n d a h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

h ( n ) = n m

  • d

5 I n s e r t i n g 1 4 g i v e s : 5 1 78

01234 Tii

s h a s h t a b l e c

  • n

t a i n s { 5 , 8 , 1 7 }

1 4 5 1 78

01234

S i m i l a r l y , i f w e w a n t e d t

  • fj

n d 8 , w e w

  • u

l d l

  • k

i t u p i n i n d e x 3

slide-4
SLIDE 4

A p r

  • b

l e m

Tii s i d e a d

  • e

s n ' t w

  • r

k . Wh a t i f w e w a n t t

  • i

n s e r t 1 2 i n t

  • t

h e s e t ? W e s h

  • u

l d s t

  • r

e 1 2 a t i n d e x 2 , b u t t h e r e ' s a l r e a d y s

  • m

e t h i n g t h e r e ! Tii s i s c a l l e d a c

  • l

l i s i

  • n

R e a l h a s h t a b l e s a r e n a i v e h a s h t a b l e s p l u s t r i c k s f

  • r

d e a l i n g w i t h a n d a v

  • i

d i n g c

  • l

l i s i

  • n

s !

5 1 78

01234

slide-5
SLIDE 5

H a n d l i n g c

  • l

l i s i

  • n

s : c h a i n i n g

I n s t e a d

  • f

a n a r r a y

  • f

e l e m e n t s , h a v e a n a r r a y

  • f

l i n k e d l i s t s ( c h a i n s ) T

  • a

d d a n e l e m e n t , c a l c u l a t e i t s h a s h a n d i n s e r t i t i n t

  • t

h e l i s t a t t h a t i n d e x

01234

5 1 78

slide-6
SLIDE 6

H a n d l i n g c

  • l

l i s i

  • n

s : c h a i n i n g

I n s t e a d

  • f

a n a r r a y

  • f

e l e m e n t s , h a v e a n a r r a y

  • f

l i n k e d l i s t s ( c h a i n s ) T

  • a

d d a n e l e m e n t , c a l c u l a t e i t s h a s h a n d i n s e r t i t i n t

  • t

h e l i s t a t t h a t i n d e x I n s e r t i n g 1 2 i n t

  • t

h e t a b l e

01234

5 1 78 1 2

slide-7
SLIDE 7

P e r f

  • r

m a n c e

  • f

c h a i n e d h a s h t a b l e s

C h a i n e d h a s h t a b l e s a r e f a s t i f t h e c h a i n s a r e s m a l l

  • I

f t h e s i z e i s b

  • u

n d e d ,

  • p

e r a t i

  • n

s a r e O ( 1 ) t i m e

B u t i f t h e c h a i n s g e t b i g , e v e r y t h i n g g e t s s l

  • w
  • C

a n d e g r a d e t

  • O

( n ) i n t h e w

  • r

s t c a s e

Tie r e a r e t w

  • c

a s e s w h e n t h i s c a n h a p p e n ! W e h a v e t

  • a

v

  • i

d b

  • t

h

  • f

t h e m .

slide-8
SLIDE 8

P e r f

  • r

m a n c e

  • f

c h a i n e d h a s h t a b l e s

C a s e

  • n

e : t h e h a s h t a b l e i s t

  • f

u l l

  • I

f w e t r y t

  • s

t

  • r

e 1 , , v a l u e s i n a n a r r a y

  • f

s i z e 5 , s

  • m

e c h a i n s w i l l b e 2 , l

  • n

g

S

  • l

u t i

  • n

: e x p a n d t h e h a s h t a b l e

  • I

f t h e h a s h t a b l e g e t s t

  • f

u l l ( a h i g h l

  • a

d f a c t

  • r

) , a l l

  • c

a t e a n e w a r r a y a b

  • u

t t w i c e a s b i g ( r e h a s h i n g )

