work? Dr Richard Fitton (ABERG Salford) Applied Buildings and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Energy Savings Measures, do they work? Dr Richard Fitton (ABERG Salford)

Applied Buildings and Energy Research Group

Why are we researching retrofit (UK)?

• Solid wall properties such as those represented by the

Energy house currently number approximately 7.5 million in the UK. Of these approximately 180,000 (2.4 %) have had some form of solid wall insulation. (Consumer Focus, 2011)

• The hard to treat will be the ones left behind/ until last
• Paradoxically the older the building the greater the

need for research/technology/ innovation to make

efficient.

Session:

• Who am I?
• What do I do?
• Where?
• How?
• Perforace Gap
• Future of Salford’s test facilities
• Wrap up and brief questions

Who am I/ What do I do?

• Chartered Building Surveyor with 18 years experience of building

physics and performance measurement. Main role is building physics and performance evaluation of energy efficiency improvements to buildings

• Director of the Applied Buildings and Energy Research group at

UoS (Cover field trials, controlled testing in facilities and consumer research/innovation) Technical Director of 4 Energy Performance labs; oversight on:

• Energy House
• Smart Meter-Smart Homes Lab
• Thermal Measurement Laboratory
• Energy House 2

Energy House

Full scale building 1.5 homes:

• Heating system (Gas/ASHP/Electric)
• Hot water
• Fully furnished
• Appliances etc
• Fully automated

doors/windows/bath/shower/lights/heating

• Constructed using methods found in 1900-1910 in UK

with reclaimed materials (solid wall construction) **in an environmental chamber**

Energy House

Chamber allows for the following:

• 12 ºC – 30 ºC
• Wind
• Rain
• Solar radiation
• Snow
• Dynamic and steady state conditions possible,

can be programmed to follow given weather profiles

Energy House

Why are we researching retrofit (UK)?

• Solid wall properties such as those represented by the

Energy house currently number approximately 7.5 million in the UK. Of these approximately 180,000 (2.4 %) have had some form of solid wall insulation. (Consumer Focus, 2011)

• The hard to treat will be the ones left behind/ until last
• Paradoxically the older the building the greater the

need for research/technology/ innovation to make

efficient.

Smart Meter Lab

Lab Details:

• Representative sample of gas and electric meters from

UK

• Full developers access to meters to pair devices and

communicate with them at user levels or using basic commands

• Allows for developing data collection/analysis methods
• Smart home equipment is present to allow

simultaneous collection of smart meter and smart thermostat data for instance (Annex 71)

How ?

• Energy House studies generally using OFAT (One factor at a time)

methodology to avoid measurement noise and to simply data analysis whilst giving robust results.

• Controlled environment allows for steady state tests, of for dynamic

external conditions such as diurnal cycles of seasonal weather effects.

Todays Topic: Measurement for validation

• Why do we need to measure building performance when we can

model it?

• Performance gap is well known and studied and tends to favour an

under prediction in energy use by models (for a multitude of different reasons)

• PG = Model – Measured value (applies to global consumption, U

values, heat loss values etc) However there may be gaps in these individual components, here we focus on measurement gap and new techniques to improve this area:

• In situ methods; new methods and standards
• On board methods
• New test facilities for validation

In Situ Methods

“measurements that can be taken on a real-world building, usually in its completed state” A useful figure to allow for a building to be compared to an energy model is the HTC (Heat Transfer Coefficent): The heat loss rate due to thermal transmission through the fabric

• f a building including air infiltration, divided by the delta T.

The current method of carrying out this method is an accepted methodology provided by Leeds Beckett. However the data analysis and data collection are difficult to standardise and allow for comparison with others. (New standards team contains LBU member)

• Title: Thermal Insulation – Construction products,

building elements and structures – In-situ measurement of thermal performance Five documents:

• Part 1 General Principles,
• Part 2/3 Testing of components or elements
• Part 4 Testing of structures
• Part 5 Testing of Domestic properties

WG13 Work - General

• It was felt that there was a need for a

recognised and ratified standard for the measurement of the “heat loss” of a small

• building. To include all include all three

mechanisms of heat transfer;

• Convection
• Conduction
• Radiation
• = Global Heat Loss / Heat Transfer Coefficient

What are we doing ?

