8#@%-,1A.,1"#("$(B%%C%'D(%$$%',(1#( '"5+2%E(21FG1*(%2%',&"26,%(C.-%*( ,4%&5"%2%',&"'4%51'.2('%22- Kakoli Bhattacharya SPEC, CEA Saclay, France !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,67( 8!39(3&1%-,%7( :: ,4 ;:< ,4 ).&'4(=>:?
!"#$%&' ! Thermoelectricity in fluids ! Thermogalvanic cells ! Ferrofluid based thermogalvanic cells ! Ionic liquid based ferrofluids as thermoelectric materials ! Summary and Perspectives :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(= !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
Thermoelectricity in fluids :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(O !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
#(')*!'$'+#)%+%#,-%&-+!*.$'/-0$"%12 Se( ! V/K) :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(L !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
#(')*!'$'+#)%+%#,-%&-+!*.$'/-0$"%12 "# Bulk thermoelectric field, E = S "# where, S is Seebeck coefficient and "#$ is the thermal gradient :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(< !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
Thermogalvanic cells :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(P !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
3RKS)TJIUVI/8!(!KUUB " contains a liquid electrolyte and a redox couple " temperature dependent electrode potential is termed as “Seebeck potential”. V ! S e = " T ! :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(Q !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
#(')*!56$76&%+-'00'+# 8$(,4%(&%*"E(&%.',1"#(1#(,4%(21FG1*(%2%',&"26,%( '"#,.1#1#A(@%&6(-5.22(1"#-(1-( % & '( ) * ,4%(B%%C%'D('"%$$1'1%#,( ! " 1-(A1@%#(C6 K2%',&"*% + ( , -. , 3 e - 5 * 6 + % & + 5 % $6 '+ ( + * & + Red Ox -/ 012 '4 04%&%7 ! # .#* ! $ .&% ,4% +.&,1.2 5"2.& 8 9 W 7 8 : .&% ,4%1& %#,&"+1%- "$ I W X .#* 7 K.-,5.# %#,&"+1%-Y ;<< 1- ,4% ,&.#-+"&,%* Ox Red %#%&A6 "$ ,4% %2%',&"#- 1# ,4% '1&'G1,Y e - K2%',&"*% -. =+ * >+ % ? @A BC + ( ,$ -/ 012 3- 3-4 '4 D 8 9 W 7 8 : .&% .- 1# 5"-, "$ ,4% %2%',&"26,%-7 7 ,"" -5.22Z ;<< C%1#A ,4% "&*%& "$ [VM\7 .#* ,4G- '.# C% #%A2%',%*Y !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
#(')*!1%00"2%!&-'00'+# 8# '"5+2%E %2%',&"26,%- '"#,.1#1#A 5.'&"-'"+1' 1"#-7 '"22"1*.2 +.&,1'2%- %,'Y ., ,4% "#-%, "$ ]3 ,4%&% .&1-%- . +.&,1'2% 'G&&%#, A1@%# C67 K2%',&"*% 8 J 7 M J N e - F ( G H , 6I J "K J & K J E L : # "# 6 K J L : # O Red Ox 341-(+.&,1'2%('G&&%#,(A1@%-(&1-%(,"(.#(1#,%&#.2( %2%',&1'.2($1%2*( O JPQ 01,41#(,4%(CG2D7 Ox Red e - O JPQ , 7N JPQ "#R$@S JPQ , 67N JPQ @# K2%',&"*% !" &'( 1-(,4%('"&&%-+"#*1#A(1#,%&#.2(B%%C%'D('"%$$1'1%#, ^^ O JPQ *1$$1'G2, ," 5%.-G&% %E+%&15%#,.226 CG, '.# C% 1#$%&&%* $&"5 ,4% B"&%, '"%$$1'1%#,7 ! % 8 J 7 T , 7 L : # 6 M J N UV L : #7N JPQ :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(? !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
+( m(_nop(- $qne+( r'0 34%(&%*"E(4.2$(&%.',1"#("''G&&1#A(.,(,4%(%2%',&"*%(1-(A1@%#(C67 &$N > , [ WX Y Z Y $ Y 04%&%7( ) * 1-(,4%(-,"1'41"5%,&1'('"%$$1'1%#,(.#*( # * ,4%('4%51'.2($"&5G2.("$(,4%(-+%'1%-(N I,(2"'.2(,4%&5"*6#.51'(%FG121C&1G5('"#*1,1"#7 !"#$#%& \ ] Y $ _ \ Y ` ! " #$ % WX Y \ ] Y $ & \ ] D , [ ] D _ \ D a & #$ #'#() '() \ Y ! ^ _'-$! ` ^ &%+&%-%#,-(,4%(%2%',&"'4%51'.2(.#*('4%51'.2(+",%#,1.2("$(,4%(-+%'1%-( ! Y( 34%(+",%#,1.2(*1$$%&%#'%(C%,0%%#(,0"(%2%',&"*%-(4%2*(.,(*1$$%&%#,(,%5+%&.,G&%-('.#(C%(0&1,,%#(.-a N@S DbDcQ , WX Y$ @\ Y & d Y N@S JPQ & @\ D a Y * + , -. k X Y \ Y l$ Y $, @ WX Y \ Y $ 6 Ne7N JPQ e@# & @\ D a Y 7N fDgAhiDj , 6@S DbDcQ , 6@ k X Y \ Y $ Y & 7N JPQ @# N :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(:> !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
