Energy Savings Measures, do they work? Dr Richard Fitton (ABERG Salford)
Applied Buildings and Energy Research Group Why are we researching retrofit (UK)? • Solid wall properties such as those represented by the Energy house currently number approximately 7.5 million in the UK. Of these approximately 180,000 (2.4 %) have had some form of solid wall insulation. (Consumer Focus, 2011) • The hard to treat will be the ones left behind/ until last • Paradoxically the older the building the greater the need for research/technology/ innovation to make efficient.
Session: • Who am I? • What do I do? • Where? • How? • Perforace Gap • Future of Salford’s test facilities • Wrap up and brief questions
Who am I/ What do I do? • Chartered Building Surveyor with 18 years experience of building physics and performance measurement. Main role is building physics and performance evaluation of energy efficiency improvements to buildings • Director of the Applied Buildings and Energy Research group at UoS (Cover field trials, controlled testing in facilities and consumer research/innovation) Technical Director of 4 Energy Performance labs; oversight on: • Energy House • Smart Meter-Smart Homes Lab • Thermal Measurement Laboratory • Energy House 2
Energy House Full scale building 1.5 homes: • Heating system (Gas/ASHP/Electric) • Hot water • Fully furnished • Appliances etc • Fully automated doors/windows/bath/shower/lights/heating • Constructed using methods found in 1900-1910 in UK with reclaimed materials (solid wall construction) **in an environmental chamber**
Energy House Chamber allows for the following: -12 ºC – 30 ºC • • Wind • Rain • Solar radiation • Snow • Dynamic and steady state conditions possible, can be programmed to follow given weather profiles
Energy House Why are we researching retrofit (UK)? • Solid wall properties such as those represented by the Energy house currently number approximately 7.5 million in the UK. Of these approximately 180,000 (2.4 %) have had some form of solid wall insulation. (Consumer Focus, 2011) • The hard to treat will be the ones left behind/ until last • Paradoxically the older the building the greater the need for research/technology/ innovation to make efficient.
Smart Meter Lab Lab Details: • Representative sample of gas and electric meters from UK • Full developers access to meters to pair devices and communicate with them at user levels or using basic commands • Allows for developing data collection/analysis methods • Smart home equipment is present to allow simultaneous collection of smart meter and smart thermostat data for instance (Annex 71)
How ? • Energy House studies generally using OFAT (One factor at a time) methodology to avoid measurement noise and to simply data analysis whilst giving robust results. • Controlled environment allows for steady state tests, of for dynamic external conditions such as diurnal cycles of seasonal weather effects.
Todays Topic: Measurement for validation • Why do we need to measure building performance when we can model it? • Performance gap is well known and studied and tends to favour an under prediction in energy use by models (for a multitude of different reasons) • PG = Model – Measured value (applies to global consumption, U values, heat loss values etc) However there may be gaps in these individual components, here we focus on measurement gap and new techniques to improve this area: • In situ methods; new methods and standards • On board methods • New test facilities for validation
In Situ Methods “measurements that can be taken on a real -world building, usually in its completed state” A useful figure to allow for a building to be compared to an energy model is the HTC (Heat Transfer Coefficent): The heat loss rate due to thermal transmission through the fabric of a building including air infiltration, divided by the delta T. The current method of carrying out this method is an accepted methodology provided by Leeds Beckett. However the data analysis and data collection are difficult to standardise and allow for comparison with others. (New standards team contains LBU member)
WG13 Work - General • Title: Thermal Insulation – Construction products, building elements and structures – In-situ measurement of thermal performance Five documents: • Part 1 General Principles, • Part 2/3 Testing of components or elements • Part 4 Testing of structures • Part 5 Testing of Domestic properties
What are we doing ? • It was felt that there was a need for a recognised and ratified standard for the measurement of the “heat loss” of a small building. To include all include all three mechanisms of heat transfer; • Convection • Conduction • Radiation • = Global Heat Loss / Heat Transfer Coefficient
What is it ? Internal External Heat input Temp Temp (Q) (t1) (t0)
What is it Whole building aggregate heat loss test methodology • The method produces a heat transfer coefficient (HTC) for the dwelling, Watts Per Kelvin (W/K) how many Watts does it take to lift the building’s temp by 1 deg C • Takes around 1-2 weeks • The standard also suggests that these may be suitable condtions to carry out airtightness measurements (to allow for a convective heat transfer split) and for U value measurements to be carried out in line with ISO9869 • Home must be vacant • Late autumn, to early spring acceptable • Northern EU climates, further south needs consideration.
