Job quality, gender and Job quality, gender and parenthood in the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Job quality, gender and Job quality, gender and parenthood in the EU parenthood in the EU -

• a comparative analysis

a comparative analysis

Ram Ramó ón Pe n Peñ ña a-

• Casas

Casas European Social Observatory (OSE) European Social Observatory (OSE) penacasas@ose.be penacasas@ose.be (preliminary version) (preliminary version)

SASE ANNUAL CONFERENCE SASE ANNUAL CONFERENCE Boston MIT Boston MIT – – June 2012 June 2012

Structure Structure

1.

• 1. QWE, gender et parenthood

QWE, gender et parenthood 2.

• 2. Definition of QWE

Definition of QWE 3.

• 3. Source & methodology

Source & methodology 4.

• 4. Results for different indexes

Results for different indexes 5.

• 5. Conclusions

Conclusions

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• 1. Job quality, gender and parenthood
• 1. Job quality, gender and parenthood
• Literature shows that women are usually disadvantaged in several

Literature shows that women are usually disadvantaged in several dimensions of job quality (wage gaps associated to gender and dimensions of job quality (wage gaps associated to gender and parenthood, careers, occupations, working time(s), parenthood, careers, occupations, working time(s), … …) )

• Parenthood, notably for women, is also associated to lower job q

Parenthood, notably for women, is also associated to lower job quality uality (wage penalties, careers, working time(s), conciliation work and (wage penalties, careers, working time(s), conciliation work and family family life, life,… …) )

• To reflect these differences we start from a typology of work

To reflect these differences we start from a typology of work‐ ‐family family reconciliation regimes that reflect the reconciliation regimes that reflect the magnitude of two effects that magnitude of two effects that are crucial for determining people are crucial for determining people’ ’s fertility rate and employment s fertility rate and employment decisions: decisions: – – the income effect, evoked by the need to satisfy material the income effect, evoked by the need to satisfy material aspirations, and aspirations, and – – the substitution effect, reflecting the conflict between childre the substitution effect, reflecting the conflict between childrearing aring and work. and work.

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Typology for the study: work Typology for the study: work­ ­ family reconciliation regimes family reconciliation regimes

1. 1. Anglo Anglo­ ­Saxon Saxon : : IE, UK IE, UK 2. 2. Nordic Nordic : SE, FI, DK : SE, FI, DK 3. 3. Continental Continental: FR, BE, NL, LU : FR, BE, NL, LU 4. 4. Germanic Germanic: DE, AT : DE, AT 5. 5. Mediterranean Mediterranean : ES, PT, IT, GR, CY, MT : ES, PT, IT, GR, CY, MT 6. 6. CEE 6 CEE 6 : CZ, SK, HU, PL, SI, EE, LV, LT : CZ, SK, HU, PL, SI, EE, LV, LT 7. 7. CEE 2 CEE 2: RO, BG : RO, BG

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• 2. Job qualit
• 2. Job quality?

y?

• Job quality, quality of work, quality of

Job quality, quality of work, quality of work and employment (QWE) work and employment (QWE)

• Different institutional

Different institutional (ILO,UNECE,EU,EUROFOUND,ETUI) and (ILO,UNECE,EU,EUROFOUND,ETUI) and research typologies underline more or research typologies underline more or less the importance of the same less the importance of the same dimensions dimensions

• Our selection for QWE

Our selection for QWE

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6

• adequate pay

→

• A. Socio‐economic

security

• employment security &

sustainability

• training

→

• B. Learning
• learning jobs
• perceived health problems

→

• C. Health & safety

at work

• strenuousness of tasks
• exposure physical &

environmental hazards

→

QWE

• exposure psycho‐social risks
• pace and intensity of work

→

• D. Work
• rganization
• work control and autonomy
• unsocial hours

→

• E. Working times
• working time & unpaid work
• conciliation work and social

life

• consultation & participation

→

• F. Rights & equity
• violence & harassment
• gender equality
• non‐discrimination

Dimensions of QWE index Dimensions of QWE index

3.

