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Using Context and Subtext to Understand the Pullman Rail Strike of 1894 Bruce A. Lesh Franklin High School Reisterstown, Maryland Learning to Think Historically: A Tool for Attacking Historical Sources Text: What is visible/readable--what


  1. Using Context and Subtext to Understand the Pullman Rail Strike of 1894 Bruce A. Lesh Franklin High School Reisterstown, Maryland

  2. Learning to Think Historically: A Tool for Attacking Historical Sources Text: What is visible/readable--what information is provided by the source? Context: What was going on during the time period? What background information do you have that helps explain the information found in the source? Subtext: What is between the lines? Must ask questions about: A uthor: Who created the source and what do we know about that person? A udience: For whom was the source created? R eason: Why was this source produced at the time it was produced?

  3. I do solemnly swear that my testimony will be based on the perspective of my source, nothing but the perspective of my source, even if it has an overt point- of-view, so help my first quarter grade.

  4. Directions for Congressional Hearing • Each ¡team ¡will ¡testify ¡in ¡front ¡of ¡Congress ¡ • All ¡team ¡members ¡will ¡be ¡asked ¡questions ¡ • Testimony ¡must ¡be ¡based ¡on ¡information ¡found ¡in ¡ your ¡source ¡ • Members ¡of ¡Congress ¡(everyone ¡in ¡the ¡audience) ¡ must ¡take ¡notes ¡on ¡the ¡testimony ¡ • Hearing ¡must ¡determine: ¡ – Who ¡was ¡at ¡fault ¡and ¡why? ¡ – Were ¡the ¡president ’ s ¡actions ¡constitutionally ¡ justiEied? ¡ ¡ – Was ¡Eugene ¡Debs ¡justly ¡accused? ¡ ¡ – What ¡lessons ¡about ¡the ¡relationship ¡between ¡ labor ¡and ¡management ¡can ¡be ¡learned ¡from ¡the ¡ Pullman ¡situation? ¡ ¡

  5. George ¡Pullman Pullman Railcars (Sleepers)

  6. Interior ¡of ¡Pullman ¡Sleeper ¡Cars

  7. Pullman, ¡Illinois

  8. Main ¡Street ¡Pullman, ¡Illinois ¡

  9. Center ¡Square, ¡Pullman ¡

  10. HPC1_81

  11. Workers ¡Homes—Pullman

  12. Pullman ¡Axel ¡Workers ¡

  13. Depression ¡of ¡1893 • 18% ¡unemployment ¡ • 25% ¡of ¡urban ¡workers ¡ • 1/3 rd ¡of ¡manufacturing ¡jobs ¡ • 1/10 ¡banks ¡close ¡ • 25% ¡of ¡railroads ¡shut ¡down ¡ ¡ • 50% ¡drop ¡in ¡railroad ¡construction ¡ • Pullman ¡cuts ¡wages ¡for ¡his ¡workers ¡by ¡ 25% ¡ ¡

  14. Eugene ¡ ¡V. ¡Debs ¡American ¡Railway ¡Union

  15. Wildcat ¡Strike! ¡

  16. Federal Injunction United States Attorney General Richard Olney

  17. President ¡Grover ¡Cleveland ¡ (D) ¡

  18. Federal ¡Troops ¡Fire ¡on ¡Pullman ¡Strikes, ¡ ¡ Harper ’ s ¡Weekly ¡ ¡

  19. Directions for Congressional Hearing • Each team will testify in front of Congress • All team members will be asked questions • Testimony must be based on information found in your source • Members of Congress (everyone in the audience) must take notes on the testimony • Hearing must determine: – Who was at fault and why? – Were the president ’ s actions constitutionally justified? – Was Eugene Debs justly accused? – What lessons about the relationship between labor and management can be learned from the Pullman situation?

  20. Labor, Management, and the Federal Government: The Pullman Strike After the 12,000 troops and 4,000 strike breakers left Chicago, George Pullman required returning workers to sign yellow-dog contracts, Eugene Debs was arrested, and President Cleveland dedicated the first Monday in September as Labor Day. As the President ’ s key speech writer, you have been asked to prepare a short 2-3 minute speech announcing the new holiday. As you craft your speech, be sure to address: • The causes of the strike • The role played by George Pullman, Eugene Debs, and President Cleveland • Responsibility for the problems at Pullman • The reasons President Cleveland provided to justify his actions • The outcome of the strike _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________

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