Z. Mohammed 4 and Okeke, O. F. I 5 International Conference on - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶

Dec 28, 2022 424 likes •666 views

Abimbola Odumosu 1 ,Patrick Obi 2 , Bayero Farah 3 , Ado Z. Mohammed 4 and Okeke, O. F. I 5 International Conference on Transport and Health 2016 San Jose California Presentation Outline 1. Introduction 2. Problem Identification 3. Objectives

SLIDE 1

Abimbola Odumosu1,Patrick Obi2, Bayero Farah3, Ado

Z. Mohammed4

and Okeke, O. F. I5 International Conference on Transport and Health 2016 San Jose California

SLIDE 2

Presentation Outline

1. Introduction
2. Problem Identification
3. Objectives
4. Study Area
5. Methodology
6. Findings
7. Recommendations
8. Conclusions

SLIDE 3

1. Introduction

 A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity

to a particular disease.

 A cold chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain system

f storage and distribution activities.

 However, Cold chain logistics refer to the system of people,

policies, procedures, vehicles, fuel, equipment, and technologies that work together to make sure that vaccines given to people are available, safe and effective.

 Vaccines are temperature sensitive and is susceptible to

damage as a result of exposure to excessive heat or freezing temperatures

SLIDE 4

Introduction Cont’d

 Most vaccines have specific requirements for their optimal

efficacy.

 Cold chain logistics management system ensures that the

integrity of these vaccines are maintained

 That little or no damage affects them from the time of their

manufacture until they are used.

 Thus, logistics support is critical to immunization services  This is to ensure the availability of appropriate equipment and

adequate supply of high-quality vaccines for immunization at all levels.

SLIDE 5

2. Problem Identification

 Five million children die in the developing world each

year.

 Another five million are mentally or physically

disabled due to the six vaccine preventable diseases namely diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis and tuberculosis.

 The annual death rate from these diseases is

approximately 220,000 with 10-26% of these

ccurring in infancy and early childhood.

SLIDE 6

Problem Identification Cont’d

 Most vaccines have specific requirements for their optimal

efficacy.

 An effective cold chain logistics management system

ensures that the integrity of these vaccines is maintained

 That little or no damage affects them from the time of their

manufacture until they are used.

 However, certain factors can affect the cold chain logistics

management system of vaccines.

 These critical factors are: Transportation, Distribution and

Storage conditions.

SLIDE 7

3. Objectives

The objectives of this study are:

 Examine the structure of the supply chain system for the

vaccines from point of manufacture to point of usage (end use)

 Assess the cold chain logistics management effect on vaccines

used in Childhood Routine Immunization Programs

SLIDE 8

4. The Study Area

 Kaduna state in North west Nigeria is the study area.  Kaduna State occupies part of the Central position of the

Northern part of Nigeria

 It shares common borders with Zamfara, Katsina, Niger, Kano,

Bauchi and Plateau States.

 To the South-West, the State shares a border with the Federal

Capital Territory, Abuja.

 The global location of the State is between longitude of 30’’ east

f the Greenwich meridian and also between latitude 0900 and 11

30’’ North of the equator.

 It occupies an area of approximately 48,473.2 square kilometers

and has a population of more than 6 million.

SLIDE 9

Fig 1 Map of Nigeria showing different States of the Federation

SLIDE 10

The Study Area Cont’d

 For the purpose of vaccine distribution, Nigeria is divided into

four (4) zones.

 Kaduna state falls under the Kano zone.  KSPHCA receives vaccines from the Kano Zonal cold store on

a quarterly basis.

 After the vaccines arrive KSPHCA cold store, they are off

loaded and neatly arranged inside the cold room;

 Other vaccine consumables are also well arranged within the

cold store.

 Subsequently, the Local Government [LG] receive vaccines

based on their requisition forms, vaccines utilization reporting form and monthly immunization summary report submitted to KSPHCA.

SLIDE 11

5. Methodology

 Data needed were sourced from available records from the Kaduna

state Ministry of Health (MOH) through the Kaduna State Primary Health Care Agency (KSPHCA)

 The local governments.  Observational Survey, documents sourcing and group and

individual interviews were also performed.

 These include administered questionnaire and observation check

lists.

SLIDE 12

Methodology Cont’d

 Multistage Sampling Technique was employed in selecting the

primary health care facilities for the study. The various stages involved were as follows: Stage 1

 Kaduna state comprises of three (3) senatorial districts and twenty

three (23) local government areas (LGAs). All local governments (LGs) were grouped according to their senatorial districts. Stage 2

 Using simple random sampling technique by balloting without

replacement, one-third from the 23local governments (LGs) was selected (that is eight (8) LGs). However, nine (9) LGs were finally selected to ensure that all three senatorial districts were equally represented by three LGs respectively.

SLIDE 13

Methodology Cont’d

Stage 3

 LGs were further grouped into urban and rural LGs according

to their senatorial districts. Stage 4

 Using simple random sampling technique by balloting, urban

LGs were selected. Stage 5

 Using simple random sampling technique by balloting

without replacement, rural LGs were selected.

SLIDE 14

6. Findings

 Analysis showed that poorly managed logistics systems can lead to

high and unnecessary vaccine wastage rates, stock outs, or improper management of waste, resulting in significant operational program costs, as well as a negative impact on public health.

 For the purpose of vaccine distribution, Nigeria is divided into four

(4) zones. Kaduna state falls under the Kano zone.

 The vaccines allocated to the zone leave the national cold store in

tempertature-regulated trucks to Kaduna state and makes it stop at the KSPHCA cold store.

 The vaccines are subsequently off loaded and properly stored in

the cold store.

SLIDE 15

Findings Cont’d

 From this point, the local governments come to pick up their

vaccines using public transport system (pick-up van, station wagon, car or bus).