  • l
  • a

d f a c t

  • r

= n u m b e r

  • f

e l e m e n t s / s i z e

  • f

a r r a y

P r

  • b

l e m : h ( x ) i s s p e c i fj c t

  • a

p a r t i c u l a r s i z e

  • f

a r r a y

  • A

l l

  • w

t h e h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

t

  • r

e t u r n a n a r b i t r a r y i n t e g e r ( t h e h a s h c

  • d

e

  • f

x ) a n d t h e n t a k e i t m

  • d

u l

  • t

h e a r r a y s i z e : h ( x ) = x . h a s h C

  • d

e ( ) m

  • d

a r r a y . s i z e

  • H

a s h f u n c t i

  • n
  • f

a n i n t e g e r w i l l j u s t b e t h e i n t e g e r i t s e l f

slide-9
SLIDE 9

P e r f

  • r

m a n c e

  • f

c h a i n e d h a s h t a b l e s

C a s e t w

  • :

t h e h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

i s l

  • u

s y

  • W
  • r

s t c a s e : h ( x ) i s a c

  • n

s t a n t f u n c t i

  • n

, e . g . h ( x ) =

  • Tie

n a l l e l e m e n t s w i l l e n d u p i n t h e s a m e c h a i n !

Tie h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

m u s t d i s t r i b u t e v a l u e s e v e n l y

  • E

a c h h a s h b u c k e t h a s a n e q u a l c h a n c e

  • f

b e i n g c h

  • s

e n

  • Tie

r e a r e n

  • b

s e r v a b l e p a t t e r n s , e . g . , e a s y w a y s t

  • c
  • n

s t r u c t t w

  • v

a l u e s w h i c h a l w a y s h a v e t h e s a m e h a s h

I n

  • t

h e r w

  • r

d s , i t s h

  • u

l d l

  • k

l i k e t h e h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

r e t u r n s a r a n d

  • m

b u c k e t

slide-10
SLIDE 10

C h a i n e d h a s h t a b l e s – t h e t h e

  • r

y

W e n e e d :

  • t
  • r

e s i z e t h e h a s h t a b l e w h e n i t g e t s t

  • f

u l l

  • a

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

w h i c h a p p e a r s t

  • b

e r a n d

  • m

( n

  • p

a t t e r n s , e q u a l d i s t r i b u t i

  • n

)

I f w e d

  • t

h a t , t h e a v e r a g e c h a i n s i z e w i l l b e c

  • n

s t a n t a n d w e g e t e x p e c t e d O ( 1 ) p e r f

  • r

m a n c e f

  • r

i n s e r t / l

  • k

u p / d e l e t e !

  • C
  • m

p l e x i t y a n a l y s i s u s e s p r

  • b

a b i l i t y t h e

  • r

y

Wh e n s h

  • u

l d w e r e s i z e t h e h a s h t a b l e ?

  • I

f t h e l

  • a

d f a c t

  • r

i s 3 ( n u m b e r

  • f

e l e m e n t s = a r r a y s i z e × 3 ) , e a c h

  • p

e r a t i

  • n

n e e d s

  • n

a v e r a g e ~ 2 . 5 c

  • m

p a r i s

  • n

s

  • P

i c k s

  • m

e c

  • n

s t a n t l

  • a

d f a c t

  • r

, r e s i z e w h e n i t r e a c h e s t h a t

slide-11
SLIDE 11

A s l i g h t l y a w k w a r d p r

  • b

l e m

I n r e a l i t y , t h e h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

d

  • e

s n

  • t

r e t u r n a r a n d

  • m

h a s h c

  • d

e !

  • C
  • m

m

  • n

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s c a n h a v e p a t t e r n s

Tii s b r e a k s t h e n i c e t h e

  • r

y w e h a v e . H e r e i s

  • n

e p r

  • b

l e m :

  • I

f w e d

  • u

b l e t h e s i z e

  • f

t h e a r r a y w h e n r e s i z i n g , t h e a r r a y s i z e w i l l a l w a y s b e e v e n

  • I

f w e t h e n i n s e r t

  • n

l y e v e n n u m b e r s i n t

  • t

h e h a s h t a b l e ,

  • n

l y t h e e v e n b u c k e t s w i l l b e u s e d

T

  • fj

x t h i s , w e m a k e t h e a r r a y s i z e a l w a y s b e a p r i m e n u m b e r ( w h i l e r

  • u

g h l y d

  • u

b l i n g i t e a c h t i m e ) – t h i s m a s k s p a t t e r n s i n t h e h a s h f u n c t i

  • n
slide-12
SLIDE 12

C h a i n e d h a s h t a b l e s – s u m m a r y

S t a r t w i t h a n a i v e h a s h t a b l e A d d c h a i n i n g D

  • u

b l e t h e s i z e

  • f

t h e a r r a y w h e n t h e l

  • a

d f a c t

  • r

i s t

  • h

i g h . . .