What is it ?

Heat input (Q) Internal Temp (t1) External Temp (t0)

Whole building aggregate heat loss test methodology

• The method produces a heat transfer coefficient (HTC) for the

dwelling, Watts Per Kelvin (W/K) how many Watts does it take to lift the building’s temp by 1 deg C

• Takes around 1-2 weeks
• The standard also suggests that these may be suitable condtions

to carry out airtightness measurements (to allow for a convective heat transfer split) and for U value measurements to be carried

• ut in line with ISO9869
• Home must be vacant
• Late autumn, to early spring acceptable
• Northern EU climates, further south needs consideration.

What is it

• 11 members covering industry, academia and research
• rganisations, throughout the EU.
• Working on a methodology for testing from start to finish. Data

Collection, Data Analysis and Reporting.

• Not reinventing the wheel, other methodologies will be

incorporated (Leeds Beckett method etc.)

• Results can be used to make comparisons with energy

models/predictions

How are we doing it:

• 11 members covering industry, academia and

research organisations, throughout the EU.

• Working on a methodology for testing from

start to finish. Data Collection, Data Analysis and Reporting.

• Not reinventing the wheel, other

methodologies will be incorporated (Leeds Beckett method etc.)

What will the standard contain

Parts: 1.Data collection:

✓ Scope, what's in and out ✓ Data to be collected ✓ Equipment setup, calibration ✓ Detailed methodology, duration of test etc ✓ Reporting of data

What will the standard contain

• 2. Steady State Data Analysis:

✓ Scope ✓ Terms ✓ General Principles of Data Analysis ✓ Input Data, errors, gaps, filtering and checking ✓ Measurement uncertainty ✓ Statistical Analysis ✓ Standard reporting format

What will the standard contain

• 3. Dynamic data analysis

▪ This standard is currently being defined, to be completed in 2019 ▪ Inputs from IEA A71 are to be used to assist ▪ Monitoring periods to be shorter, more flexible to internal and external conditions ▪ As yet largely untested compared to SS method.

What will the standard contain

• 3. Dynamic data analysis
• Other dynamic methods exist such as QUB, by

Saint Gobain, ISABELE by CSTB

• Expertise will be drawn from the innovators of

these systems to suitable method, or a series

• f methods that are deemed to be appropriate.

What will the standard contain

• The dynamic aspects of the data analysis may

have overlaps although the data collection will be different.

• The aim of the two groups ultimately is the

same; to measure the HTC.

• We understand the closeness of the groups

and standards writing group for WG13 has approximately 50% of people who are in A71.

How does this fit with Annex 71

• Aside from shared goal of HTC there are other
• verlaps
• Uncertainty analysis
• Repeatability
• Sensitivity analysis
• Data handling
• Reporting outputs and other useful metrics

such as comfort etc

How does this fit with Annex 71

Annex aim: Support the development of replicable methodologies embedded in a statistical and building physical framework to characterise and assess the actual energy performance of buildings starting from on board monitored data of in-use buildings.

Annex 71 HTC from On-board Data

On board data can be from many sources,

• Energy
• Heating controls
• GIS/BIM data
• Occupancy
• Water meters

The list could be much longer.

Annex 71

Smart meters provide some useful consumptiopn knowledge, but are not harmonised, not even a commonly accepted definition, however they all share some characteristics:

• Automatic processing, transfer, management and utilisation of

metering data

• Automatic management of meters
• 2 way data communication with meters
• Provides meaningful and timely consumption information to the

relevant actors and their systems, including the energy consumer

Smart Meters and HTC

• More details in paper.

