Water: The Enemy of Construction Richard A. Coffman, PhD, PE, PLS - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Water: The Enemy of Construction Richard A. Coffman, PhD, PE, PLS - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Water: The Enemy of Construction Richard A. Coffman, PhD, PE, PLS Associate Professor University of Arkansas August 10, 2015 AASHTO SOC Meeting, Little Rock Arkansas Overview Expansive Soils Compaction Drilled Shaft Foundations Compaction

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SLIDE 1

Water: The Enemy of Construction

Richard A. Coffman, PhD, PE, PLS Associate Professor University of Arkansas August 10, 2015 AASHTO SOC Meeting, Little Rock Arkansas

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SLIDE 2

Compaction Drilled Shaft Foundations Expansive Soils

Overview

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SLIDE 3

Compaction

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SLIDE 4

Compaction

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

1 2 3 4 5 105±5oC 16-24 Hours

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SLIDE 5

Compaction

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

1 2 3 4 5

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SLIDE 6

Compaction

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

γd max wopt Zero Air Voids f(Gs) Zone of Acceptance 95% γd max wopt - 2 to 5% wopt + 2 to 5%

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

γd max wopt Zero Air Voids f(Gs) Zone of Acceptance 95% γd max wopt - 2 to 5% wopt + 2 to 5%

gd=115pcf w=16.2% gd=120pcf w=17.8% gd=115pcf w=19.6%

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SLIDE 7

Compaction

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

Zero Air Voids f(Gs)

1 2 3 4 5

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SLIDE 8

Compaction

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

1 2 3 4 5 105±5oC 16-24 Hours

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SLIDE 9

Compaction

Dry Unit Weight, γd Molding Moisture Content, w

k > Regulatory Limit k ฀ Regulatory Limit Zero Air Voids f(Gs) Modified Energy (ASTM D1557) Standard Energy (ASTM D698) 75 or 50% of Standard Energy (ASTM D698) by Reducing Blow Count Acceptable Zone Based on Shear Strength Acceptable Zone Based

  • n Hydraulic

Conductivity Overall Acceptable Zone

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SLIDE 10

Expansive Soils

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SLIDE 11

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 Matric Suction, y, [kPa] Hundreds Matric Suction, y, [kPa] Volumetric Water Content, q, [m3/m3]

In-situ Sensing Measured Data Remote Sensing Measured Data Fitted SWCC using van Genuchten (1980) Fitted SWCC using van Genuchten (1980)

Laboratory Obtained SWCC (CS-229 and TDR)

Remotely Sensed SWCC (RADAR and LAST DAB)

Conceptual Data

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SLIDE 12

ψm θv

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SLIDE 13

ψm θv

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SLIDE 14

Thunder Scientific (2014)

ψm θv

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SLIDE 15

SWCC Curve Parameters (α, m, n)

ψm θv

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SLIDE 16

R = -2.660x + 54.084 R = -0.156x + 2.973

  • 0.5
  • 0.4
  • 0.3
  • 0.2
  • 0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Reflectance Ratio, R Distance, x, [m]

CS-610 TDR Probe Waveform

La=1.21m La/L=4.05 Ka=(La/L)0.5=16.4

Campbell Scientific (2014)

RG-8 Probe Head Unshielded Leads Reflection off Probe Tip

ψm θv

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SLIDE 17

ψm θv

0-100 kPa +/- 1 kPa 10-2500 kPa +/- 1 kPa

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SLIDE 18

1E-10 1E-8 1E-6 1E-4 1E-2 1E+0 1E+2 1E+4 Spectral Regions of Interest Wavelength (mm) Color Photographic IR Bands Thermal IR Band Mineral Type Temperature Moisture and Volume Change Ku Microwave Band (VV) Visible and Suction C Microwave Band (VV, HH, HV, VH) Gamma Rays Clay Content

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SLIDE 19

 

     i i i i

e A e A A e A e A I I I       

 

2 1 2 1

2 1 2 1 * 2 1

1E-10 1E-8 1E-6 1E-4 1E-2 1E+0 1E+2 1E+4 Spectral Regions of Interest Wavelength (mm) Color Photographic IR Bands Thermal IR Band Mineral Type Temperature Moisture and Volume Change Ku Microwave Band (VV) Visible and Suction C Microwave Band (VV, HH, HV, VH) Gamma Rays Clay Content

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SLIDE 20

) )( log( * 10 ) (

2 2 

 m m dB  

) , 40 ( ) , 40 ( ) , 40 ( ) , 40 ( ) ( t t t t t m

dry wet dry s

       ) ( 042 .

.

dB dB m m

  • v

v

      

i i mv 56 . 1 56 . 8    

i m i

v

56 . 1 56 . 8 56 . 8

.

   

ψm θv

1E-10 1E-8 1E-6 1E-4 1E-2 1E+0 1E+2 1E+4 Spectral Regions of Interest Wavelength (mm) Color Photographic IR Bands Thermal IR Band Mineral Type Temperature Moisture and Volume Change Ku Microwave Band (VV) Visible and Suction C Microwave Band (VV, HH, HV, VH) Gamma Rays Clay Content

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SLIDE 21

       

2 4 2 4

sin 2 cos 8 q  q q 

qq qq

k W h k 

 

   

 

2 2 ' '

sin cos 1 q  q      

HH

 

   

   

   

 

2 2 ' ' 2 ' 2 '

sin cos sin 1 sin 1 q  q  q  q        

VV

   