  • .

. . b u t m a k e s u r e t h e a r r a y s i z e i s a l w a y s p r i m e

N

  • w

y

  • u

h a v e a c h a i n e d h a s h t a b l e !

  • O

( 1 ) e x p e c t e d c

  • m

p l e x i t y f

  • r

a l l

  • p

e r a t i

  • n

s

B u t h

  • w

s h

  • u

l d w e d e s i g n h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s ?

slide-13
SLIDE 13

D e s i g n i n g h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s

A g

  • d

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s h

  • u

l d d i s t r i b u t e v a l u e s e v e n l y

  • h

( x ) h a s a r

  • u

g h l y e q u a l c h a n c e

  • f

b e i n g a n y p a r t i c u l a r n u m b e r

  • Tia

t w a y , a l l c h a i n s w i l l b e r

  • u

g h l y t h e s a m e l e n g t h !

  • A

l s

  • ,

s i m i l a r v a l u e s s h

  • u

l d n

  • t

h a v e s i m i l a r h a s h c

  • d

e s

D e fj n i n g g

  • d

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s i s a b l a c k a r t !

  • W

e i r d h e u r i s t i c s t h a t a r e s e m i

  • b

a c k e d

  • u

p b y t h e

  • r

y

W e ' l l s e t t l e f

  • r

: u n l i k e l y t

  • i

n s e r t m a n y e l e m e n t s w i t h t h e s a m e h a s h

slide-14
SLIDE 14

D e fj n i n g a g

  • d

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

Wh a t i s b a d a b

  • u

t t h e f

  • l

l

  • w

i n g h a s h f u n c t i

  • n
  • n

s t r i n g s ?

A d d t

  • g

e t h e r t h e c h a r a c t e r c

  • d

e

  • f

e a c h c h a r a c t e r i n t h e s t r i n g ( c h a r a c t e r c

  • d

e

  • f

a = 9 7 , b = 9 8 , c = 9 9 e t c . )

Ma p s e . g . b a s s a n d b a r t t

  • t

h e s a m e h a s h c

  • d

e ! ( s + s = r + t ) A n y a n a g r a m s w i l l h a v e t h e s a m e h a s h c

  • d

e S i m i l a r s t r i n g s w i l l b e m a p p e d t

  • n

e a r b y h a s h c

  • d

e s – d

  • e

s n

  • t

d i s t r i b u t e s t r i n g s e v e n l y

slide-15
SLIDE 15

A h a s h f u n c t i

  • n
  • n

s t r i n g s

A n i d e a : m a p s t r i n g s t

  • i

n t e g e r s a s f

  • l

l

  • w

s : 1 2 8

n

+ s · 1 2 8

n

  • 1

+ s

1

· 1 2 8

n

  • 2

+ … + s

n

  • 1

w h e r e s

i

i s t h e c

  • d

e

  • f

t h e c h a r a c t e r a t i n d e x i I f a l l c h a r a c t e r s a r e A S C I I ( c h a r a c t e r c

  • d

e – 1 2 7 ) , e a c h s t r i n g i s m a p p e d t

  • a

d i fg e r e n t i n t e g e r !

slide-16
SLIDE 16

A n a n a l

  • g

y

S u p p

  • s

e w e w a n t t

  • d

e fj n e a h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

f

  • r

l i s t s

  • f

d i g i t s f r

  • m
  • 9

:

  • [

, 9 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 1 ] e t c .

I d e a : w r i t e

  • u

t t h e d i g i t s a s a s i n g l e n u m b e r w i t h a l e a d i n g 1 :

  • h

a s h ( [ , 9 , 3 , 4 , 2 , 1 ] ) = 1 9 3 4 2 1

( Wi t h

  • u

t t h e l e a d i n g 1 w e w

  • u

l d g e t t h e s a m e h a s h f

  • r

e . g . [ , 1 ] a n d [ 1 ] ) Tie h a s h f u n c t i

  • n
  • n

s t r i n g s i s d

  • i

n g e x a c t l y t h i s ,

  • n

l y w

  • r

k i n g i n b a s e 1 2 8 i n s t e a d

  • f

b a s e 1

slide-17
SLIDE 17

T h e p r

  • b

l e m

F

  • r

p e r f

  • r

m a n c e , w e w i l l c a l c u l a t e t h e h a s h u s i n g m a c h i n e i n t e g e r s s

