Bl Blood ood Phy hysi siology ology Ass. s.Le Lec. . Inas S. Mohammed med Bi Biomedi medical Engineering cal Engineering Universit Un sity y of Techno nolog logy 1 6 January 2017
Bl Blood od Ph Physiolo iology gy - Blood Blood is a is a vis iscous cous fluid luid tha that is t is pumped by pumped by the hear the heart thr t through a c ough a clos losed ed system tem of of blood blood ves essels els. . It is t is compos composed ed of of cells cells ( r red blood ed blood cells cells, , white blood cells hite blood cells and pla and platelets telets “ thr thromboc ombocytes tes ” preventing blood loss) whic hich ar h are s e sus uspended in pended in a f a fluid luid por portion, tion, the the pla plasma ma. Characteris Char acteristics tics of of Blood Blood : - 1- bright r bright red ( ed (oxy xygena genated) ted). 2- dar dark r k red ed / pur purplis plish h (uno unoxy xygen genated ted). ). 3- muc much mor h more e dens dense than pur e than pure w e water ter. 4- pH pH r range f ange from om 7.35 35 to to 7.45 45 (slightl lightly alkaline) alkaline). 5- slightl lightly war armer than body mer than body temper temperatur ture e 100 100.4 4 F F . . 6- ty typical pical volume olume in in adult male adult male 5-6 6 liter liters. 7- ty typical pical volume olume in in adult f adult female emale 4-5 5 liter liters. 8- ty typical pically 8% % of of body body w weight. eight. 6 January 2017 2
Function tion of the blood od 1- Transport of O2, nutrients and hormones to the tissue and carries CO2 to the lungs and other products of metabolism to the kidneys to be excreted. 2- It participates in the regulation pH, osmosis and electrolyte concentration . 3- Maintenance of body temperature. 4- Blood also serves essential “ body protective function “. 5- Clot forming. 3 6 January 2017
Pl Plas asma ma Plas lasma ma is is a par a part of t of the e the extr xtracellular acellular fluid luid of of the body the body. . Pale y ale yello ellow up up of of 91 91% % water and ter and 9% % other other. The nor he normal mal plas plasma ma volume olume is is about bout 4-5% % of of the body the body w weight. eight. Plas lasma ma cons consis ist t of of an aqueous an aqueous s solution olution of of pr proteins oteins, , electr electrol olyte te and s and small mall or organic ganic molecules molecules. Pl Plasma sma Pr Proteins eins Its ts concentr concentration tion is is about bout 7 7 mg/ mg/dl. dl. The he major major ty types pes of of pr protein otein and their a and their aver erage nor ge normal mal concentr concentration tion pr pres esent in the ent in the plas plasma ma ar are : e : 1- Albumin, Albumin, 4.5 5 g/ g/dl, dl, 58 58% % of of plas plasma ma pr proteins oteins. 2- Globulines lobulines, , 2.5 5 g/ g/dl, dl, 38 38% % of of plas plasma ma pr proteins oteins. 3- Fibrinogen, Fibrinogen, 0.3 3 g/ g/dl, dl, 4% % of of plas plasma ma pr proteins oteins. 6 January 2017 4
Hemop opoi oiesis esis or or Hematopoiesis topoiesis Hem emopo opoies iesis is or or Hem ematop topoie oiesis is :- Proce ocess of of blo blood od cel cell l pr produ oductio ction. n. - Proer oerythr throblas oblasts ts : :- De Develop elop into r into red blood cel ed blood cell. l. - Myloblas loblasts ts :- De Develop elop into into bas basophils ophils, , nutr nutrophils ophils and and eois eoisinophils inophils. - Lymphoblas mphoblast t :- De Develop elop into into lymphoc mphocytes tes. - Monoblas onoblast :- De Develop elop into into monoc monocytes tes. - Megak gakar aryobl oblas ast :- De Develo elop p into into pla platele telets ts. 6 January 2017 5
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Red ed bl blood d cel ells s (er erythr hroc ocytes) ytes) * * Str Structur ucture : e : Biconcave, Biconca e, non non – nuc nuclea leated. ted. * * Component Component : a- Hemog emoglobin. lobin. b- Lipids Lipids. c- ATP . d- Carbonic Carbonic anhy anhydr dras ase. * * Function : Function : Trans anspor port t oxy xygen gen f from om lun lung to g to tis tissue ue and and ca carbo rbon d n dio ioxid xide e from om tis tissue ue to lu to lung. ng. 6 January 2017 7
