Visible Physics Ben Rogers Director of Curriculum and Pedagogy: Paradigm Trust
Visible Physics Ben Rogers - Director of Curriculum and Pedagogy: Paradigm Trust problem teaching gesture memory solving
Memory
The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve - 1885 recall time
The Surprisingly Powerful Influence of Drawing on Learning The Picture Superiority Effect kinetic energy kinetic energy kinetic energy gravitational potential gravitational potential gravitational potential thermal thermal thermal Source : Fernandez et al 2018
The Surprisingly Powerful Influence of Drawing on Learning The Picture Superiority Effect kinetic energy kinetic energy kinetic energy gravitational potential gravitational potential gravitational potential thermal thermal thermal Source : Fernandez et al 2018
The Surprisingly Powerful Influence of Drawing on Learning The Picture Superiority Effect Source : Fernandez et al 2018
Teaching
Should I explain a visual? F 5N
Should I explain a visual? F 5N Source : Kalyuga, Chandler and Sweller (2000)
How should I explain my visual?
How should I explain my visual? ... ... ... ... This chart shows the temperature level rise over the past 170 years. Scientists say this is at least in part attributable to human activity - the artificial increase in CO 2 levels globally. verbal labeled separate text
How should I explain my visual? ... ... ... ... This chart shows the temperature level rise over the past 170 years. Scientists say this is at least in part attributable to human activity - the artificial increase in CO 2 levels globally. verbal labeled separate text retrieval Source : Moreno and Mayer 1990
External Memory Working Memory Long Term Memory
External Memory Working Memory Long Term Memory visual audio
Teaching Organising Knowledge
Group Compare Sequence Cause and Effect
Different Similar Different
Both are The Earth orbits The Moon orbits approximately the Sun. the Earth. spherical. The Moon has no The Earth has Both rotate. atmosphere. liquid oceans. The Moon’s orbital The Earth has an period is the same Both have gravity. as its rotation atmosphere. period. Different Similar Different
Ishikawa Diagram - Cause and Effect
Ishikawa Diagram - Cause and Effect Why do I a need to keep pedalling to stay at the same velocity?
Ishikawa Diagram - Cause and Effect Friction between the road Why do I a and the wheels need to keep pedalling to stay Force resisting motion at the same velocity? Force resisting motion Force resisting motion Friction between the axles Air resistance and wheels
Teaching Tidy Layouts Reduce Cognitive Load
Using the Grid
Using the Grid
How should I explain my visual? ... ... ... ... This chart shows the temperature level rise over the past 170 years. Scientists say this is at least in part attributable to human activity - the artificial increase in CO 2 levels globally. verbal labeled separate text retrieval Source : Moreno and Mayer 1990
Should I add ‘seductive’ details? Adding detail intended to motivate and engage has a detrimental effect on learning. seductive illustration assessment performance ☁ - - -- -- core information 1000s seductive killed by lightning text core only core with core with core with ….. seductive seductive both illustration text Source : Harp and Mayer 1997 Source : Harp and Mayer 1997
Summary Explaining Images Labelling Images Tidiness Matters ● Explain images to ● Dual coding ● Use ‘the grid’ to novices (not to increases retention design slides experts) ● Avoid the Split ● Insist on tidy ● Verbal beats Attention Effect working labeled
Problem Solving
Computational Efficiency: Search and Inference One end of a rope is secured to the floor while the other end is passed through a pulley directly above. The free end of the rope is attached to a 5N weight. The weight is suspended by the rope. What is the size of the force required to suspend the pulley? Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words : Larkin and Simon (1987)
Computational Efficiency: Search and Inference One end of a rope is secured to the floor while F the other end is passed through a pulley directly above. The free end of the rope is attached to a 5N weight. The weight is suspended by the rope. T T What is the size of the force required to suspend the pulley? 5N Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words : Larkin and Simon (1987)
How much detail? spring T masses x Retort stand mg This is a representational This is an explanatory visual: A demonstration, photo or visual : it shows where the it shows the relationship video often shows too much parts go. between parts. detail for a novice.
How much detail? spring T masses x Retort stand mg concrete pictorial abstract
How much detail? spring T masses x Retort stand mg concrete pictorial abstract
Concrete and Abstract v t
Concrete and Abstract v t
1 Concrete 3 2 4
1 Concrete 3 2 4 GPE 1 Abstract KE 2 thermal GPE KE 3 thermal KE 4 thermal
Concrete Abstract thermal thermal thermal KE GPE KE GPE KE
Concrete Abstract GPE KE thermal
Concrete Abstract
Potential Difference Concrete Charges travelling Abstract pd
Summary Computational Efficiency Concrete Pictorial Abstract ● Design diagrams and visuals to ● Move up and down the ladder reduce search and inference. of abstraction.
Drawing with the Body “When thought overflows the mind, the mind puts it back into the world.” Tversky 2018
Gestures Iconic - representing Beats - an action through gestures to gesture. punctuate a for list. Thinking 1 2 3 Deitic - pointing at Emblem - Metaphoric - imaginary objects. classroom hand signals gestures with which agreed meaning. represent abstract ideas.
Gestures for Explaining 1 2 3 Kang, Hallman, Son and Black 2012
Gestures for Explaining 1 2 3 Kang, Hallman, Son and Black 2012
Does Teacher Gesture Improve Learning? video - talk alone post post Transfer n=184 24h test #1 test #2 test video - talk + gesture Cook, Duffy and Fenn 2013
Cook, Duffy and Fenn 2013
Should we encourage learners to use gesture? Learners encouraged to use abstract gesture Learners encouraged to use concrete gesture Learners encouraged to use concrete action n=90 Source : Novac, Congdon Hemani-Lopez Goldin-Meadow (2002)
Summary Gestures Support Gestures Support Gestures Support Memory Teaching Problem Solving ● When learners use ● When teachers use ● When learners are gesture, retrieval is gesture, learning is encouraged to use enhanced. enhanced. gesture, problem solving is enhanced.
Theoretical Influences in this Presentation Oliver Caviglioli Clark and Lyons Barbara Tversky
Graphical Influences in this Presentation Byrne’s Euclid Grid System xkcd
The end!
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