  • t

h e c a l c u l a t i

  • n

1 2 8

n

+ s · 1 2 8

n

  • 1

+ s

1

· 1 2 8

n

  • 2

+ … + s

n

  • 1

, w i l l h a p p e n m

  • d

u l

  • 2

3 2

( i n t e g e r

  • v

e r fm

  • w

) S

  • t

h e h a s h w i l l

  • n

l y u s e t h e l a s t f e w c h a r a c t e r s ! S

  • l

u t i

  • n

: r e p l a c e 1 2 8 w i t h a n

  • t

h e r n u m b e r , e . g . 3 3 3 3

n

+ s · 3 3

n

  • 1

+ s

1

· 3 3

n

  • 2

+ … + s

n

  • 1

Tii s i s ( a l m

  • s

t ) w h a t J a v a u s e s f

  • r

s t r i n g s

slide-18
SLIDE 18

H a s h i n g c

  • m

p

  • s

i t e v a l u e s

class C { A a; B b; } U s e t h e s a m e a p p r

  • a

c h a s f

  • r

s t r i n g s ! 3 3

2

+ 3 3 × h ( a ) + h ( b ) Tii s c

  • m

e s

  • u

t q u i t e n i c e l y i n c

  • d

e t

  • :

int hash = 1; hash = hash*33 + a.hashCode(); hash = hash*33 + b.hashCode();

slide-19
SLIDE 19

H a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s

Tii s i s c a l l e d B e r n s t e i n h a s h i n g , i t ' s

  • n

l y

  • n

e w a y

  • f

d e fj n i n g h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s

  • B

e r n s t e i n d i s c

  • v

e r e d t h a t u s i n g 3 3 a s t h e c

  • n

s t a n t g i v e s g

  • d

d i s t r i b u t i

  • n
  • Wh

y ? N

  • b
  • d

y k n

  • w

s !

Ma n y h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s a r e i n s p i r e d b y r a n d

  • m

n u m b e r g e n e r a t i

  • n

a l g

  • r

i t h m s

  • Tie
  • u

t p u t

  • f

a g

  • d

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s h

  • u

l d l

  • k

r a n d

  • m

s

  • t

h e r e a r e m a n y s i m i l a r i t i e s

O f t e n p r e t t y a d h

  • c

!

  • L
  • t

s

  • f

e x p e r i m e n t a t i

  • n

i n v

  • l

v e d

slide-20
SLIDE 20

L i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

A n

  • t

h e r w a y

  • f

d e a l i n g w i t h c

  • l

l i s i

  • n

s i s l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g U s e s a n a r r a y

  • f

v a l u e s , l i k e i n t h e n a i v e h a s h t a b l e I f y

  • u

w a n t t

  • s

t

  • r

e a v a l u e a t i n d e x i b u t i t ' s f u l l , s t

  • r

e i t i n i n d e x i + 1 i n s t e a d ! I f t h a t ' s f u l l , t r y i + 2 , a n d s

  • n

. . . i f y

  • u

g e t t

  • t

h e e n d

  • f

t h e a r r a y , w r a p a r

  • u

n d t

slide-21
SLIDE 21

E x a m p l e

  • f

l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

N a me H a s h H a s h % 5

"Tom"

8 4 2 7 4 4

"Dan"

6 8 4 6 5

"Harry"

6 9 4 9 6 4 4 8 3

"Sam"

8 2 8 7 9 4

"Pete"

2 4 8 4 3 8 3

Tom Dan Harry Sam Pete [ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

slide-22
SLIDE 22

E x a m p l e

  • f

l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

N a me H a s h H a s h % 5

"Tom"

8 4 2 7 4 4

"Dan"

6 8 4 6 5

"Harry"

6 9 4 9 6 4 4 8 3

"Sam"

8 2 8 7 9 4

"Pete"

2 4 8 4 3 8 3

Sam Pete [ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Dan Dan Harry Harry Tom Tom

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

slide-23
SLIDE 23

E x a m p l e

  • f

l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

N a me H a s h H a s h % 5

"Tom"

8 4 2 7 4 4

"Dan"

6 8 4 6 5

"Harry"

6 9 4 9 6 4 4 8 3

"Sam"

8 2 8 7 9 4

"Pete"

2 4 8 4 3 8 3

Sam Pete [ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Dan Dan Harry Harry Tom Tom