8(6#-8'-*'62")' *++%,)"$'($)%-.'($%$) !" #$# !" %& !"#$#%&'($%$) !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
%&%#%6$-2#6#' I,(,4%("#-%,("$(]37(04%#(,4%('"#'%#,&.,1"#("$(.22(-+%'1%-(1-(-,122(4"5"A%#%"G- "K J 1 [ B"7(,4%(+.&,1'2%('G&&%#,(C%'"5%-7 8 J 7 M J N F ( G H , 6I J K J JPJ E L : # "# 6 K J L : # O JPQ F G H , [$ I-(0%(.&%(1#("+%#('1&'G1,7(,4%(,",.2(%2%',&1'('G&&%#,(1-(b%&"(1Y%Y( k d J NE J S%.&&.#A1#A(,4%('G&&%#,(%FG.,1"#(0%(A%,7( s 8 J 8 J x H y H D z P H { H s 7 JPJ ,$ k d J NK J I J 7 | H | }~} 7( *+ ,"#& v J _ , J O JPQ "# , Wv J "# k x H y H D z P H { H s s u J H k d J N t K J I J u J N -*,,.$/&(012#$ J J 8 J 7 JPJ , Wv J 7N ( JPQ u J N J 34%('"5C1#%*(1#1,1.2(B%%C%'D('"%$$1'1%#,(1-7(,4%&%$"&%7 @ k X Y \ Y $ 8 J w 7 7N JPJ , 7N JPQ JPJ 6 Y 6 @; ic & W v J , N N u J J !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
2#6#%!&6),-2#6#'9-2!)'# ':"%$%;)%"* BG$$1'1%#,( ,15%(.$,%&(,4%(,%5+%&.,G&%(A&.*1%#,(4.-(C%%#(.++21%*7( F ( G H , [ E 34%(+.&,1'2%($2GE(%FG.,1"#(C%'"5%-7 8 J 7 M J N UV F ( G H , 6I J "K J & K J E L : # "# 6 K J L : # O JPQ , [ 8 J k d J K J 7 UV , J O JPQ "# Ne k d J K J M J J 8 J k d J K J 7 UV , J 7N ( JPQ Ne k d J K J M J J UV @# 6 7 Y @#l @ k X Y \ Y , 7N ( JPQ UV 6 Ä D k X Y 7 I-(.22(+.&,1'2%('G&&%#,('%.-%-7( @\ Y , d Y Ne 7N JPQ N@# Y Y Y 34%('"5C1#%*(1#1,1.2(B%%C%'D( '"%$$1'1%#,(1-7(,4%&%$"&%7 @ k X Y \ Y $ w w w UV 6 UV 6 7N ( JPQ UV 6 Y 7N UV , 7N JPQ 8 Y , 7N ( JPQ W X Y 7 , W X Y 7 , W X Y 7 Y & X Y 7 Y Y N N N N Y Y Y 7N UV , w 8 N 6@; ic & WX Y 7 Y Y !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
2#6#%!&6),-2#6#'-2'';'+<-+!'00%+%'&#-6&1- 2!)'# +!'00%+%'&#-- UG*01A;B"&%,'"%$$1'1%#,(B 3 1-(A1@%#(C6 "K K , 67 T "# 34%(+.&,1'2%('G&&%#,(.,(-,.,1"#.&6(-,.,%( 8 J 7 M J N UV "K J & K J L : # 6 K J L : # 7N JPQ "# , [ S%.&&.#A1#A(,4%(.C"@%(%FG.,1"#(0%(A%,7( 8 J "K L : # 6 M J N 7 UV K , 6 L : #7N JPQ "# UV .#*(,4%( 341-(A1@%-(G-(,4%(&%2.,1"#(C%,0%%#(*1&%',(&%2.,1"#-41+(C%,0%%#(,4%( 7N JPQ UG*01A;B"&%,'"%$$1'1%#,7( 7 T 8 J 7 T , 7 L : # 6 M J N UV L : #7N JPQ :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(:L !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
Ferrofluids for thermoelectric materials :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(:< !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
0'))!0$"%12 A ferrofluid (FF) is a colloidal suspension of single-domain magneticparticles, dispersed in a liquid carrier**. Thermoelectriccoefficient = ˆ = S Thermodiffusion coefficient = Two different classes of ferrofluids: Surfacted ferrofluids** Ionic ferrofluids **C. Scherer et al/Brazilian Journal of Physics, 35, 2005 **S. A. Novopashin/Thermophysics and Aeromechanics, 2015, 22 :LM:<(N.#@1%&(=>:L H((9IJK(:P !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
#(')*!'$'+#)%+-'/.')%*'$-2'#". c V _ P>> µ 2 c * %2%',&"*%- _ :> 55 V ! S e = " T ! !"#$%&%#'%( "#()"*%&#( !"#'%+,-( .#*(/%0().,%&1.2-( $"&(34%&5"%2%',&1'1,6
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