EU Clean Air Policy Air Quality Planning and Management Exchange of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

EU Clean Air Policy

Air Quality Planning and Management – Exchange of experiences Europe-China, 24 June 2019 European Commission DG ENV: Clean Air Unit Susanne Lindahl

Outline of this presentation

• 1. Air pollution in the EU
• 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU
• 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive
• 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive
• 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards
• 6. Other tools
• 7. Division of roles and responsibilities

Source(s): EEA Air Quality in Europe (2017), WHO (2017)

EU air quality is improving; between 1990 and 2015 emissions of NOx decreased by 56%, and of SO2 emission even by 89%. Still, there are Health impacts: ~400 000 premature deaths each year due to PM10 75.000 premature deaths each year due to NO2 17% of all lung cancer deaths are due to air pollution Economic impacts: More than € 24 billion per year in direct costs Environmental impacts: Eutrophication limits exceeded in 63% of ecosystem area in the EU, and in 73% of Natura2000 area

Air pollution in the EU

Who and what causes air pollution?

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 μg/m3 PM2.5 Origin (Industry plus Agriculture (Transport plus Agriculture) (Domestic) (Transport) (Industry) Primary PM Secondary PM

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

• Energy sector, Transport, …

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

• Transport, Energy, Industry, …

Ammonia (NH3)

• Agriculture (Livestock & Fertilizers), …

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

• Solvents, Paints, Transport, …

Methane (CH4)

• Agriculture, Waste, Energy, …

Source(s): IIASA TSAP 12 Report (2014)

Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

e.g. Germany, 2009 - WHO

Origin of Emissions

Outline of this presentation

• 1. Air pollution in the EU
• 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU
• 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive
• 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive
• 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards
• 6. Other tools
• 7. Division of roles and responsibilities

Clean air for all … EU policy framework

National Emission Ceilings Directive National emission totals (SO2, NOx, VOC, PM2.5, NH3) Ambient Air Quality Directives Maximum concentrations of air polluting substances (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3 + 6 more) Source-specific emission standards

• IED Directive
• MCP Directive
• Eco-design Directive
• Energy efficiency
• Euro and fuel standards

REDUCING EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS SETTING OBJECTIVES FOR GOOD AIR QUALITY

• 79%
• 63%
• 40%
• 49%
• 19%

EU-28 reduction targets btw. 2005 and 2030

Outline of this presentation

• 1. Air pollution in the EU
• 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU
• 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive
• 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive
• 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards
• 6. Other tools
• 7. Division of roles and responsibilities

Clean air for all … EU policy framework

National Emission Ceilings Directive National emission totals (SO2, NOx, VOC, PM2.5, NH3) Ambient Air Quality Directives Maximum concentrations of air polluting substances (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3 + 6 more) Source-specific emission standards

• IED Directive
• MCP Directive
• Eco-design Directive
• Energy efficiency
• Euro and fuel standards

REDUCING EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS SETTING OBJECTIVES FOR GOOD AIR QUALITY

• 79%
• 63%
• 40%
• 49%
• 19%

EU-28 reduction targets btw. 2005 and 2030

• Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May

2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, as amended by Commission Directive (EU) 2015/1480

• Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15

December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, as amended by Regulation (EC) 219/2009 and Commission Directive (EU) 2015/1480

+ Commission Implementing Decision 2011/850/EU of 12 December 2011 laying down rules for Directives 2004/107/EC and 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the reciprocal exchange of information and reporting on ambient air quality (‘the IPR Decision’)

Ambient Air Quality Directives – legal framework

Ambient Air Quality Directives – pollutants

Directive 2008/50 Directive 2004/107 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Arsenic (As) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Cadmium (Cd) Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Mercury (Hg) Lead (Pb) Nickel (Ni) Benzene (C6H6) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) expressed as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) Carbon monoxide (CO)

Protect citizens from harmful effects of air pollution on health and the environment Define common methods to monitor and assess air quality Establish standards of air quality to achieve across the EU Ensure that information on air quality is made public Maintain good air quality, improve it where it is not good Objectives Clear, actionable AQ standards are established for all of EU Reliable, objective, comparable information on AQ across EU Action taken to avoid, prevent,

• r reduce effect of poor AQ

Representative, high quality monitoring of AQ in all MS Improved air quality, minimised harmful effects on health and environment (and related costs) Needs Effects Global trends, economic and societal changes, international pressures and other EU policies relating to emissions, emission sources and standards, etc. EU agrees common approaches when, where & how to monitor EU sets AQ limit and target values, alert thresholds, etc. Context MS set up a network to monitor and assess air quality