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

slide-24
SLIDE 24

E x a m p l e

  • f

l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

N a me H a s h H a s h % 5

"Tom"

8 4 2 7 4 4

"Dan"

6 8 4 6 5

"Harry"

6 9 4 9 6 4 4 8 3

"Sam"

8 2 8 7 9 4

"Pete"

2 4 8 4 3 8 3

Sam Pete [ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Dan Dan Harry Harry Tom Tom

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

slide-25
SLIDE 25

E x a m p l e

  • f

l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

N a me H a s h H a s h % 5

"Tom"

8 4 2 7 4 4

"Dan"

6 8 4 6 5

"Harry"

6 9 4 9 6 4 4 8 3

"Sam"

8 2 8 7 9 4

"Pete"

2 4 8 4 3 8 3

Pete [ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Dan Dan Sam Sam Harry Harry Tom Tom

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

slide-26
SLIDE 26

E x a m p l e

  • f

l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

N a me H a s h H a s h % 5

"Tom"

8 4 2 7 4 4

"Dan"

6 8 4 6 5

"Harry"

6 9 4 9 6 4 4 8 3

"Sam"

8 2 8 7 9 4

"Pete"

2 4 8 4 3 8 3

Pete [ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Dan Dan Sam Sam Harry Harry Tom Tom

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

slide-27
SLIDE 27

E x a m p l e

  • f

l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

N a me H a s h H a s h % 5

"Tom"

8 4 2 7 4 4

"Dan"

6 8 4 6 5

"Harry"

6 9 4 9 6 4 4 8 3

"Sam"

8 2 8 7 9 4

"Pete"

2 4 8 4 3 8 3

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Dan Dan Sam Sam Pete Pete Harry Harry Tom Tom

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

T

  • fj

n d “ P e t e ” ( h a s h 3 ) , y

  • u

m u s t s t a r t a t i n d e x 3 a n d w

  • r

k y

  • u

r w a y a l l t h e w a y a r

  • u

n d t

  • i

n d e x 2

slide-28
SLIDE 28

S e a r c h i n g w i t h l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

T

  • fj

n d a n e l e m e n t u n d e r l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g :

  • C

a l c u l a t e t h e h a s h

  • f

t h e e l e m e n t , i

  • L
  • k

a t a r r a y [ i ]

  • I

f i t ' s t h e r i g h t e l e m e n t , r e t u r n i t !

  • I

f t h e r e ' s n

  • e

l e m e n t t h e r e , f a i l

  • I

f t h e r e ' s a d i fg e r e n t e l e m e n t t h e r e , s e a r c h a g a i n a t i n d e x ( i + 1 ) % a r r a y . s i z e

W e c a l l a g r

  • u

p

  • f

a d j a c e n t n

  • n
  • e

m p t y i n d i c e s a c l u s t e r

slide-29
SLIDE 29

D e l e t i n g w i t h l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

C a n ' t j u s t r e m

  • v

e a n e l e m e n t . . .

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Dan Dan Sam Sam Pete Pete Harry Harry Tom Tom

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

N a me H a s h H a s h % 5

"Tom"

8 4 2 7 4 4

"Dan"

6 8 4 6 5

"Harry"

6 9 4 9 6 4 4 8 3

"Sam"

8 2 8 7 9 4

"Pete"

2 4 8 4 3 8 3

I f w e r e m

  • v

e H a r r y , P e t e w i l l b e i n t h e w r

  • n

g c l u s t e r a n d w e w

  • n

' t b e a b l e t

  • fj

n d h i m

slide-30
SLIDE 30

D e l e t i n g w i t h l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

I n s t e a d , m a r k i t a s d e l e t e d ( l a z y d e l e t i

  • n

)

N a me H a s h H a s h % 5

"Tom"

8 4 2 7 4 4

"Dan"

6 8 4 6 5

"Harry"

6 9 4 9 6 4 4 8 3

"Sam"

8 2 8 7 9 4

"Pete"

2 4 8 4 3 8 3

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Dan Dan Sam Sam Pete Pete XXXXXXX XXXXXXX Tom Tom

[ ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Tie s e a r c h a l g

  • r

i t h m s h

  • u

l d s k i p

  • v

e r X X X X X X X

slide-31
SLIDE 31

D e l e t i n g w i t h l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g

I t ' s u s e f u l t

  • t

h i n k

  • f

t h e i n v a r i a n t h e r e :