Basic Review of Smart Meters in EU

Smart Meters and HTC

EU Electric Smart Meter Rollout

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Finland Italy Sweden Ireland Netherlands United Kingdom Austria Denmark Estonia France Greece Luxembourg Malta Poland Romania Spain Czech Republic Germany Latvia Lithuania Portugal Slovakia

Year

EU Gas Smart Meter Rollout

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Year

HTC using Smart Meter Data

We felt that stakeholders would be interested in comparing methods that this group created, in terms of: 1.Accuracy (in our first cases this has been measured against a co-heating measurement) A percentage is given rather than an absolute value

The graph was not helpful, more information is needed:

• 2. Number of variables, this is an attempt to

quantify the cost and other complicating factors such as intrusiveness, time of install etc. Not perfect simply an indicator

• 3. Measurement time (usually in days)
• 4. Level of data analysis needed (PhD, or

architect/consultant) this is work in progress

• 5. Analysis method

3d Graph

Early results using a case study approach

The key beneficiaries of the outputs of the Annex are as follows:

• The building research community and

associates (e.g. energy providers)

• Engineering offices and consultants
• Building designers and building industry

with an interest in high performance systems

• Government, authorities, certification

bodies

• We should never expect models to perfectly

meet the measured performance

• When we need to generate data to help inform

models, the elements should be well studied

• Models are a simplification of reality, we should

not expect perfection

• For a perfect as built performance, we should

build the building in the climatic zone and correct internal conditions. This is not always possible

Testing Facilities to Validate Models

An example, simplest wall possible, 230mm solid wall with internal plaster skim. Research carried

• ut in EH under controlled steady state

conditions U values were :

• Calculated using 3 UK standards (which gave

3 contradictory results to start with)

• Measure using point measurement (heat flux

sensors to ISo9869 (2014)

• Measured using IR thermography

Testing Facilities to Validate Models

Testing Facilities to Validate Models

Graphical representation

• f results

IR Measured U values visualised

This work demonstrates the usefulness of the whole house test facility in particular being able to carry out steady state and controlled testing using dynamic variables. NOT A REPLACEMENT FOR FIELD TRIALS!!! In particular long term hygrothermal issues and non passive measures such as heating controls. However can be useful for R and D especially around new materials and heating and cooling tech

Testing Facilities to Validate Models

UoS have a new facility due to open in late 2020/early 2021 Energy House 2

• £16 million funding is secured
• Construction work is currently out to tender
• The facility will have:
• 2 chambers (which can be independently conditioned)
• 4 homes (any home can be built inside chamber and

fully occupied by public). These will be removed and new ones constructed when research is complete.

Testing Facilities to Validate Models

• 20 ºC to 40 ºC (95% of populated areas of earth)
• Wind
• Rain
• Solar radiation
• Snow
• Dynamic and steady state conditions possible, can be

programmed to follow given weather profiles

• Vehicle access to allow for bidirectional charging to

homes

• PV/GSHP/ASHP/Hydrogen supplies
• Working with our partners in acoustics and social

science

Testing Facilities to Validate Models

Energy House 2 Visualisations

Energy House 2 Visualisations

Energy House 2 Visualisations

Energy House 2 Visualisations

Energy House 2 Visualisations

• Buildings are modelled – a lot – and for many

important reasons

• We need to confident that the models contain robust

data

• We should also appreciate that the performance of a

building will change, depending on climates/occupancy etc

• We should start to see energy performance as a live

indicator and not a static modelled value

• We will place more and more reliance on the

performance of a building as energy systems become linked and more dynamic

Conclusion

• Investments both physical and intellectual need to be

made to solve the crisis around global warming, housing and energy are a part of this. New methods of building efficient houses are required.

• We need homes that are cost effective and efficient to

run

• These buildings will need studying in detail before they

are rolled out in any significant number

• We have seen several housing disasters where non-

traditional buildings have been rolled out in huge numbers and been deemed to have been incredibly poor quality.

Conclusion

• Progress is being made to make this research easier:
• New co-heating standards for testing and research on

prototype buildings and retrofits

• Smart meter enabled systems working with on board

devices to provide live energy ratings

• New facilities to research building performance of a

unit across multiple climates in less time examining

• ther aspects such as comfort, acoustics, air quality,

visual comfort at the same time.

Conclusion

Contact: r.Fitton@salford.ac.uk Web: Search ABERG