MS identify where and when air quality standards are not met EU specifies what (when) AQ information is to be reported MS regularly report and make public information on air quality EU guides how to act, what to do when standards are not met MS make plans, take measures to minimise exceedances Outputs Inputs & Activities

1 2 3 4

EU air quality standards to protect human health

Pollutants WHO Guidelines EU Standards EU “Exceptions” PM10 (annual) 20 µg/m3 40 µg/m3

• PM10 (daily)

50 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 (35d a year) PM2.5 (annual) 10 µg/m3 25 µg/m3

• PM2.5 (daily)

25 µg/m3

• NO2 (annual)

40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3

• NO2 (hourly)

200 µg/m3 200 µg/m3 (18d a year) SO2 (daily) 20 µg/m3 125 µg/m3 (3 days a year) SO2 (10m/hourly) 500 µg/m3 350 µg/m3 (24 hours a year) O3 (8-hour mean) 100 µg/m3 (TV) 120 µg/m3 (75d in 3 years) Benzo(a)Pyrene 0.12 ng/m3 (TV) 1 ng/m3

• CO (8-hour

mean) 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3

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https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality-index

Air quality plans - measures

Examples for PM10

Examples for NO2

Scope: Evidence-based analysis of whether EU actions are fit for purpose, and identify regulatory burdens, overlaps, gaps, inconsistencies >>> started in mid-2017 - to be finalized by end of 2019 <<< Evidence: Literature review: scientific peer-reviewed as well as other reports Air quality data as reported over the period 2008 to 2018 to EEA General stakeholder consultation (incl. Online PC and 2 workshops) Targeted stakeholder consultation (incl. questionnaires and interviews) Seven focus case studies (in BG, DE, ES, IE, IT, SE, SK) Desk review of EU and national legislation, as relevant Purpose: Retrospective exercise; looking at period 2008 to 2018 Criteria: Relevance, Coherence, Effectiveness, Efficiency, EU Value Added

Fitness check: Ambient Air Quality Directives

Outline of this presentation

• 1. Air pollution in the EU
• 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU
• 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive
• 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive
• 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards
• 6. Other tools
• 7. Division of roles and responsibilities

Clean air for all … EU policy framework

National Emission Ceilings Directive National emission totals (SO2, NOx, VOC, PM2.5, NH3) Ambient Air Quality Directives Maximum concentrations of air polluting substances (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3 + 6 more) Source-specific emission standards

• IED Directive
• MCP Directive
• Eco-design Directive
• Energy efficiency
• Euro and fuel standards

REDUCING EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS SETTING OBJECTIVES FOR GOOD AIR QUALITY

• 79%
• 63%
• 40%
• 49%
• 19%

EU-28 reduction targets btw. 2005 and 2030

National Emission Ceilings Directive

• bjectives and measures

➢

• National emission reduction commitments for 2020

and 2030

• Five main pollutants – human health and

environment impact

• Monitoring and reporting of emissions and their

impacts

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Development in EU-28 emissions 2000-2016 (% of 2000 levels)

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Inventories (identify emission sources) Reduction commitments (set targets) Projections (identify compliance gaps) NAPCP (identify policies / measures)

Inventories and projections

• National emission inventories (every year)
• mandatory and optional pollutants, Annex I
• National emission projections (every 2 years)
• Informative inventory report (every year)

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National Air Pollution Control Programme

• Every 4 years
• Impact of national emissions on neighbouring Member States
• Policies and Measures reducing emissions to reach

compliance with air quality objectives

• Prioritise black carbon reduction measures
• Ensure coherence with other plans and programmes (e.g.

National Energy and Climate Plans)

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National Air Pollution Control Programme Annex III:

• mandatory and optional measures for reduction of

ammonia emissions;

• mandatory and optional measures for reduction of

PM2.5 and black carbon emissions.