  • L

i n e a r c h a i n i n g : e a c h e l e m e n t i s f

  • u

n d a t t h e i n d e x g i v e n b y i t s h a s h c

  • d

e

  • L

i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g : e a c h e l e m e n t i s f

  • u

n d a t t h e i n d e x g i v e n b y i t s h a s h c

  • d

e ,

  • r

a l a t e r i n d e x i n t h e s a m e c l u s t e r

N a i v e d e l e t i

  • n

w i l l s p l i t a c l u s t e r i n t w

  • ,

w h i c h m a y b r e a k t h e i n v a r i a n t H e n c e t h e n e e d f

  • r

a n e m p t y v a l u e t h a t d

  • e

s n

  • t

m a r k t h e e n d

  • f

a c l u s t e r

slide-32
SLIDE 32

L i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g p e r f

  • r

m a n c e

T

  • i

n s e r t

  • r

fj n d a n e l e m e n t u n d e r l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g , y

  • u

m i g h t h a v e t

  • l
  • k

t h r

  • u

g h a w h

  • l

e c l u s t e r

  • f

e l e m e n t s P e r f

  • r

m a n c e d e p e n d s

  • n

t h e s i z e

  • f

t h e s e c l u s t e r s :

  • S

m a l l c l u s t e r s – e x p e c t e d O ( 1 ) p e r f

  • r

m a n c e

  • A

l m

  • s

t

  • f

u l l a r r a y – O ( n ) p e r f

  • r

m a n c e

  • I

f t h e a r r a y i s f u l l , y

  • u

c a n ' t i n s e r t a n y t h i n g !

Tiu s y

  • u

n e e d :

  • t
  • e

x p a n d t h e a r r a y a n d r e h a s h w h e n i t s t a r t s g e t t i n g f u l l

  • a

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

t h a t d i s t r i b u t e s e l e m e n t s e v e n l y

S a m e s i t u a t i

  • n

a s w i t h l i n e a r c h a i n i n g !

slide-33
SLIDE 33

L i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g v s l i n e a r c h a i n i n g

I n l i n e a r c h a i n i n g , i f y

  • u

i n s e r t m a n y v a l u e s w i t h t h e s a m e h a s h , v a l u e s w i t h t h a t h a s h b e c

  • m

e s l

  • w

e r t

  • a

c c e s s b u t

  • t

h e r h a s h e s a r e u n a fg e c t e d I n l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g , y

  • u

g e t a c l u s t e r a n d v a l u e s w i t h n e a r b y h a s h e s b e c

  • m

e s l

  • w

e r t

  • a

c c e s s t

  • !

A s t h e a r r a y g e t s c l

  • s

e t

  • 1

% f u l l , y

  • u

g e t v e r y l

  • n

g c l u s t e r s i n t h e h a s h t a b l e a n d p e r f

  • r

m a n c e b e c

  • m

e s d r e a d f u l L i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g n e e d s a m u c h b i g g e r a r r a y t h a n l i n e a r c h a i n i n g f

  • r

t h e s a m e p e r f

  • r

m a n c e B u t : a s y

  • u

d

  • n

' t n e e d t

  • a

l s

  • c

r e a t e l i s t n

  • d

e s , y

  • u

c a n c r e a t e a b i g g e r a r r a y i n t h e s a m e a m

  • u

n t

  • f

m e m

  • r

y

slide-34
SLIDE 34

P r

  • b

i n g v s c h a i n i n g

l

  • a

d f a c t

  • r

( # e l e me n t s / a r r a y s i z e ) # c

  • mp

a r i s

  • n

s ( l i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g ) # c

  • mp

a r i s

  • n

s ( l i n e a r c h a i n i n g ) % 1 . 1 . 2 5 % 1 . 1 7 1 . 1 3 5 % 1 . 5 1 . 2 5 7 5 % 2 . 5 1 . 3 8 8 5 % 3 . 8 3 1 . 4 3 9 % 5 . 5 1 . 4 5 9 5 % 1 . 5 1 . 4 8 1 %

1 . 5 2 %

2 . 3 %

— 2 . 5

slide-35
SLIDE 35

S u m m a r y

  • f

h a s h t a b l e d e s i g n

S e v e r a l d e t a i l s t

  • c
  • n

s i d e r :

