Bl Blood ood Phy hysi siology ology Ass. s.Le Lec. . Inas S. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Ass. s.Le Lec. . Inas S. Mohammed med Bi Biomedi medical Engineering cal Engineering Un Universit sity y of Techno nolog logy

Bl Blood

• od Phy

hysi siology

• logy

Bl Blood

• d Ph

Physiolo iology gy

is is a a vis iscous cous fluid luid tha that is t is pumped by pumped by the hear the heart thr t through a c

• ugh a clos

losed ed system tem of

• f blood

blood Blood Blood

• ves

essels els. . It is t is compos composed ed of

• f cells

cells ( r red blood ed blood cells cells, , white blood cells hite blood cells and pla and platelets telets “ thr thromboc

• mbocytes

tes ” preventing blood loss) whic hich ar h are s e sus uspended in pended in a f a fluid luid por portion, tion, the the pla plasma ma.

• Char

Characteris acteristics tics of

• f Blood

Blood : 1- bright r bright red ( ed (oxy xygena genated) ted). 2- dar dark r k red ed / pur purplis plish h (uno unoxy xygen genated ted). ). 3- muc much mor h more e dens dense than pur e than pure w e water ter. 4- pH pH r range f ange from

• m 7.35

35 to to 7.45 45 (slightl lightly alkaline) alkaline). 5- slightl lightly war armer than body mer than body temper temperatur ture e 100 100.4 4 F . F . 6- ty typical pical volume

• lume in

in adult male adult male 5-6 6 liter liters. 7- ty typical pical volume

• lume in

in adult f adult female emale 4-5 5 liter liters. 8- ty typical pically 8% % of

• f body

body w weight. eight.

1- Transport of O2, nutrients and hormones to the tissue and carries CO2 to the lungs and other products of metabolism to the kidneys to be excreted. 2- It participates in the regulation pH, osmosis and electrolyte concentration . 3- Maintenance of body temperature. 4- Blood also serves essential “ body protective function “. 5- Clot forming.

Function tion of the blood

• d

Pl Plas asma ma

Plas lasma ma is is a par a part of t of the e the extr xtracellular acellular fluid luid of

• f the body

the body. . Pale y ale yello ellow up up of

• f 91

91% % water and ter and 9% % other

• ther.

The nor he normal mal plas plasma ma volume

• lume is

is about bout 4-5% % of

• f the body

the body w weight. eight. Plas lasma ma cons consis ist t of

• f an aqueous

an aqueous s solution

• lution of
• f pr

proteins

• teins,

, electr electrol

• lyte

te and s and small mall or

• rganic

ganic molecules molecules.

Pl Plasma sma Pr Proteins eins

Its ts concentr concentration tion is is about bout 7 7 mg/ mg/dl.

• dl. The

he major major ty types pes of

• f pr

protein

• tein and their a

and their aver erage nor ge normal mal concentr concentration tion pr pres esent in the ent in the plas plasma ma ar are : e : 1- Albumin, Albumin, 4.5 5 g/ g/dl, dl, 58 58% % of

• f plas

plasma ma pr proteins

• teins.

2- Globulines lobulines, , 2.5 5 g/ g/dl, dl, 38 38% % of

• f plas

plasma ma pr proteins

• teins.

3- Fibrinogen, Fibrinogen, 0.3 3 g/ g/dl, dl, 4% % of

• f plas

plasma ma pr proteins

• teins.

Hematopoiesis topoiesis

• r
• r

Hemop

• poi
• iesis

esis

Hem emopo

• poies

iesis is or

• r Hem

ematop topoie

• iesis

is :- Proce

• cess of
• f blo

blood

• d cel

cell l pr produ

• ductio

ction. n.

• Proer
• erythr

throblas

• blasts

ts : :- De Develop elop into r into red blood cel ed blood cell. l.

• Myloblas

loblasts ts :- De Develop elop into into bas basophils

• phils,

, nutr nutrophils

• phils and

and eois eoisinophils inophils.

• Lymphoblas

mphoblast t :- De Develop elop into into lymphoc mphocytes tes.