5 . 1 2 2 1

1 1 sin 2

  

                       n kl n k W

n

q

1E-10 1E-8 1E-6 1E-4 1E-2 1E+0 1E+2 1E+4 Spectral Regions of Interest Wavelength (mm) Color Photographic IR Bands Thermal IR Band Mineral Type Temperature Moisture and Volume Change Ku Microwave Band (VV) Visible and Suction C Microwave Band (VV, HH, HV, VH) Gamma Rays Clay Content

ψm θv

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SLIDE 22

1857 MW Coal Fired Facility Full Scale Wetlands Treatment Soil Stockpile Field Computer V Transmit Antenna V Receive Antenna 100 x 100 Test Section GPRI-II

ψm θv

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SLIDE 23

1E-10 1E-8 1E-6 1E-4 1E-2 1E+0 1E+2 1E+4 Spectral Regions of Interest Wavelength (mm) Color Photographic IR Bands Thermal IR Band Mineral Type Temperature Moisture and Volume Change Ku Microwave Band (VV) Visible and Suction C Microwave Band (VV, HH, HV, VH) Gamma Rays Clay Content

ψm θv

0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 Reflectance Wavelength, l, [nm] Smectite Kaolinite Illite

SWCC Curve Parameters (α, m, n)

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SLIDE 24

ψm θv

10000 12500 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 Wavenumber (cm-1) Wavelength (μm-1) H₂O₍ ₎ H₂O₍ᵥ₎

847 nm 823 nm

l

Absorption Coeffeceient,  [m-1]

pH20(g) [H20(g)] RH ̊ K

1E-10 1E-8 1E-6 1E-4 1E-2 1E+0 1E+2 1E+4 Spectral Regions of Interest Wavelength (mm) Color Photographic IR Bands Thermal IR Band Mineral Type Temperature Moisture and Volume Change Ku Microwave Band (VV) Visible and Suction C Microwave Band (VV, HH, HV, VH) Gamma Rays Clay Content

H20(l) H20(g)

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SLIDE 25

Drilled Shaft Foundations

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SLIDE 26

TATS MATS Alluvial Deposits Deltaic Deposits Rock SSATS TATS MATS Alluvial Deposits Deltaic Deposits Rock SSATS

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SLIDE 27

TATS MATS Alluvial Deposits Deltaic Deposits Rock SSATS

N

Test Site Turrell, AR Test Site

200 ft. 100 m

US 63 I-55

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SLIDE 28

3 6 9 12

  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 4 Movement, d, [cm] Axial Load, Rm, [MN] 3 6 9 12

  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 4 Movement, d, [cm] Axial Load, Rm, [MN]

Upward Movement (Top of the BLC) Downward Movement (Bottom of the BLC)

d,

Upward Movement (Top of the BLC)

d,

Downward Movement (Bottom of the BLC)

3 6 9 12 Axial Load, Rm, [MN]

Upward Movement (Top of BLC) Downward Movement (Bottom of BLC)

South 1.2m DSF Center 1.8m DSF North 1.2m DSF

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SLIDE 29

3 6 9 12 Axial Load, R, [MN]

FBDeep MODOT Mean (N) FBDeep MODOT 30% (N) FBDeep MODOT Silt (N) SHAFT MODOT Mean ( ) SHAFT MODOT 30% ( ) SHAFT MODOT Silt ( ) SHAFT MODOT Combined ( ) SHAFT UofA Mean (N) SHAFT UofA 30% (N) SHAFT UofA Silt (N) SHAFT UofA Combined (N) Measured Load-Movement Required Capacity

North 1.2m

gT gT gT

   

29

South 1.2m DSF Center 1.8m DSF North 1.2m DSF

1 2 3 4 5 6 3 6 9 12 Movement, d, [cm] Axial Load, R, [MN]

FB-Deep AHTD Mean (N) FB-Deep MODOT Mean (N) FB-Deep UofA Mean (N) SHAFT AHTD Mean (N) SHAFT MODOT Mean ( ) SHAFT UofA Mean (N) Measured Load-Movement Required Capacity South 1.2m N=blow count =friction angle  

3 6 9 12 Axial Load, Rm, [MN]

FBDeep AHTD (N) FBDeep MODOT (N) FBDeep UofA (N) SHAFT AHTD (N) SHAFT MODOT (N) SHAFT UofA (N) Measured Required Strength

Center 1.8m

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SLIDE 30

Estimated Collapsed Volume = 3.82m3 Idealized Collapsed Volume = 19.93m3 CLAY SILT SAND Ground Surface Initial Temporary Casing 7.0m Final Temporary Casing 14.0m Approximate Soil Level After Excavation Collapse Rebar Cage Placed into the Excavation 15.2m Below Ground Surface

SG 1 22.9m SG 2 20.4m SG 3 19.4m SG 4 16.5m SG 5 14.0m SG 6 12.2m SG 7 9.8m SG 8 7.3m SG 9 4.9m SG 10 2.4m BLC 18.9m CLAY SILT MODELED AS SAND (METHOD 1) OR SILT (METHOD 2) 6.1m 9.1m MODELED AS ADDITIONAL SILT (METHOD 3) 12.1m

Collapsed Excavation Modified Predictive Model

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SLIDE 31

Compaction Drilled Shaft Foundations Expansive Soils

Conclusion

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SLIDE 32

Compaction

Perform Additional Laboratory Tests Develop Zone of Acceptance (based on k, cu) Perform Field Verification Rework/Reject Locations Outside of Zone

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SLIDE 33

Expansive Soils

Laboratory Techniques to Measure Expansive Soils Remote Sensing Instruments to Measure Expansive Soils Need for Unsaturated Soil Parameters

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SLIDE 34

Drilled Shaft Foundations

Need for Additional Full-Scale Load Tests Slurry Density/Viscosity is Important Plan for Contingences