Which indicators of job quality for the European Union? Mathilde - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Which indicators of job quality for the European Union?

Mathilde Guergoat-Larivière Université Paris 1, Centre d’Économie de la Sorbonne Centre d’Études de l’Emploi

ETUI, 19th March 2009

References

• Davoine L., Erhel C. (2008), « La qualité de l’emploi en Europe:

une approche comparative et dynamique”, Economie et Statistique, July 2008

• Davoine L., Erhel C., Guergoat-Larivière M. (2008), “Monitoring

Employment Quality in Europe: European Employment Strategy Indicators and Beyond”, International Labour Review, September

• DG EMPLOYMENT report (2008), Employment in Europe

(2008): « A Taxonomy of European Labour Markets Using Quality Indicators”, Davoine L., Erhel C., and Guergoat-Larivière M. http://www.cee-recherche.fr/fr/rapports/45- RappR_European_labour_markets.pdf

Job quality : a multi-dimensional concept

• Job quality is considered in economic and socio-economic

approaches as a multi-dimensional concept that includes in particular :

• Wages (level and dispersion);
• Job security;
• Access to training and career perspectives;
• Working conditions;
• Social dialogue;
• Job satisfaction;
• Fair treatment at work (no discrimination);
• Working hours and conciliation between working and non-

working life

• Job quality / Quality of work

Presentation 1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches 2- The four dimensions of job quality and the need for complementary indicators 3- The heterogeneity of job quality across Europe 4- The dynamics of job quality

1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches

Laeken definition : 10 dimensions :

intrinsic job quality; skills, life long learning and career development; gender equality; health and safety at work; flexibility and security; inclusion and access to the labour market; work organization and work life balance; social dialogue and workers involvement; diversity and non discrimination;

• verall economic performance and productivity;

1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches

• Other definitions: ILO concept of « decent work »…

Implies four dimensions: Labour rights, Employment, Social protection, Social dialogue

• Some common dimensions and indicators, but the ILO concept

includes wage level and focuses more on work security

• …and a variety of economic and socio-economic

approaches, focusing on:

• Part time and wages (American and Canadian index of

employment quality, CIBC World Markets)

• Content of work and working conditions, including the intensity
• f work (Green, 2006)
• Mobility on the labour market and around the labour market

(Transitional Labour Markets)

• Job satisfaction (Happiness economics)

1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches

• What can we learn from this literature for analysing EU

definition?

• Some convergence with the European approach: job quality is

multi-dimensional, and it is wider than traditional working conditions studies

• Some European specificities: the coverage of gender and work

family conciliation issues

• Some « missing » indicators in the present European definition:

social dialogue, wages (level + inequalities)

• Some dimensions need complementary indicators: training,

working conditions >>> our approach of job quality includes complementary indicators and is wider than the Laeken definition

1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches Our definition: four dimensions

Socioeconomic security (wages and contract,

probability of transition from NE to E)

Training Working conditions Reconciliation of work/family life and gender

balance

2- The four dimensions of job quality and the need for complementary indicators

Laeken indicators : overrepresentation of labour

market performance indicators & some indicators are missing

Methodology: disaggregated analysis according

to these four dimensions

The objective is to identify complementary

indicators to be introduced in the empirical analysis

The dimensions of job quality: the example of training indicators

Source : Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008 Data: Eurostat (LFS), CVTS, Eurofound (EWCS)

What complementary indicators?

Socioeconomic security : wages (level &

dispersion)

Training : hours of training, costs of training Working conditions : physical risks (indicators

from EWCS) , intensity of work

Reconciliation of work/family life and gender

balance

3- The heterogeneity of job quality across Europe

A global approach for the years 2005-2006

reveals some heterogeneity among EU countries concerning job quality

Four clusters: Northern cluster, Southern

cluster, Continental cluster, and New Member States

Besides, it suggests several paths for a good

quality of jobs

A taxonomy of job quality in the EU

Source: Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008

4- The dynamics of job quality Methodology :

Data analysis: Kohonen maps Synthetic indexes :

• A global index
• Partial indexes

These indexes are constructed using variables available on a yearly basis (LFS)

Index of employment quality

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: LFS Austria Belgium Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovakia Spain Sweden

A global index of job quality

Source: Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008

Conclusions of the synthetic index

Confirms the differences between countries in

job quality performances;

An increasing trend in job quality since 1995; With some exceptions (Poland, Cyprus)

An example of partial index on training

Source : Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008

Index of investment in training (=participation rate*number of hours in training)

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 C y p r u s G r e e c e S l

• v

a k i a C z e c h R e p u b l i c P

• l

a n d I r e l a n d I t a l y E s t

• n

i a P

• r

t u g a l L a t v i a H u n g a r y B e l g i u m N e t h e r l a n d s A u s t r i a S l

• v

e n i a F i n l a n d S w e d e n D e n m a r k Source: LFS 2004

A partial index of flexible employment

Source : Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008

Index of flexible employment (part-time -)

• 1,5
• 1
• 0,5

0,5 1 1,5 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: LFS Austria Belgium Cyprus Czech republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden

Conclusions and recommendations

• Job quality appears like a good policy goal:
• Job quality is associated with good labour market

performances, and there is no apparent trade off between work quality and a dynamic labour market;

• Job quality matters for workers’ satisfaction and citizens’ well

being;

• A good job quality may be achieved through different pathways,

and is consistent with the existence of heterogeneous institutions and policies models in Europe;

• Existing differences between EU 27 countries are important