Workstation Design Workstation Components Work surfaces Enclosure - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Workstation Design Workstation Components Work surfaces Enclosure - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 11, 2022 221 likes •492 views

Workstation Design Workstation Components Work surfaces Enclosure (e.g., cab) Tools Doors / doorways Materials Windows Fixtures, work holding devices Seats / supports Displays Lighting fixtures

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SLIDE 1

Workstation Design

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SLIDE 2

2

Workstation Components

  • Enclosure (e.g., cab)
  • Doors / doorways
  • Windows
  • Seats / supports
  • Lighting fixtures
  • Heating, ventilating, and air

conditioning equipment

  • Life support equipment
  • Material handling equipment (in,

within, out)

  • Storage facilities
  • Work surfaces
  • Tools
  • Materials
  • Fixtures, work holding devices
  • Displays
  • Controls
  • Computers and other electronics
  • Reference materials
  • Communication equipment
  • Personal protective equipment
  • Personal items
  • etc.
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SLIDE 3

3

General Workstation Design Guidelines

Woodson, W.E., Tillman, B., & Tillman, P. (1992) Human Factors Design Handbook, 2nd. ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 248 ff.

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SLIDE 4

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Working Position

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • Workers/Operators should stand when

– they must reach beyond point easily accessible when seated. – they have to move from one workplace to another. – they interact with standing workers/operators. – several persons have to work jointly at large display.

  • Workers/Operators should sit when

– they must work at task for extended periods. – task precision demands steadiness. – they need to be restrained. – they need to apply large forces to control. – they have to write.

  • Provide sit/stand when workers/operators

– work at task for 30+ minutes, but others observe them,

standing.

– need advantages of seating but must sometimes move to

another workplace.

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SLIDE 5

5

Avoid Awkward Positioning

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • Minimize necessity to lean.
  • Do not require maximum reach capability.
  • Do not require long periods with head, torso, or limbs skewed.
  • Do not require hands/arms above elbow position for long.
  • Avoid supine, prone positions.
  • Provide limb support.
  • Arrange for visibility without awkward head/body position.
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SLIDE 6

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Arrange For Normal Limb Movement & Reach

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • a. Minimize torso movement during continuous control.
  • b. Arrange for normal limb articulation.
  • c. Arrange for opposite both-hand/foot movements.
  • d. Minimize necessity for seated position shifting.
  • e. Don't make worker/operator lean across hazardous element.
  • f. Allow extra clearance for apparel & worn equipment.
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SLIDE 7

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Design For Force Application

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • a. Arrange manipulable objects for application of force.
  • b. Provide counteracting supports.
  • c. Arrange force-demanding controls where operators can apply

necessary force.

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SLIDE 8

8

Minimize Fatigue

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • a. Provide backrests for seated operators.
  • b. Provide armrests.
  • c. Provide handrests, when appropriate.
  • d. Provide footrests.
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SLIDE 9

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Minimize Safety Hazards

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • a. Design for posture to accommodate dynamic loads.
  • b. Provide body restraints as appropriate.
  • c. Locate components so as not to penetrate operator's skin on

contact.

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SLIDE 10

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Guidelines For Standing Operators

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • a. Provide smooth, level standing surface.
  • b. Provide sufficient area to spread feet.
  • c. Surface should be non-slip.
  • d. Make surface resilient.
  • e. Arrange visually accessed elements so that they can be seen

without excessive movement.

  • f. Arrange manipulative tasks to be compatible with reach, motion

patterns, etc.

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SLIDE 11

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Guidelines For Seated Operators

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • a. Provide seat that assures optimum working posture.
  • b. Arrange visual elements so as not to be obstructed by
  • perator's hand.
  • c. If primary task requires outside view, position primary task

displays near operator's normal line of sight.

  • d. Position controls so as not to require movement that changes

nominal eye reference point.

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SLIDE 12

12

Guidelines For Sit/Stand Operators

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • a. Make both sit & stand eye reference points the same.
  • b. Design/locate displays for same sit/stand readout accuracy.
  • c. Minimize sit/stand operator hand control interference.
  • d. Provide footrest for seated operators.
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SLIDE 13

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Miscellaneous Guidelines

(Woodson et al, 1992)

  • a. Tradeoff standardization/customization.
  • b. Provide appropriate task lighting.
  • c. Provide for storage.
  • d. Provide for maintenance accessibility.
  • e. Provide for workers with disabilities.
  • f. Provide for localized control of temperature, ventilation, noise,

vibration, etc.

  • g. Provide adequate clearance for material/object handling.
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SLIDE 14

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Workstation Considerations: Arrangement

  • Arrangement rules (prioritized)

– Accommodate primary visual tasks. – Place controls for primary visual tasks (see next

slide).

– Preserve control / display relationships, e.g.,

  • population stereotypes
  • up-increase
  • Warrick’s

– Arrange by sequence of use. – Arrange by frequency of use. – Arrange to be consistent with other systems.

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SLIDE 15

15

Control Placement

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SLIDE 16

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Control Grouping

  • Component clusters, spacing between groups
  • Borders around groups
  • Groups in recessed areas
  • Groups in raised areas
  • Color or shading around group
  • Groups on inclined areas
  • Groups on separate modules
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SLIDE 17

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Industrial Workstation Design Guidelines

Konz, S. & Johnson, S. (2008). Work Design, 7th ed., Scottsdale: Holcomb Hathaway, 183-214.

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SLIDE 18

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Industrial Workstation Design Guidelines

(Konz & Johnson, 2008)

1.Avoid static loads and fixed work postures. 2.Reduce musculoskeletal disorders. 3.Set the work height 50mm [~2 in] below the elbow. 4.Furnish every employee with an adjustable chair. 5.Use the feet as well as the hands. 6.Use gravity; don't oppose it. 7.Conserve momentum. 8.Use two-hand motions rather than one-hand motions. 9.Use parallel motions for eye control of two-hand motions. 10.Use rowing motions for two-hand motions. 11.Pivot motions about the elbow. 12.Use the preferred hand. 13.Keep arm motions in the normal work area. 14.Let the small person reach; let the large person fit.

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SLIDE 19

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Humanscale “Sliderules”

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SLIDE 20

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Some Workstation Dimensions

See handouts

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SLIDE 21

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Computer Workstation

(MIL-STD-1472G)

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SLIDE 22

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Chairs and Stools

(Woodson et al, 1992)

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SLIDE 23

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Seated Consoles

(MIL-STD-1472G)

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SLIDE 24

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Standing Consoles

(Woodson et al, 1992 [from MIL-STD-1472D])

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SLIDE 25

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Automobile

(Woodson et al, 1992)

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Cockpit

(Woodson et al, 1992)