  • R

e h a s h i n g : r e s i z e t h e a r r a y w h e n t h e l

  • a

d f a c t

  • r

i s t

  • h

i g h

  • A

g

  • d

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

: n e e d a n e v e n d i s t r i b u t i

  • n
  • C
  • l

l i s i

  • n

s : e i t h e r c h a i n i n g

  • r

p r

  • b

i n g

– O

t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s t

  • l

i n e a r p r

  • b

i n g , e . g . q u a d r a t i c p r

  • b

i n g

– S

  • m

e s

  • r

t

  • f

p r

  • b

i n g s e e m s t

  • b

e f a s t e s t

I n r e t u r n :

  • E

x p e c t e d ( a v e r a g e ) O ( 1 ) p e r f

  • r

m a n c e i f t h e h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

i s r a n d

  • m

( t h e r e a r e n

  • p

a t t e r n s )

  • B

e t t e r p e r f

  • r

m a n c e i n p r a c t i c e t h a n B S T s

  • D

i s a d v a n t a g e : h a s h t a b l e s a r e u n

  • r

d e r e d s

  • y
  • u

c a n ' t g e t t h e e l e m e n t s i n i n c r e a s i n g

  • r

d e r

Tie

  • r

e t i c a l f

  • u

n d a t i

  • n

s

  • f

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s a r e a b i t u n c e r t a i n , b u t h e u r i s t i c s w

  • r

k w e l l i n p r a c t i c e

slide-36
SLIDE 36

B l

  • m

fj l t e r s ( n

  • t
  • n

e x a m )

slide-37
SLIDE 37

B l

  • m

fj l t e r s

S u p p

  • s

e w e w a n t a d a t a s t r u c t u r e f

  • r

a s e t

  • f

v a l u e s , b u t w e d

  • n

' t h a v e e n

  • u

g h m e m

  • r

y t

  • s

t

  • r

e a l l t h e v a l u e s . S

  • u

n d s h

  • p

e l e s s d

  • e

s n ' t i t ? Wi t h a B l

  • m

fj l t e r w e c a n g e t a s e t w h i c h s u p p

  • r

t s :

  • I

n s e r t i

  • n

( n

  • t

d e l e t i

  • n

)

  • Me

m b e r s h i p t e s t i n g w i t h f a l s e p

  • s

i t i v e s : i f i t s a y s y e s , i t m i g h t n

  • t

b e i n t h e s e t , b u t i f i t s a y s n

  • i

t ' s d e fj n i t e l y n

  • t

i n t h e s e t

B y i n c r e a s i n g t h e a m

  • u

n t

  • f

m e m

  • r

y u s e d , w e c a n g e t t h e f a l s e p

  • s

i t i v e r a t e a r b i t r a r i l y l

  • w
  • 1

% f a l s e p

  • s

i t i v e r a t e u s i n g 1 b i t s p e r e l e m e n t

slide-38
SLIDE 38

W h y ?

E x a m p l e f r

  • m

“ P r

  • g

r a m m i n g P e a r l s ” :

  • A

s p e l l c h e c k e r

  • D

i c t i

  • n

a r y i s t

  • b

i g t

  • fj

t i n m e m

  • r

y

  • U

s e a B l

  • m

fj l t e r , a c c e p t

  • c

c a s i

  • n

a l m i s s p e l l i n g s

A p r e

  • fj

l t e r f

  • r

a n

  • n
  • d

i s k m a p :

  • w

h e r e w e e x p e c t m a n y s e a r c h e s f

  • r

v a l u e s t h a t a r e n

  • t

i n t h e m a p

  • C

h e c k t h e B l

  • m

fj l t e r fj r s t , i f i t s a y s n

  • ,

t h e v a l u e i s d e fj n i t e l y n

  • t

i n t h e m a p

  • O

t h e r w i s e , c h e c k t h e

  • n
  • d

i s k m a p

S p e c i a l

  • p

u r p

  • s

e b u t p r e t t y c

  • l
slide-39
SLIDE 39

N a i v e B l

  • m

fj l t e r s

I n s t e a d

  • f

a h a s h t a b l e

  • f

s i z e m , w e m a k e a n a r r a y

  • f

m b i t s I n i t i a l l y , a l l b i t s a r e s e t t

  • T
  • i

n s e r t x i n t

  • t

h e B l

  • m

fj l t e r :

