Which indicators of job quality for the European Union? Mathilde Guergoat-Larivière Université Paris 1, Centre d’Économie de la Sorbonne Centre d’Études de l’Emploi ETUI, 19th March 2009
References Davoine L., Erhel C. (2008), « La qualité de l’emploi en Europe: � une approche comparative et dynamique”, Economie et Statistique, July 2008 Davoine L., Erhel C., Guergoat-Larivière M. (2008), “Monitoring � Employment Quality in Europe: European Employment Strategy Indicators and Beyond”, International Labour Review, September DG EMPLOYMENT report (2008), Employment in Europe � (2008): « A Taxonomy of European Labour Markets Using Quality Indicators”, Davoine L., Erhel C., and Guergoat-Larivière M. http://www.cee-recherche.fr/fr/rapports/45- RappR_European_labour_markets.pdf
Job quality : a multi-dimensional concept Job quality is considered in economic and socio-economic � approaches as a multi-dimensional concept that includes in particular : Wages (level and dispersion); - Job security; - Access to training and career perspectives; - Working conditions; - Social dialogue; - Job satisfaction; - Fair treatment at work (no discrimination); - Working hours and conciliation between working and non- - working life Job quality / Quality of work �
Presentation 1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches 2- The four dimensions of job quality and the need for complementary indicators 3- The heterogeneity of job quality across Europe 4- The dynamics of job quality
1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches Laeken definition : 10 dimensions : � intrinsic job quality; � skills, life long learning and career development; � gender equality; � health and safety at work; � flexibility and security; � inclusion and access to the labour market; � work organization and work life balance; � social dialogue and workers involvement; � diversity and non discrimination; � overall economic performance and productivity;
1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches Other definitions: ILO concept of « decent work »… � Implies four dimensions: Labour rights, Employment, Social protection, Social dialogue Some common dimensions and indicators, but the ILO concept � includes wage level and focuses more on work security …and a variety of economic and socio-economic � approaches, focusing on: Part time and wages (American and Canadian index of - employment quality, CIBC World Markets) Content of work and working conditions, including the intensity - of work (Green, 2006) Mobility on the labour market and around the labour market - ( Transitional Labour Markets ) Job satisfaction ( Happiness economics ) -
1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches What can we learn from this literature for analysing EU � definition? Some convergence with the European approach: job quality is - multi-dimensional, and it is wider than traditional working conditions studies Some European specificities: the coverage of gender and work - family conciliation issues Some « missing » indicators in the present European definition: - social dialogue, wages (level + inequalities) Some dimensions need complementary indicators: training, - working conditions >>> our approach of job quality includes complementary indicators and is wider than the Laeken definition
1- Laeken indicators compared to other job quality approaches Our definition: four dimensions � Socioeconomic security (wages and contract, probability of transition from NE to E) � Training � Working conditions � Reconciliation of work/family life and gender balance
2- The four dimensions of job quality and the need for complementary indicators � Laeken indicators : overrepresentation of labour market performance indicators & some indicators are missing � Methodology: disaggregated analysis according to these four dimensions � The objective is to identify complementary indicators to be introduced in the empirical analysis
The dimensions of job quality: the example of training indicators Source : Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008 Data: Eurostat (LFS), CVTS, Eurofound (EWCS)
What complementary indicators? � Socioeconomic security : wages (level & dispersion) � Training : hours of training, costs of training � Working conditions : physical risks (indicators from EWCS) , intensity of work � Reconciliation of work/family life and gender balance
3- The heterogeneity of job quality across Europe � A global approach for the years 2005-2006 reveals some heterogeneity among EU countries concerning job quality � Four clusters: Northern cluster, Southern cluster, Continental cluster, and New Member States � Besides, it suggests several paths for a good quality of jobs
A taxonomy of job quality in the EU Source: Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008
4- The dynamics of job quality Methodology : � Data analysis: Kohonen maps � Synthetic indexes : - A global index - Partial indexes These indexes are constructed using variables available on a yearly basis (LFS)
A global index of job quality Index of employment quality 2 1,8 Austria Belgium 1,6 Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark 1,4 Estonia Finland 1,2 France Greece 1 Hungary Ireland Italy 0,8 Latvia Netherlands 0,6 Poland Portugal 0,4 Slovakia Spain Sweden 0,2 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: LFS Source: Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008
Conclusions of the synthetic index � Confirms the differences between countries in job quality performances; � An increasing trend in job quality since 1995; � With some exceptions (Poland, Cyprus)
An example of partial index on training Index of investment in training (=participation rate*number of hours in training) 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 s e a c d d y a l a y m s a a d n k a u c i i n n l i i r d i i n e r k l a n g v a r n b u a r e a a n t a d p a t o u t g e u I a i s m e l l g a l e y v o e t t n u v n p L r s r l l w n C G o P r o u e r A o i e E F I e e l P H B l S S R S h D t h e c N e z C Source: LFS 2004 Source : Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008
A partial index of flexible employment Index of flexible employment (part-time -) 1,5 Austria Belgium 1 Cyprus Czech republic Denmark Estonia 0,5 Finland France Germany Greece 0 Hungary 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Ireland Italy Latvia -0,5 Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovakia -1 Slovenia Spain Sweden -1,5 Source: LFS Source : Davoine, Erhel, Guergoat-Larivière, 2008
Conclusions and recommendations Job quality appears like a good policy goal: � Job quality is associated with good labour market - performances, and there is no apparent trade off between work quality and a dynamic labour market; Job quality matters for workers’ satisfaction and citizens’ well - being; A good job quality may be achieved through different pathways, - and is consistent with the existence of heterogeneous institutions and policies models in Europe; Existing differences between EU 27 countries are important -
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