Understanding the Basics of Plastic Materials and the IAPD Thermoplastics Rectangle Prepared by the IAPD Education Committee (Module 2)
IAPD THERMOPLASTICS RECTANGLE IMIDE MATERIALS Key Characteristics: Materials: Very High Cost Per Pound PI Excellent Properties Above 400°F PAI Excellent Electrical Properties PBI Excellent Dimensional Stability Low Coefficient of Friction SEMI-CRYSTALLINE HIGH PERFORMACE PLASTICS AMORPHOUS HIGH PERFORMANCE PLASTICS Key Characteristics Materials: Key Characteristics: Materials: High Cost Polysulfone High Cost PVDF High Temperature Polyetherimide High Temperature PTFE SEMI-CRYSTALLINE PLASTICS High Strength & Good Stiffness Polyethersulfone High Strength ECTFE Good Chemical Resistance Polyarylsulfone Good Electrical Properties FEP AMORPHOUS PLASTICS Transparency Outstanding Chemical Resistance PFA Hot W ater & Steam Resistance Low Coefficient of Friction PPS Good Toughness PEEK AMORPHOUS ENGINEERING PLASTICS SEMI-CRYSTALLINE ENGINEERING PLASTICS Key Characteristics: Materials: Key Characteristics: Materials: Moderate Cost Polycarbonate Moderate Cost Nylon Moderate Temperature Resistance Modified PPO Moderate Temperature Resistance Acetal Moderate Strength Modified PPE Moderate Strength PET Good Impact Resistance Thermoplastic Urethane Good Chemical Resistance PBT Translucency Good Bearing and W ear Properties UHMW -PE Good Dimensional Stability Low Coefficient of Friction Good Optical Qualities Difficult to Bond AMORPHOUS COMMODITY PLASTICS SEMI-CRYSTALLINE COMMODITY PLASTICS Key Characteristics: Materials: Key Characteristics: Materials: Low Cost Acrylic Low Cost Polyethylene Low Temperature Resistance] Polystyrene Low Temperature Resistance Polypropylene Low Strength ABS Low Strength Polymetnylpentene(TPX) Good Dimensional Stability PVC Excellent Chemical Resistance Bond Well PETG Low Coefficient of Friction Typically Transparent CAB Near Zero Moisture Absorption Very Good Electrical Properties Good Toughness AMORPHOUS PLASTICS KEY CHARACTERISTICS: SEMI-CRYSTALLINE PLASTICS KEY CHARACTERISTICS: Soften Over a Broad Range Of Temperatures Sharp Melting Point Easy to Thermoform Difficult to Thermoform Tend to Be Transparent Tend to Be Opaque Bond W ell Using Adhesives and Solvents Difficult To Bond Using Adhesives and Solvents Prone To Stress Cracking Good Resistance To Stress Cracking Poor Fatigue Resistance Good Fatigue Resistance Stuctural Applications Only (Not for Bearing & W ear) Good For Bearing and W ear, As W ell As Structural Applications
Definitions • Thermoplastic • Thermoset
Types of Thermoplastics • Imidized materials • Amorphous plastics – High performance – Engineering – Commodity • Semi-crystalline plastics – High performance – Engineering – Commodity
Amorphous vs. Crystalline Thermoplastics • Amorphous (a-morphous = without shape) - The polymer chains are in random arrangement. Molecular structure is incapable of forming regular order (crystallizing) with molecules or portions of molecules regularly stacked in crystal-like fashion. Molecular arrangement is randomly twisted, kinked and coiled. • Crystalline - The polymer chains form a regular pattern. Molecular structure forms regular order (crystals) with molecules or portions of molecules regularly stacked in crystal-like fashion. Molecular arrangement is arranged in an ordered fashion.
