Which are the major sources and flows of hazardous substances in the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Which are the major sources and flows

• f hazardous substances in the Baltic

Sea Region?

Eva Brorström-Lundén IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute

Major sources and pathways of hazardous substances

All partners in the COHIBA project have been involved contributing by collecting data and participation in the assessments

Leader: IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute Eva Brorström-Lundén, Hanna Andersson, Anna Palm-Cousins, Sweden: City of Stockholm; Tonie Wickman, Maria Pettersson, Arne Jamtrot, Katrin Holmström, Swedish Chemicals Agency; Stellan Fischer, Helena Parkman Poland: Janusz Krupanek, IETU, Katowice Finland: Jukka Mehtonen, Matti Verta, Päivi Munne, SYKE Estonia: Epp Volkov, Mailis Lath, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Ülle Leisk Tallinn University

• f Technology

Lithuania: Juste Buzelyte, Goda Gudienė, Baltic Environmental Forum Latvia: Valters Toropovs, Juris Fridmanis, Baltic Environmental Forum Germany: Cindy Mathan, UBA, Frank Marscheider-Weidemann, Eve Menger-Krug Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI Denmark: Ulf Nielsen, DHI

Identification of sources and estimation

• f inputs/impacts on the Baltic Sea

Overall aim

To produce a picture of the sources, releases and inputs of the selected substances (BSAP) linked to the effects in the Baltic Sea marine environment, which is as complete as possible with today's knowledge

Identification and assessment of emissions of the target substances using substances flow analyses (SFA) The importance of atmospheric transport and deposition for the

• ccurrence of selected substances in the Baltic Sea

Fate assessment and estimation of inputs of hazardous substances using a multimedia model

Major sources and flows of hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea Region

An overview of important findings

Target substances

• 1. Dioxins (PCDD), furans

(PCDF) and dioxin-like PCBs

• 2. Tributyltin compounds (TBT),

triphenyltin compounds (TPhT)

• 3. Pentabromodiphenyl ether

(pentaBDE),

• ctabromodiphenyl ether

(octaBDE), decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE)

• 4. Perfluorooctane sulfonate

(PFOS), Perfluorooctanoid acid (PFOA)

• 5. Hexabromocyclododecane

(HBCDD)

• 6. Nonylphenols (NP),

nonyphenol ethoxylates (NPE)

• 7. Octyphenols (OP), octyphenol

ethoxylates (OPE)

• 8. Short-chain chlorinated

paraffins (SCCP), medium- chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCP)

• 9. Endosulfan

10.Mercury 11.Cadmium

Identification of sources and estimation

• f inputs/impacts on the Baltic Sea

Available information on use patterns and emissions have been collected Substance flow analyses (SFA) have been conducted in all Baltic Sea countries participating in the project A unique dataset of emission estimates for substances listed in the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP-substances) have been created. The dataset includes almost 2000 emission estimates The most important emission sources in the Baltic Sea region and inputs and flows to the Baltic Sea have been identified but data gaps on emissions and environmental concentrations have been found. These data gaps introduce high uncertainties in the results The dataset will be updated to the final reporting

Emissions of the BSAP-substances: distribution between compartments

Surface water: NP, NPE, OP, OPE Land: PBDE, SCCP, MCCP Air: PCDDS, PDCF Hg, Cd

Differences among the substances were identified

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Surface water Land Air

Atmospheric transport and deposition an important pathway to the Baltic Sea?

• The input of selected substances via the atmosphere

has been put in relation to other sources

• Deposition fluxes to the Baltic Sea and the Baltic Sea

catchment area has been estimated using monitoring data

Deposition are measured at three sites using a sampler which consists of 1m2 surface open to the air all the time Data from 2009 and 2010 was used

Estimated yearly atmospheric deposition

• f PBDE

Deposition to the Baltic Sea surface - 80 kg/year Deposition to the total catchment area – 380 kg/year The estimated total emissions in the Baltic sea catchment Low scenario - 100 kg/year High scenario - 400 kg/year

Estimated yearly atmospheric deposition

• f endosulfan

Deposition to the Baltic Sea surface - 100 kg/year Deposition to the total catchment area - 400 kg/year

Sum alpha- beta and endosulfan- sulfat

The estimated total emissions in the Baltic sea catchment Low scenario - 180 kg/year High scenario - 350 kg/year

POP-CYCLING Baltic Model

T1 Bothnian Bay T2 Bothnian Sea T4 Neva T3 Gulf of Finland T5 Gulf of Riga T6 Southern Baltic Proper T7 Swedish Baltic Proper T8 Danish Straits T9 Kattegat T10 Skagerrak T1 Bothnian Bay T2 Bothnian Sea T4 Neva T3 Gulf of Finland T5 Gulf of Riga T6 Southern Baltic Proper T7 Swedish Baltic Proper T8 Danish Straits T9 Kattegat T10 Skagerrak A1 North A2 East A3 South A4 West A1 North A2 East A3 South A4 West

C1 Coastal Bothnian Bay C2 Coastal Bothnian Sea C4 Neva C3 Coastal Gulf of Finland C5 Gulf of Riga C6 Southern Baltic Proper C7 Swedish Baltic Proper C8 Danish Straits C9 Kattegat C10 Coastal Skagerrak O1 Open Bothnian Bay O2 Open Bothnian Sea O3 Open Gulf of Finland O6 Open Skagerrak O4 Open Baltic Proper O5 Bottom water C1 Coastal Bothnian Bay C2 Coastal Bothnian Sea C4 Neva C3 Coastal Gulf of Finland C5 Gulf of Riga C6 Southern Baltic Proper C7 Swedish Baltic Proper C8 Danish Straits C9 Kattegat C10 Coastal Skagerrak O1 Open Bothnian Bay O2 Open Bothnian Sea O3 Open Gulf of Finland O6 Open Skagerrak O4 Open Baltic Proper O5 Bottom water

marine environment terrestrial environment atmospheric environment

Wania F., Persson J., Di Guardo A., McLachlan M. NILU 0R 10/2000

Model predicted input pathways to the Baltic Sea for different chemicals - only emissions within region

considered!

Low emission scenario High emission scenario

88 % 3 % 9 % Direct emission Riverine input Atmospheric deposition 38 % 3 % 59 %

BDE 47 BDE 99 BDE 209

86 % 3 % 11 % 43 % 4 % 53 % 87 % 4 % 9 % 68 % 5 % 27 %

Model predicted input pathways for different chemicals to the Baltic Sea -only emissions within region considered! Low emission scenario High emission scenario

HBCDD ENDO- SULFAN NP/NPE

97 % 3 % 0 % 92 % 6 % 2 % 98 % 2 % 0 % Direct emission Riverine input Atmospheric deposition 92 % 5 % 3 % 97 % 3 % 0 % 98 % 1 % 1 %

THANK YOU!