• 3. Source and methodology

Source and methodology

• Source: 5

Source: 5th

th

wave of the EWCS 2010 from EUROFOUND wave of the EWCS 2010 from EUROFOUND

– – +:wide range of indicators for all dimensions of QWE for EU +:wide range of indicators for all dimensions of QWE for EU‐ ‐27 27 countries countries – – ‐ ‐: sample sizes for small countries : sample sizes for small countries

• Research sample: EU

Research sample: EU‐ ‐27 countries, employees, N=29.296 27 countries, employees, N=29.296

• patterns of NEGATIVE QWE = index of bad QWE, thus the

patterns of NEGATIVE QWE = index of bad QWE, thus the higher is the index, the lower is the QWE higher is the index, the lower is the QWE

• 121 indicators of QWE

121 indicators of QWE ☞ ☞ ‘ ‘pyramidal pyramidal’ ’ aggregation of sub aggregation of sub‐ ‐indexes into six indexes into six dimensional indexes dimensional indexes ☞ ☞ normalised 0 normalised 0‐ ‐1 1 ☞ ☞ total index of QWE total index of QWE

• Equal weights for (sub) dimensions, weighted averages

Equal weights for (sub) dimensions, weighted averages for indexes for indexes

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SUB-INDEXES OF QWE BY CLUSTERS

,00 ,10 ,20 ,30 ,40 ,50 ,60 ,70 Index A - Socio- economic Security Index B - Learning Index C - Health & Safety at Work Index D - Work Organisation Index E - Working & Non-working Times Index F - Equity & Rights Index T - Total QWE Anglo-Saxon Nordic Continental Germanic Méditerranean CEE 6 CEE 2

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• 5. Conclusions (1)
• 5. Conclusions (1)
• Differences between clusters seems to indicate that

Differences between clusters seems to indicate that these still make sense these still make sense

• Anglo

Anglo‐ ‐Saxon and Nordic: best performers on all Saxon and Nordic: best performers on all dimensions, notably learning, but still differences dimensions, notably learning, but still differences between them (socio between them (socio‐ ‐economic security, work economic security, work

• rganisation)
• rganisation)
• Continental and Germanic: mid

Continental and Germanic: mid‐ ‐position, stagnation? position, stagnation?

• Mediterranean: low levels of QWE. Regression as

Mediterranean: low levels of QWE. Regression as impact of the crises? or stagnation? impact of the crises? or stagnation?

• CEE 6: relatively high levels of QWE, close to

CEE 6: relatively high levels of QWE, close to Continental score and higher than Mediterranean Continental score and higher than Mediterranean

• CEE 2: lower levels of QWE, but similar to

CEE 2: lower levels of QWE, but similar to Mediterranean Mediterranean

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• Gender differences, as well as those related to parenthood,

Gender differences, as well as those related to parenthood, are not very marked but systematic across all clusters are not very marked but systematic across all clusters

• Couples, with or without children, experience a better QWE

Couples, with or without children, experience a better QWE than singles, and there are not much differences than singles, and there are not much differences bettween bettween them. them.

• While parenthood improves the QWE of single men, it is the

While parenthood improves the QWE of single men, it is the

• pposite for women. Single mothers are usually those with
• pposite for women. Single mothers are usually those with

the lowest QWE of all groups. the lowest QWE of all groups.

• However, clustering and indexing are above all

However, clustering and indexing are above all pragmatic pragmatic solutions to reduce complexity of comparability and solutions to reduce complexity of comparability and information. information.

• Analyses at national levels are necessary, when possible, as

Analyses at national levels are necessary, when possible, as well as a more detailed analyses at the level of sub well as a more detailed analyses at the level of sub‐ ‐indexes, indexes, which are more significant than the total index of QWE which are more significant than the total index of QWE

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