Amorphous Commodity Thermoplastics Key Characteristics • Low cost, temperature resistance and strength • Good dimensional stability • Bonds well • Typically, but not always, transparent
Amorphous Commodity Thermoplastics Materials • Acrylic (PMMA) • Polystyrene (PS) • Acrylonitrile - Butadiene - Styrene (ABS) • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) • Polyethylene Terepthalate Glycol (PETG) • Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB)
Amorphous Engineering Thermoplastics Key Characteristics • Moderate cost • Moderate temperature resistance • Moderate strength • Good to excellent impact resistance • Good dimensional stability Not true in all cases: • Translucency
Amorphous Engineering Thermoplastics Materials • Polycarbonate (PC) • Polyphenylene Oxide (Modified PPO) • Polyphenylene Ether (Modified PPE) • Thermoplastic Urethane (TPU)
Amorphous High Performance Thermoplastics Key Characteristics • High cost • High temperature • High strength and good stiffness • Good chemical resistance • Transparency • Hot water and steam resistance
Amorphous High Performance Thermoplastics Materials • Polysulfone (PS) • Polyetherimide (PEI) • Polyethersulfone (PES) • Polyarylsulfone (PAS)
Semi-Crystalline Commodity Thermoplastics Key Characteristics • Low cost, temperature resistance and strength • Excellent chemical resistance • Low COF • Near zero moisture absorption • Very good electrical properties • Good toughness
Semi-Crystalline Commodity Thermoplastics Materials • Polyethylene (PE) – High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) – Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) • Polypropylene (PP) • Polymethylpentene (PMP)
Semi-Crystalline Engineering Thermoplastics Key Characteristics • Moderate cost, temperature resistance and strength • Good chemical resistance • Good bearing and wear properties • Low COF • Difficult to bond
Semi-Crystalline Engineering Thermoplastics Materials • Nylon (PA) • Acetal (POM) • Polyethylene Terepthalate (PET) • Polybutylene Terepthalate (PBT) • Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW-PE)
Semi-Crystalline High Performance Thermoplastics Key Characteristics • Temperature resistance • Good electrical properties and toughness • Outstanding chemical resistance • Low coefficient of friction (COF) • High cost
Semi-Crystalline High Performance Thermoplastics Materials • Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) • Polytetra Fluoroethylene (PTFE) • Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) • Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) • Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) • Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) • Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) • Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
Imidized Materials Key Characteristics • Very high cost per pound • Excellent properties above 204°C/400°F • Excellent electrical properties • Excellent dimensional stability • Low coefficient of friction (COF) • Very low thermal expansion • Good wear characteristics
Imidized Materials Materials • Polyimide (PI) • Polyamide-imide (PAI) • Polybenzimidazole (PBI)
IAPD THERMOPLASTICS RECTANGLE IMIDE MATERIALS Key Characteristics: Materials: Very High Cost Per Pound PI Excellent Properties Above 400°F PAI Excellent Electrical Properties PBI Excellent Dimensional Stability Low Coefficient of Friction AMORPHOUS HIGH PERFORMANCE PLASTICS SEMI-CRYSTALLINE HIGH PERFORMACE PLASTICS Key Characteristics Materials: Key Characteristics: Materials: High Cost Polysulfone High Cost PVDF High Temperature Polyetherimide High Temperature PTFE SEMI-CRYSTALLINE PLASTICS High Strength & Good Stiffness Polyethersulfone High Strength ECTFE Good Chemical Resistance Polyarylsulfone Good Electrical Properties FEP AMORPHOUS PLASTICS Transparency Outstanding Chemical Resistance PFA Hot W ater & Steam Resistance Low Coefficient of Friction PPS Good Toughness PEEK AMORPHOUS ENGINEERING PLASTICS SEMI-CRYSTALLINE ENGINEERING PLASTICS Key Characteristics: Materials: Key Characteristics: Materials: Moderate Cost Polycarbonate Moderate Cost Nylon Moderate Temperature Resistance Modified PPO Moderate Temperature Resistance Acetal Moderate Strength Modified PPE Moderate Strength PET Good Impact Resistance Thermoplastic Urethane Good Chemical Resistance PBT Translucency Good Bearing and W ear Properties UHMW -PE Good Dimensional Stability Low Coefficient of Friction Good Optical Qualities Difficult to Bond AMORPHOUS COMMODITY PLASTICS SEMI-CRYSTALLINE COMMODITY PLASTICS Key Characteristics: Materials: Key Characteristics: Materials: Low Cost Acrylic Low Cost Polyethylene Low Temperature Resistance] Polystyrene Low Temperature Resistance Polypropylene Low Strength ABS Low Strength Polymetnylpentene(TPX) Good Dimensional Stability PVC Excellent Chemical Resistance Bond Well PETG Low Coefficient of Friction Typically Transparent CAB Near Zero Moisture Absorption Very Good Electrical Properties Good Toughness AMORPHOUS PLASTICS KEY CHARACTERISTICS: SEMI-CRYSTALLINE PLASTICS KEY CHARACTERISTICS: Soften Over a Broad Range Of Temperatures Sharp Melting Point Easy to Thermoform Difficult to Thermoform Tend to Be Transparent Tend to Be Opaque Bond W ell Using Adhesives and Solvents Difficult To Bond Using Adhesives and Solvents Prone To Stress Cracking Good Resistance To Stress Cracking Poor Fatigue Resistance Good Fatigue Resistance Stuctural Applications Only (Not for Bearing & W ear) Good For Bearing and W ear, As W ell As Structural Applications
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