2/13/2013 US Feedlot Production • Feedlots began Corn Belt area in late 1800s Feedlot Health Management • Shortened time to harvest from 6 years to 3 years Grant Dewell Beef Extension Veterinarian I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Feedlot Practice Feedlot Expansion • Farmer Feeders • After World War II – Small Farms – Irrigation – Grew own feed (corn) – Bought calves • Barns • Paved feedlots I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Feedlot Expansion Feedlot Expansion • Great Plains • 1970 Larger operations – Drier climate – 20,000 – 100,000 head – Soil less clay I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 1
2/13/2013 Calves Feedlot Expansion • 12,000,000 – 14,000,000 head per year • 75% Great Plains • 10% Iowa I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Respiratory Disease Respiratory Disease • Most Common Health Problem • Most Common Health Problem – 2001 data – 1999 Data • 57.1 % all deaths • Respiratory Disease 14.4 % • Digestive 1.9 % • 1994 – 0.103 % cattle • Lameness 1.9 % • 1999 – 0.142 % cattle I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Impact Respiratory Disease Performance Loss Sick Healthy • Treatment costs Head 218 1080 • Death loss Death Loss 5.5 % 0.7 % • Performance loss ADG (lb/day) 2.6 3.1 Cost of Gain $66 $49 Medicine Cost $27 0 Net Return $23 $146 I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 2
2/13/2013 Manage Respiratory Disease Performance Loss Host Treatments ADG 90 Day Gain Difference (lb/day) (lb) (lb) 0 3.5 308 1 3.1 273 35 Agent 2 or more 2.6 242 66 Environment I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Pre-conditioning Calves Pre-conditioning Calves • Prepare calves feedlot • Weaning – Vaccination respiratory and Clostridial – Calves recover from stress weaning diseases – Adjust eating from bunk – Treated endo and ecto-parasites – Weaned 30 – 45 days – Castrate and de-horn if not done at 3 months of age I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Pre-conditioning Calves Receiving • Advantage • Ideal Cattle – Calves perform better – Immunity – Worth more – Bunk broke – $3 – 6 / cwt – Castrated & dehorned – Stress free I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 3
2/13/2013 Receiving Program Facilities • Dry clean pens – Bedded if wet or cold • Timing • Shelter / windbreak • Capacity • Least 14 m 2 • 0.3-0.4 m bunk space I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Receiving Risk • Age/ weight • Fresh clean water • Origin • Long stem grass hay – Sale barn vs Direct – Not backgrounded • Co-mingling – Stressed • Travel distance • Weather • Nutritional status I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Risk Age / Weight • Predictable • Less 600 lbs – Source, weight, etc. – Acquired immunity not complete • Evaluate each lot on arrival – Weather – Importance of – Transit Pre-conditioning program – Shrink < 7% – Appearance • Nasal and ocular discharge • Lameness I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 4
2/13/2013 Risk Category Risk Category • Low Risk – Yearling Cattle – Minimal stress • Moderate Risk • High Risk – Yearling Cattle • Stressed shipping or management – Calves – Calves • High Risk, naïve • Pre-conditioned – Fresh weaned off ranch • Not stressed I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Receiving Rest • On arrival ???? • 12 – 24 hour rest • 48 hours or longer • 3 R’s – Visually appraise cattle • Rest – Up & walking • Rehydration – Drink water – Free choice hay • Rumen restoration I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 3 R’s Receiving Protocols • Vaccines • Added stress • Antibiotics • Immune response • Anthelmintic – Active process above maintenance – Vaccine work • Implant • Negative energy balance • Other • Dehydrated • Castrate • Dehorn I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 5
2/13/2013 Receiving Protocols Re-vaccination • Castrate and Dehorning • Validity – On arrival vs re-implant – Stress – Depend on stress • Timeline • Temp ? I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Agent Factors Meta-phylaxis • Antibiotics Non medicated Meta-phylatic – Meta-phylaxis Morbidity 47.7 % 22.6 % • High Risk calves • Long lasting antibiotics (3 – 7 days) Mortality 2.3 % 0.5 % ADG (kg/day) 1.03 1.11 I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Facilities Flight Zone I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 6
2/13/2013 Low Stress Handling • Don’t hurry • Herd animals • Prey animals I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Low Stress Low-stress facility • Quiet • No hot shots • Use cattle instints I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Low Stress Environmental Factors • Acclimation • Climate – Train cattle – Temperature – Herd – Humidity – Initiators – Precipitation – Wind I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 7
2/13/2013 Environmental Conditions Identifying Calves • Dry clean hair coat • Temperature range no wind -8 to 20 C • More important antibiotic choice • Hot Weather • Identify early – Wind good – Minimize lung damage – Wet hide good • Cold weather – Wind bad – Wet hide bad • Mud – Every 4 inches increases maintenance 7% I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Identifying Calves Scoring System • Observe Daily • Attitude Score 0 • Every calf is observed – Normal, cattle are bright and alert, hold their head up and readily move away from – Prey animal the observer • Scoring System – Attitude – Respiratory I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Scoring System Scoring System • Attitude Score 2 – Moderate depression, cattle stand with • Attitude Score 1 head down, ears droop, abdomen lack of fill – Mild depression, cattle’s attitude is slightly and may appear floppy, cattle move away depressed but respond quickly to observer slowly from observer and appear normal I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 8
2/13/2013 Scoring System Scoring System • Attitude Score 3 – Severe depression, cattle stand with head • Respiratory Score 0 down and very reluctant to move, very – Normal, eyes clear, nose is clean with no noticeable gauntness of abdomen discharge, normal breathing I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Scoring System Scoring System • Respiratory Score 2 • Respiratory Score 1 – Moderate Respiratory, mucco-purulent – Mild Respiratory, serous discharge from discharge, cough, increased respiratory rate eyes and\or nose, slight cough I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Scoring System Scoring System • Respiratory Score 3 • Attitude Scores most sensitive – Severe Respiratory, excessive mucco- – Usually score 2 purulent discharge, harsh cough, open mouth breathing – High morbidity pull score 1 • Temperature – 104°F I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 9
2/13/2013 I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Antibiotic Treatment Antibiotic Treatment • Antibiotics don’t cure calves • Consistent • Antibiotics keep calves alive long enough – Evaluation for the immune system to work – Resistance usually isn’t issue – Little correlation antibiotic sensitivity and • Treatment failure is usually not a failure clinical response of the drug but a failure of management – Can’t expect simple antibiotic regime or immunity perform miracle I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach Respiratory Therapy Antibiotic Selection • Early Identification Critical • Understand antibiotic • Lung Damage • Pathogen – Bacteria minimal damage • Calf – Inflammatory response I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY I OWA S TATE U NIVERSITY Extension and Outreach Extension and Outreach 10
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