• Monoblas
• noblast :- De

Develop elop into into monoc monocytes tes.

• Megak

gakar aryobl

• blas

ast :- De Develo elop p into into pla platele telets ts.

Red ed bl blood d cel ells s (er erythr hroc

• cytes)

ytes)

Str Structur ucture : e : * *

Biconca Biconcave, e, non non – nuc nuclea leated. ted.

: Component Component * *

a- Hemog emoglobin. lobin. b- Lipids Lipids. c- ATP . d- Carbonic Carbonic anhy anhydr dras ase.

Function : Function : * *

Trans anspor port t oxy xygen gen f from

• m lun

lung to g to tis tissue ue and and ca carbo rbon d n dio ioxid xide e from

• m tis

tissue ue to lu to lung. ng.

) Hb Hb Hem emogl globin

• bin (
• Co

Cons nsis ist t of

• f :

1- 4 4 globin lobin molecule molecule : : Trans anspor port carbon t carbon dio dioxide xide and nitric and nitric acid. acid. 2- 4 4 heme heme molecule molecule : : Trans anspor port t oxy xygen. gen. Iron

• n is

is requir equired f ed for o

• r oxy

xygen tr gen trans anspor port. t.

• :

Er Eryt ythr hropo

• poiesis

iesis * *

pr proer

• erythr

throblas

• blasts

ts ear early er erythr throblas

• blasts

ts in inter termedia mediate te Stem tem cell cell la late te reticuloc eticulocytes tes

• Er

Eryt ythr hropoietin

• poietin :

* *

pr prod

• duc

uction. tion. RBC RBC Ho Hormon mone e to sti to stimula mulate te

Whi hite te bl blood d cel ells s ( Le Leuko kocytes ytes )

• WBCs

WBCs ar are div e divided ided into into : 1- Granu anuloc locytes tes : :- 10 10-15 15 mic microm

• mete

eters in in dia diame meter ter ar are th e three ee ty types pes ac accor cordin ding to g to the the na natur ture e of

• f their s

their specif pecific ic staining taining granules anules :

• Neutr

eutrophils

• phils ( granules

anules s stain tain with acid and bas ith acid and basic ic dy dyes es ).

• Eos
• sinophils

inophils ( granules anules s stain tain with acid ith acid dy dyes es ) ).

• Bas

Basophils

• phils ( g

granules anules s stain tain with bas ith basic ic dy dyes es ). * * Their nuc heir nuclei lei ar are e lobula lobulated ted, , they they ar are e called called pol polymor morphonuc phonuclear lear leuk leukoc

• cytes

tes. 2- Non g

• n granuloc

anulocytes tes, , whic hich ar h are : e :

• Lymphoc

mphocytes tes : the : the lymphoc mphocytes tes is is small, mall, about bout 6-16 16 micr micrometer

• meter in

in diameter diameter. . The he lymp mphoc hocyte te has has a la a large ge nuc nucleu leus an and d scan canty ty c cytop toplas lasm m and and the there a e are th e three ee ma main in ty types pes : : ( T-lymphoc mphocytes tes, , B-lymphoc mphocytes tes & & na natur tural killer al killer ( NK ) l lymphoc mphocytes tes.

• Monoc
• nocytes

tes :- The he monoc monocytes tes is is the lar the larges gest t WBC WBC, , it it has has a abundant c bundant cytoplas toplasm m , and , and kidney kidney – sha haped or r ped or round nuc

• und nucleus

leus, , about bout 15 15-20 20 micr micrometer

• meter in

in diameter diameter. .

Whi hite te bl blood d cel ells s ( Le Leuko kocytes ytes )

• Neutr

eutrophils

• phils (

( 50 50 – 70 70 % % ).

• Lymp

mphoc hocytes tes (20 20 – 40 40 % % ).

• Monoc
• nocytes

tes (2 2 – 8 8 % ) % ).

• Eos
• sinophils

inophils ( ( 1 1 -4 4 % % ).

• Bas

Basophils

• phils (

( 0.4 4 % % ). * * Leu Leukoc

• cytes

tes : : pr prote

• tect

ct bod body agai gains nst mic t microor

• organ

ganis isms ms and and r rem emove e dea dead c d cells ells and and de debri bris.