Hem emogl globin obin ( Hb Hb ) Co Cons nsis ist t of of : - 1- 4 4 globin lobin molecule molecule : : Trans anspor port carbon t carbon dio dioxide xide and nitric and nitric acid. acid. 2- 4 4 heme heme molecule molecule : : Trans anspor port t oxy xygen. gen. Iron on is is requir equired f ed for o or oxy xygen tr gen trans anspor port. t. * * Er Eryt ythr hropo opoiesis iesis : - Stem tem cell cell pr proer oerythr throblas oblasts ts ear early er erythr throblas oblasts ts in inter termedia mediate te late la te reticuloc eticulocytes tes * * Er Eryt ythr hropoietin opoietin : - Ho Hormon mone e to sti to stimula mulate te RBC RBC pr prod oduc uction. tion. 6 January 2017 8
Whi hite te bl blood d cel ells s ( Le Leuko kocytes ytes ) WBCs ar WBCs are div e divided ided into into : - 1- Granu anuloc locytes tes : :- 10 10-15 15 mic microm omete eters in in dia diame meter ter ar are th e three ee ty types pes ac accor cordin ding to g to the the na natur ture e of of their s their specif pecific ic staining taining granules anules : - Neutr eutrophils ophils ( granules anules s stain tain with acid and bas ith acid and basic ic dy dyes es ). - Eos osinophils inophils ( granules anules s stain tain with acid ith acid dy dyes es ) ). - Bas Basophils ophils ( g granules anules s stain tain with bas ith basic ic dy dyes es ). * * Their nuc heir nuclei lei ar are e lobula lobulated ted, , they they ar are e called called pol polymor morphonuc phonuclear lear leuk leukoc ocytes tes. 2- Non g on granuloc anulocytes tes, , whic hich ar h are : e : - Lymphoc mphocytes tes : the : the lymphoc mphocytes tes is is small, mall, about bout 6-16 16 micr micrometer ometer in in diameter diameter. . The he lymp mphoc hocyte te has has a la a large ge nuc nucleu leus an and d scan canty ty c cytop toplas lasm m and and the there a e are th e three ee ma main in ty types pes : : ( T-lymphoc mphocytes tes, , B-lymphoc mphocytes tes & & na natur tural killer al killer ( NK ) l lymphoc mphocytes tes. - Monoc onocytes tes :- The he monoc monocytes tes is is the lar the larges gest t WBC WBC, , it it has has a abundant c bundant cytoplas toplasm m , and , and kidney kidney – sha haped or r ped or round nuc ound nucleus leus, , about bout 15 15-20 20 micr micrometer ometer in in diameter diameter. . 6 January 2017 9
Whi hite te bl blood d cel ells s ( Le Leuko kocytes ytes ) - Neutr eutrophils ophils ( ( 50 50 – 70 70 % % ). - Lymp mphoc hocytes tes (20 20 – 40 40 % % ). - Monoc onocytes tes (2 2 – 8 8 % ) % ). - Eos osinophils inophils ( ( 1 1 -4 4 % % ). - Bas Basophils ophils ( ( 0.4 4 % % ). * * Leu Leukoc ocytes tes : : pr prote otect ct bod body agai gains nst mic t microor oorgan ganis isms ms and and r rem emove e dea dead c d cells ells and and de debri bris. 6 January 2017 10
Blood ood type pes s ( Bl Blood d gr groups) ps) - De Deter termin mined ed by by an antige tigen n on on surf urface ace ( (RB RBCs Cs). . An Antibo tibody dy (agglutin lutinins ins) can can bin bind d to R to RBC BC antigens antigens res esulting ulting clumping lumping or or hemol hemolysis is (ruptur upture) e) of of RBCs RBCs. - Groups oups ( (ABO ABO) and ( and ( Rh Rh ). ). ABO Blood Groups Blood Group Bloo RB RBC An C Antigen igen Pl Plasma sma Blood that can Bloo An Antibod ibody be receiv ived AB AB A A and B B None A, B, A, , AB AB and O B B An Anti i - A B and O O A A An Anti i - B A and O O O None An Anti i A A and An Anti i O B 6 January 2017 11
Rh Rh Blood d Group - Fir First t stud tudied ied in in ( rhe rhesus us mo monk nkey eys ). Types pes :- A- Rh Rh pos positiv itive e :- Have antigens e antigens pr pres esent ent on s on surf urface RBCs ace RBCs . B- Rh Rh ne nega gativ tive : e :- Do Do not ha not have thes e these antigens e antigens pr pres esent. ent. *H *Hemol emolytic tic Dis Diseas ease e of of the N the New ewbor born (HDN DN) :- Mother other pr produces oduces anti anti – Rh Rh antibodies antibodies tha that cr t cros osses es placenta and caus placenta and cause e agglutina lutination tion and and hemol hemolysis is of of fetal etal RBCs RBCs. 6 January 2017 12
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