travel experiences 4.5 Billion Air Journeys a Year 2 Before and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

COVID – Reshaping our travel experiences

4.5 Billion Air Journeys a Year

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Before and After COVID

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 March 2020  April 2020

Flying while sick

 Will traveling make you sick?

 Is it in the aircraft, the airport, or you?

 What can you do to stay healthy?

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Aircraft

 HEPA filters – Protective Factor

 Entire volume exchanged every 2 -3 minutes  99.9% efficiency in removal of most biological contaminants

 Air circulating within rows not across aircraft

 Sit in empty rows  Household members in same row

 No inflight COVID transmissions

currently reported

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Airport

 Social Distancing is Very Important!

 Passengers may be infected before or after a flight  Transportation to/from the airport (Taxi, Subway, Bus, Train)  Airport check-in lines  Waiting areas/concessions  Restroom  Aircraft jet way

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You, Personal Responsibility

 Wash hands – A LOT!

 TSA now allows 12oz of hand

sanitizer in carry-on + wet wipes

 Good coughing habits  Wear masks

 Limits face touching  Limits droplet dispersion

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*GOOD HAND HYGIENE*

DO NOT TRAVEL WHILE ILL SOCIAL DISTANCING WEAR A MASK

NEW NORMAL

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Disclaimers

 This research was sponsored in part by a grant from

the Transportation Research Board, Federal Aviation Administration

 The opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and

recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense, the Federal Aviation Administration, or George Mason University.

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Back-up Slides

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Case Study: 2003 SARS

(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

 Guangdong, China

 Nov 2002; index cases  Mar 2003; first alerts  120 days

 Totals

 10,000+ cases  800+ deaths  37 countries

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Case Study: 2003 SARS

(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

 Public Health Response and Interventions

 No Travel Restrictions by WHO

 Saudi Arabia banned travel from China, Hong Kong, Taiwan,

Singapore, Vietnam, or Canada

 Reduction in East Asia travel by 41%

 Entry and Exit Procedures

 Health Alert Notices and Temperature Screenings  Canada, China, Hong Kong: 35 million screened

 Zero cases of SARS identified

 Quarantine

 Flexible and voluntary

 Canada: Possibly averted 13,000 infections

 Communication

 Press conferences, public health measures, educational materials

 China: reduction in time from symptoms to hospitalization  Singapore: no further transmissions from imported cases

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Case Study: 2009 H1N1

(Influenza A)

 Mexico & US

 Apr 2009; first reports  June 2010; pandemic declared  50 days

 Total: 200 million cases

 US: 61 million, 12K deaths

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Case Study: 2009 H1N1

(Influenza A)

 Public Health Response and Interventions

 No Travel Restrictions by WHO

 Recommendations against non-essential travel to Mexico

 Reduction in Mexico travel by 6%

 Entry and Exit Procedures

 Health Questionnaires and Temperature Screenings

 Singapore: Detected approximately 12% of cases

 Quarantine

 Social distancing and voluntary quarantines

 Mexico: Closure of schools; discouraged public gatherings

 Communication

 Press conferences, public health measures, educational materials

 CDC website: over 219 million views

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 Guinea

 Dec 2013; initial cases  Apr 2014; migrated

 End of 2015

 27,000+ cases  11,000+ deaths

Case Study: 2014 Ebola

(Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever)

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Case Study: 2014 Ebola

(Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever)

 Public Health Response and Interventions

 No Travel Restrictions by WHO  Countries banned travel from Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea

 Reduction in West Africa travel by 67%

 Entry and Exit Procedures  Questionnaire and temperature screenings in Sept 2014

 No cases identified

 Quarantine  Quarantine for health care and military workers

 No cases averted

 Communication  Challenges in West Africa due to cultural barriers

 Radio in West Africa; CDC website: over 59 million hits

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Role of the Aircraft – Incubator

SARS, H1N1, Ebola

 H1N1

 Many documented and undocumented cases of in-flight

transmission

 Mexico to New Zealand: 4 in “Close Contact”  China Tour Group: Index case infected those who talked to her

and one “Close Contact” passenger

 200 million people world-wide  US: Suffered 61 million cases and over 12,000 deaths

 Ebola

 No in-flight transmission cases

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Role of the Aircraft – Vector

Other Cases

 30 Years of Influenza Data

 “Only need to take air transportation into account”  Domestic air travel volume predicts rate of influenza spread  International air travel affects timing of influenza mortality  Peak of influenza later in year when international travel is down

especially in September

 Example: 9/11 World Trade Center attacks  10% drop in air travel = Delay in influenza season by 2 weeks

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Travel Policies - Efficacy

 Travel Restrictions

 If 99% of all travel could be stopped, epidemics in most cities

would be delayed by no more than 4 months

 No Travel Restrictions in SARS, H1N1, Ebola  Travel alerts to many of the affected cities

 Entry and Exit Procedures

 Unlikely to detect more than 10% of passengers  Best temperature screenings miss up to 20% of fever  No cases found in SARS/Ebola: millions screened  Many found in H1N1 / Questionnaires found that individuals

still chose to travel

 Deterrent value

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Travel Policies - Efficacy

 Quarantine

 Hard to justify, difficult to implement, significant costs  Evident suggests that quarantining has not substantially

delayed virus introduction

 Failed attempts in tuberculosis and Ebola cases

 Communication

 Essential in any travel policy – Foundation of implementations  Social media becoming the norm in modern era  Communication policies will improve compliance and reduce

panic

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