METHODS METHODS METHODS METHODS of of of of RADIONUCLIDE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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METHODS METHODS METHODS METHODS of of of of RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION for MEDICAL ISOTOPE USABILITY for MEDICAL ISOTOPE USABILITY for MEDICAL ISOTOPE USABILITY for

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METHODS METHODS METHODS METHODS of

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RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION for MEDICAL ISOTOPE USABILITY for MEDICAL ISOTOPE USABILITY for MEDICAL ISOTOPE USABILITY for MEDICAL ISOTOPE USABILITY

<< MEETING THE DEMAND >>

Nathan S. Hicks

12/10/2015 PHYS 575 - Radiation and Detectors

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Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction A Global Crisis A Global Crisis A Global Crisis A Global Crisis

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/uranium-nuclear/7795

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99mTc 177Lu 60Co 192Ir 131I 166Ho 125I 133Xe

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http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090715/full/460312a.html

Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Existing Infrastructure Existing Infrastructure Existing Infrastructure Existing Infrastructure

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Fuel Preparation Fission Reactor Waste Storage

Tc-99m Generator

Mo-99 Processing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uranium

Other Production Methods

Heterogeneous reactors
Accelerators
Sub-critical assemblies
Neutron capture
Spallation

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Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction The Nuclear Medicine Market The Nuclear Medicine Market The Nuclear Medicine Market The Nuclear Medicine Market

Technetium-99m Brain, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Heart, Lungs, Liver, Kidney, Spleen, or Bone Marrow

12/10/2015 PHYS 575 - Radiation and Detectors 4 http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32833599

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Cross Sectional Energies Cross Sectional Energies Cross Sectional Energies Cross Sectional Energies Molybdenum Molybdenum Molybdenum Molybdenum-

100 / Molybdenum

100 / Molybdenum 100 / Molybdenum 100 / Molybdenum-

99 Conversions

99 Conversions 99 Conversions 99 Conversions

Neutrons
Protons
Deuterons

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Electrons
Photoneutrons and

Photoprotons

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Medical Radioisotopes Medical Radioisotopes Medical Radioisotopes Medical Radioisotopes Technetium Technetium Technetium Technetium-

99m from Molybdenum

99m from Molybdenum 99m from Molybdenum 99m from Molybdenum-

99 99 99

12/10/2015 PHYS 575 - Radiation and Detectors 6 http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32833599 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99m_generator https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum

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Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Molybdenum Processing Molybdenum Processing Molybdenum Processing Molybdenum Processing

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URANIUM

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_cell https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235

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Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Technetium Processing Technetium Processing Technetium Processing Technetium Processing

Specific Activity

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Plastic housing

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Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Technetium Technetium Technetium Technetium-

99m Separation

99m Separation 99m Separation 99m Separation

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Elution of pertechnetate solution (1958).
Thermal Chromatographic Separation via vapor pressure.
Organic Solvent Extraction (MEK Process) via aqueous solution.
Chromatographic Column (ABEC) via immiscible liquids.
Nuclear kinetic recoil via photonuclear reactions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99m

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Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Technetium Technetium Technetium Technetium-

99m 99m 99m Separation Separation Separation Separation -

Commercialization

Commercialization Commercialization Commercialization

12/10/2015 PHYS 575 - Radiation and Detectors 10 http://www.northstarnm.com/radiogenix-technology

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Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors General Overview General Overview General Overview General Overview – – – – Typical Construction Typical Construction Typical Construction Typical Construction

Research
Operational purposes
Radioisotope production

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High flux reactors (TRIGA) energies > 1.1014 neutrons/cm2/s

http://www.rcp.ijs.si/ric/description-a.html

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Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors General Overview General Overview General Overview General Overview – – – – Fuel Rods Fuel Rods Fuel Rods Fuel Rods

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Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Fission Reactors Radioisotope Production Radioisotope Production Radioisotope Production Radioisotope Production

12/10/2015 PHYS 575 - Radiation and Detectors 13 http://science.sckcen.be/en/Facilities/BR2 http://www.ansto.gov.au/AboutANSTO/OP AL/DevelopmentofOPAL/index.htm

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Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Cyclotron Production Cyclotron Production Cyclotron Production Cyclotron Production

12/10/2015 PHYS 575 - Radiation and Detectors 14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron

Medium flux reactors energies between 1.1012 and 1.1014 neutrons/cm2/s

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Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Cyclotron Production Cyclotron Production Cyclotron Production Cyclotron Production – – – – Compact Designs Compact Designs Compact Designs Compact Designs

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Lorentz Force Lorentz Force Lorentz Force Lorentz Force  = [ +  ×  

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Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Accelerator Reactors Linear Particle Accelerator Production Linear Particle Accelerator Production Linear Particle Accelerator Production Linear Particle Accelerator Production

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Comparison Comparison Comparison Comparison Fission vs. LINAC Produced Isotopes Fission vs. LINAC Produced Isotopes Fission vs. LINAC Produced Isotopes Fission vs. LINAC Produced Isotopes

Comparison shows nearly identical diagnostic images.

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Meeting Global Demand Meeting Global Demand Meeting Global Demand Meeting Global Demand New Models for Technetium Supply New Models for Technetium Supply New Models for Technetium Supply New Models for Technetium Supply

12/10/2015 PHYS 575 - Radiation and Detectors 18 http://www.northstarnm.com/streamlined-distribution

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Molybdenum

The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything…?

12/10/2015 PHYS 575 - Radiation and Detectors 19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum

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Citations

C. K. Ross, W. T. Diamond, Predictions regarding the supply of 99Mo and 99mTc when NRU ceases production in

2018, Physics in Canada, June 2015. (http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1506/1506.08065.pdf) Peng Hong Liem, Hoai Nam Tran, Tagor Malem Sembiring, Design optimization of a new homogeneous reactor for medical radioisotope Mo-99/Tc-99m production, Progress in Nuclear Energy, Volume 82, July 2015, Pages 191-196, ISSN 0149-1970, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2014.07.040. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149197014002212) Valeriia N. Starovoitova, Lali Tchelidze, Douglas P. Wells, Production of medical radioisotopes with linear accelerators, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 85, February 2014, Pages 39-44, ISSN 0969-8043, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.122. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980431300571X) Yasuki Nagai, Medical Isotope Production using High Intensity Accelerator Neutrons, Physics Procedia, Volume 66, 2015, Pages 370-375, ISSN 1875-3892, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.05.046. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875389215001996)

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