How are we doing it: • 11 members covering industry, academia and research organisations, throughout the EU. • Working on a methodology for testing from start to finish. Data Collection, Data Analysis and Reporting. • Not reinventing the wheel, other methodologies will be incorporated (Leeds Beckett method etc.) • Results can be used to make comparisons with energy models/predictions
What will the standard contain • 11 members covering industry, academia and research organisations, throughout the EU. • Working on a methodology for testing from start to finish. Data Collection, Data Analysis and Reporting. • Not reinventing the wheel, other methodologies will be incorporated (Leeds Beckett method etc.)
What will the standard contain Parts: 1.Data collection: ✓ Scope, what's in and out ✓ Data to be collected ✓ Equipment setup, calibration ✓ Detailed methodology, duration of test etc ✓ Reporting of data
What will the standard contain 2. Steady State Data Analysis: ✓ Scope ✓ Terms ✓ General Principles of Data Analysis ✓ Input Data, errors, gaps, filtering and checking ✓ Measurement uncertainty ✓ Statistical Analysis ✓ Standard reporting format
What will the standard contain 3. Dynamic data analysis ▪ This standard is currently being defined, to be completed in 2019 ▪ Inputs from IEA A71 are to be used to assist ▪ Monitoring periods to be shorter, more flexible to internal and external conditions ▪ As yet largely untested compared to SS method.
What will the standard contain 3. Dynamic data analysis • Other dynamic methods exist such as QUB, by Saint Gobain, ISABELE by CSTB • Expertise will be drawn from the innovators of these systems to suitable method, or a series of methods that are deemed to be appropriate.
How does this fit with Annex 71 • The dynamic aspects of the data analysis may have overlaps although the data collection will be different. • The aim of the two groups ultimately is the same; to measure the HTC. • We understand the closeness of the groups and standards writing group for WG13 has approximately 50% of people who are in A71.
How does this fit with Annex 71 • Aside from shared goal of HTC there are other overlaps • Uncertainty analysis • Repeatability • Sensitivity analysis • Data handling • Reporting outputs and other useful metrics such as comfort etc
Annex 71 HTC from On-board Data Annex aim: Support the development of replicable methodologies embedded in a statistical and building physical framework to characterise and assess the actual energy performance of buildings starting from on board monitored data of in-use buildings.
Annex 71 On board data can be from many sources, • Energy • Heating controls • GIS/BIM data • Occupancy • Water meters The list could be much longer.
Smart Meters and HTC Smart meters provide some useful consumptiopn knowledge, but are not harmonised, not even a commonly accepted definition, however they all share some characteristics: • Automatic processing, transfer, management and utilisation of metering data • Automatic management of meters • 2 way data communication with meters • Provides meaningful and timely consumption information to the relevant actors and their systems, including the energy consumer
Basic Review of Smart Meters in EU • More details in paper.
Smart Meters and HTC
EU Electric Smart Meter Rollout Year 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Finland Italy Sweden Ireland Netherlands United Kingdom Austria Denmark Estonia France Greece Luxembourg Malta Poland Romania Spain Czech Republic Germany Latvia Lithuania Portugal Slovakia
EU Gas Smart Meter Rollout 2030 2025 2020 Year 2015 2010 2005
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