 All nine LGs used public transport for vaccine pick up. 44.4%

used buses; 22.2% used car and station wagon respectively; while only one LG (11.1%) used a pick-up van.

 Although the vehicles for transport are not temperature-

controlled, storage system is still effectively maintained as the vaccines are transported to the LGs in vaccine boxes lined with conditioned ice packs.

SLIDE 16

Findings Cont’d

 The transportation time for the vaccines from KSPHCA to LGs

ranged from 30 minutes to three (3) hours. This length of time had no adverse effect on the integrity of vaccines as they were transported in vaccine cold boxes with conditioned ice packs. Thus the cold chain for maintaining the vaccines was intact.

 However, in Kaduna state, there is lack of an efficient transport

system for the distribution of vaccines.

 The study revealed that, there were vehicles for transportation

before which were provided by International donor funds.

 HILUX vans were available at the LGAs to facilitate

transportation of vaccines after collection from the state.

 Over time however, these vehicles broke down due to lack of

adequate maintenance. Thus, LGs now have to pick up vaccine consignments from the state through private and public transport arrangement

SLIDE 17

Table 1: Transportation time from KSPHCA cold store to LGs S/no LG Average time in hours 1. Igabi 1hour 2. Kachia 1hour, 30mins 3. Kaduna South 30mins 4. Kajuru 30mins – 1hour 5. Kaura 2½ - 3hours 6. Kubau 2½ - 3hours 7. Kudan 2½ hours 8. SabonGari 1hour 9. Sanga 3hours

SLIDE 18

Findings Cont’d

 Table 1 shows the transportation time in hours for

vaccine transport from the KSPHCA cold store to the various LGs. The journey to Kaduna South is shortest at 30minutes while Sanga is the farthest distance with 3hours.

SLIDE 19

Table 2: Target population for childhood immunization S/no LG Target population % 1. Igabi 548,182 20.59 2. Kachia 311,245 11.69 3. Kaduna South * 285,960 10.74 4. Kajuru 141,265 5.30 5. Kaura 283,602 10.65 6. Kubau 359,372 13.50 7. Kudan 177,099 6.65 8. SabonGari 365,520 13.73 9. Sanga 190,274 7.15 Total 2,662,519 100

SLIDE 20

7. Recommendations

 The gap in information technology and management information

systems should be properly addressed. This can be achieved by:

 Putting in place a method for vaccine inventory management using the

appropriate soft ware tools .

 Supervision and monitoring of vaccine management should also be

stepped up.

 Provision of internet facilities.  Provision of office computers, printers, scanners and photocopiers.  Automatically-regulated inverters should be procured and installed to

ensure that power supply is constant round the clock.

SLIDE 21

8. Conclusion

 It can be inferred from the results of this study that the cold

chain logistics management of vaccines for childhood immunization programs in Kaduna state is above average in performance.

 Therefore, there is still room for improvement especially in

the areas of information technology and management information system and power supply.

 An effective logistics system and a well-maintained cold chain

are essential for safe and effective immunization service

delivery. An improperly functioning cold chain can lead to

wasted vaccines, missed opportunities to immunize due to lack of vaccines, and children receiving vaccines that do not protect them as intended or that actually make them sick.

SLIDE 22

References



Agaagba, A. P. (December, 2005). Analysis of Logistics of INEC Operations: A Case Study of Benue State. Being a Project Submitted to the School of Professional Studies in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Masters in Transport and Logistics of the Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology (NITT), Zaria.



Ateudjieu, J., Kenfack, B., Nkontchou, B. W. and Demanou, M. (2013). Program on Immunization and Cold Chain Monitoring: the status in Eight Health Districts in Cameroon. BMC Research Notes.6: 101



Apanishile, E.S. (2007). A Project Report Submitted to the School of Professional Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of a Postgraduate Diploma in Logistics and Supply Chain Management of the Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology (NITT), Zaria.



Chandrasekaran, N. (2010). Fundamentals of Logistics.Chennai, India, MIM.



Christopher, M. (2005).Logistics and Supply Chain Management.Third Edition. Great Britain. Pearson Education Limited.



Cold Chain and Logistics Management: An Essential Part of Safe and Effective Vaccination Programs. (2008). JSI News, Documents and Tools on Routine Immunization and Sustainable Financing.July.Issue 8. (Online) Available at www.immunizationbasics.jsi.com/Newsletter/.../snapshots_volume8.htm Accessed

n 7th July, 2013; 12.52pm.



Coyle, J. J., Novack, R. A., Gibson, B. J. and Bardi, E. J. (2011). Transportation: A Supply Chain Perspective. 7th Edition. United States of America. South-Western Cengage Learning.



Frazelle, E. (2002). The Logistics of Supply Chain Management. United States of America. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.



Ganye, M. A. (December, 2005). The Performance Appraisal of Third Party Logistics Providers in Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of Selected Service Providers in Onne Free Zone. A Dissertation Submitted to the Postgraduate Professional Transport School in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Masters Degree in Logistics and Transport (MTL) of the Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology (NITT),Zaria.

SLIDE 23

References Cont’d

 World Health Organization (WHO) (2013) – Vaccine

Management and Logistics.(Online).Available at www.who.int/entity/immunization_delivery/.../logistics/ en/index.html‎ .Accessed on 3rd July, 2013;

 World Health Organization (WHO) (1998).Safe Vaccine

Handling, Cold Chain and Immunizations.WHO/EPI/LHIS/98.02. Geneva.

 Zaffran M, Vandelaer J, Kristensen D, Melgaard B, Yadav P,

Antwi-Agyei KO, Lasher H. (2013). The Imperative for Stronger Vaccine Supply and Logistics Systems. Vaccine. Apr 18;31Suppl 2:B73-80. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.036.