Blood

• od type

pes s ( Bl Blood d gr groups) ps)

• De

Deter termin mined ed by by an antige tigen n on

• n surf

urface ace ( (RB RBCs Cs). . An Antibo tibody dy (agglutin lutinins ins) can can bin bind d to R to RBC BC antigens antigens res esulting ulting clumping lumping or

• r hemol

hemolysis is (ruptur upture) e) of

• f RBCs

RBCs.

• Groups
• ups (

(ABO ABO) and ( and ( Rh Rh ). ).

ABO Blood Groups

Rh Rh Blood d Group

• Fir

First t stud tudied ied in in ( rhe rhesus us mo monk nkey eys ). Types pes :- A- Rh Rh pos positiv itive e :- Have antigens e antigens pr pres esent ent on s

• n surf

urface RBCs ace RBCs . B- Rh Rh ne nega gativ tive : e :- Do Do not ha not have thes e these antigens e antigens pr pres esent. ent. *H *Hemol emolytic tic Dis Diseas ease e of

• f the N

the New ewbor born (HDN DN) :- Mother

• ther pr

produces

• duces anti

anti – Rh Rh antibodies antibodies tha that cr t cros

• sses

es placenta and caus placenta and cause e agglutina lutination tion and and hemol hemolysis is of

• f fetal

etal RBCs RBCs.

Blood

• od Dise

sease se

1- Jaundice : aundice :- It t is is the y the yello ellowis ish h dis discolor coloration tion of

• f skin

kin and mucous and mucous membr membranes anes res esulting ulting from

• m an

an incr increas eased ed bilir bilirubin ubin concentr concentration tion in in the body the body f fluid.

• luid. It

t is is detecta detectable w ble when hen plas plasma ma bilir bilirubin ubin le level el ris rises es abo bove ( e ( 2 2 mg/ mg/dl) dl). 2- Anemia Anemia :- Anemia Anemia means means def deficienc iciency of

• f hemog

hemoglobin lobin in the in the blood. W

• blood. Whic

hich h can be can be caus caused ed by by eith either to er too f

• few

ew r red ed blo blood

• d cel

cells ls or to

• r too littl
• little

e hem hemog

• glob

lobin in in th in the e cel cells ls. . Som

• me ty

e types pes of

• f

anemia anemia and their phy and their physiologic iologic caus causes es ar are f e follo

• llowing

ing :- A- Blood Blood Los Loss Anemia.

• Anemia. B- Aplas

plastic tic Anemia, Anemia, C- Megaloblas galoblastic tic Anemia, Anemia, D- Hemol emolytic tic Anemia. Anemia. 3- Pol

• lycythemia

themia :- It t is is an incr an increas ease concentr e concentration of tion of er erythr throc

• cytes

tes in in the cir the circula culation tion blood blood tha that is t is abo bove nor e normal mal for s

• r sex and a

x and age. ge.

Blood

• od Dise

sease se

4- Leu Leukem emias ias :- The term “Leukemia”, literally “White blood”, refers to a group of cancer cancerous

• us conditions

conditions in involv

• lving

ing over erpr production of

• duction of abnor

bnormal mal (white blood cell) hite blood cell) from

• m bone mar

bone marrow.

• f
• f blood,

blood, 5- Leu Leukoc

• cytos

tosis is :- When total ( en total (WBC) BC) count is count is higher higher than than 11000 11000 cell/ cell/mm mm3 whic hich h could could be due to pa be due to pathological thological caus causes es ( (bacterial bacterial inf infection) ection) or phy

• r physiological

iological caus causes es (exer ercis cise e & pr & pregnanc gnancy). 6- Leuk Leukopenia

• penia :- When total

hen total (WBC) WBC) count is count is lo lower than er than 4000 4000 cell/ cell/ mm mm3

• f blood,

blood, whic hich h occur

• ccurs f

for

• r example v

xample vir iral al inf infection & ection & ty typhoid f phoid fever er.

The En The End