  • C

a l c u l a t e h ( x ) m

  • d

k , a s i n a h a s h t a b l e

  • S

e t t h a t b i t i n t h e a r r a y t

  • 1

T

  • c

h e c k i f x i s i n t h e B l

  • m

fj l t e r :

  • C

a l c u l a t e h ( x ) m

  • d

m

  • C

h e c k i f t h a t b i t i n t h e a r r a y i s 1

J u s t l i k e a n

  • r

m a l h a s h t a b l e – b u t i n s t e a d

  • f

a c h a i n w e s t

  • r

e a s i n g l e b i t !

slide-40
SLIDE 40

N a i v e B l

  • m

fj l t e r s – f a l s e p

  • s

i t i v e s

S u p p

  • s

e t h a t ( e . g . ) h a l f

  • f

t h e b i t s i n t h e a r r a y a r e s e t t

  • 1

Tie n l

  • k

i n g u p a v a l u e w h i c h i s n

  • t

i n t h e B l

  • m

fj l t e r , t h e r e i s a c h a n c e

  • f

5 % i t r e t u r n s t r u e a n y w a y N

  • t

s

  • g
  • d

! I f w e w a n t a 1 % f a l s e p

  • s

i t i v e r a t e , w e ' d n e e d

  • n

l y 1 %

  • f

t h e b i t s i n t h e a r r a y s e t t

  • 1
  • S
  • w

e n e e d a b

  • u

t 1 b i t s

  • f

m e m

  • r

y p e r i t e m i n s e r t e d

W e c a n d

  • b

e t t e r !

slide-41
SLIDE 41

B l

  • m

fj l t e r s

H a v e s e v e r a l h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s h

1

. . . h

k

A s b e f

  • r

e , w e h a v e a n a r r a y

  • f

s i z e m T

  • i

n s e r t x i n t

  • t

h e B l

  • m

fj l t e r :

  • C

a l c u l a t e h

1

( x ) m

  • d

m , h

2

( x ) m

  • d

m , … , h

k

( x ) m

  • d

m

  • S

e t a l l t h

  • s

e b i t s t

  • 1

!

T

  • s

e a r c h f

  • r

x i n t h e B l

  • m

fj l t e r :

  • C

a l c u l a t e h

1

( x ) m

  • d

m , h

2

( x ) m

  • d

m , … , h

k

( x ) m

  • d

m

  • R

e t u r n t r u e i f a l l t h

  • s

e b i t s a r e 1 !

slide-42
SLIDE 42

B l

  • m

fj l t e r s – f a l s e p

  • s

i t i v e s

S u p p

  • s

e t h a t h a l f

  • f

t h e b i t s i n t h e a r r a y a r e s e t t

  • 1

, a n d w e h a v e k h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s N

  • w

s u p p

  • s

e w e l

  • k

u p a v a l u e x w h i c h i s n

  • t

i n t h e B l

  • m

fj l t e r Wh a t i s t h e c h a n c e

  • f

a f a l s e p

  • s

i t i v e ?

  • Tie

r e i s a 5 % c h a n c e t h a t h

1

( x ) m

  • d

m = 1

  • a

n d a 5 % c h a n c e t h a t h

2

( x ) m

  • d

m = 1

  • .

. .

  • a

n d a 5 % c h a n c e t h a t h

k

( x ) m

  • d

m = 1

Tie c h a n c e t h a t t h e y a l l r e t u r n 1 i s

  • n

e i n 2

k

!

slide-43
SLIDE 43

B l

  • m

fj l t e r s – p e r f

  • r

m a n c e i n p r a c t i c e

I f w e i n c r e a s e k , m

  • r

e b i t s i n t h e a r r a y b e c

  • m

e 1 . B u t :

  • I

f w e w a n t h a l f

  • f

t h e b i t s t

  • b

e s e t t

  • 1

, t h e r e q u i r e d a r r a y s i z e g r

  • w

s l i n e a r l y i n k

  • B

u t t h e p r

  • b

a b i l i t y

  • f

f a l s e p

  • s

i t i v e s d e c r e a s e s e x p

  • n

e n t i a l l y w i t h k !

T

  • g

e t 1 % f a l s e p

  • s

i t i v e r a t e , y

  • u

n e e d :

  • 1

b i t s p e r i t e m i n s e r t e d

  • 7

h a s h f u n c t i

  • n

s

S

  • t

h i s i s v e r y s p a c e

  • e

ffj c i e n t !