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Outline of this presentation

• 1. Air pollution in the EU
• 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU
• 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive
• 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive
• 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards
• 6. Other tools
• 7. Division of roles and responsibilities

Clean air for all … EU policy framework

National Emission Ceilings Directive National emission totals (SO2, NOx, VOC, PM2.5, NH3) Ambient Air Quality Directives Maximum concentrations of air polluting substances (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3 + 6 more) Source-specific emission standards

• IED Directive
• MCP Directive
• Eco-design Directive
• Energy efficiency
• Euro and fuel standards

REDUCING EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS SETTING OBJECTIVES FOR GOOD AIR QUALITY

• 79%
• 63%
• 40%
• 49%
• 19%

EU-28 reduction targets btw. 2005 and 2030

Source-specific performance standards: examples

Industrial Emission Directive, Industrial Emissions Performance Standards Ecodesign and Eco-Label standards, BATs and BREFs, … Medium Combustion Plants Directive addresses installations at 1-50 MW, setting fuel-specific emission limit values (focus on SO2, NOx and PM), … Road transport including type approval standards, ensure real driving emission Euro 6 standards (with conformity factor of 2.1 from 2019, '1.5' from 2021), … Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM Directive) type approval standards, fuel quality standards (e.g. sulphur in liquid fuels) to reduce shipping emissions, …

Source(s): Clean Air Programme, various

• The Industrial Emission Directive (IED) aims to achieve a high level of

protection of human health and the environment taken as a whole by reducing harmful industrial emissions across the EU in particular through application of Best Available Techniques (BAT)

• Covers around 50,000 installations
• Implementation results in tighter regulation of pollutant emissions from EU

Member States' industrial installations

Source-specific performance standards: IED

• Directive (EU) 2016/802 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11

May 2016 relating to a reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels Directive 2008/50/EC

+ Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/253 of 16 February 2015 laying down the rules concerning the sampling and reporting under Council Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the sulphur content of marine fuels

• International law:

✓ IMO and the MARPOL convention ✓ Energy Community Treaty – Sulphur Directive a part of its acquis as of 2016

Source-specific performance standards: Sulphur in Fuels Directive

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• ECAs currently in EU waters: North Sea & Baltic Sea

Outline of this presentation

• 1. Air pollution in the EU
• 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU
• 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive
• 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive
• 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards
• 6. Other tools
• 7. Division of roles and responsibilities

Improve implementation – Dialogue and exchanges

Clean Air Forum: next one in November 2019, Bratislava Clean Air Dialogues to help Member States mobilise all sectors and levels of governance (+ NGOs). Peer-to-peer workshops and study visits (EIR/TAIEX) for exchanges between Member State experts

Improve implementation – Funding & Research

Horizon 2020 (research)

▪ Several Societal Challenges i.a. transport (+), energy, health, urban, environment

LIFE (policy support/demonstration/pilot) Structural Funds (actual measures, mostly in environment chapters and by 'mainstreaming' in low carbon economy and transport chapters):

▪ European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Cohesion Fund (REGIO): Partnership Agreements, Operational Programmes; (i.e. room for specific needs and priorities) ▪ EARDF (AGRI): Rural Development Plans (RDPs)

Improve implementation – expert networks

AQUILA – network of national reference laboratories

• Forum for information exchanges
• Provides expert advice to the Commission
• Member States are responsible to ensure appropriate

quality assurance of the assessment and appropriate quality control of the information provided to the public

• The Commission supports with comparison exercises

for the national reference laboratories

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AQUILA - continued

Directive 2008/50, Annex I, Section C:

• To ensure accuracy of measurements and

compliance with the data quality objectives laid down in Section A, the appropriate competent authorities and bodies designated pursuant to Article 3 shall ensure […] that the national reference laboratories support the work done by the European network of National Reference Laboratories set up by the Commission.

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Outline of this presentation

• 1. Air pollution in the EU
• 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU
• 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive
• 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive
• 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards
• 6. Other tools
• 7. Division of roles and responsibilities

Clean Air action offers synergies

An energy challenge … e.g. by promoting of renewable energy, and by reducing use of coal by replacing it with cleaner fuels; An agriculture challenge … e.g. by focusing on better livestock and manure management practices, and using low-emission fertilisers; A transport challenge … e.g. by reducing emissions from vehicles, by setting standards to improve fuel quality, by encouraging sustainable mobility options; An urban challenge … e.g. by investing in cleaner transport options, and by considering traffic access conditions that encourage use of low emission vehicles.

Roles and responsibilities

Minimum levels and common requirements at EU level Implementation and more detailed legal framework at national level – can choose to be more ambitious than the EU limits Implementation and further detailed actions and measures at local level

More Information

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/

Feedback

ENV-AIR@ec.europa.eu

Thank you!

European Commission DG ENV C.3 Clean Air

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