EU Clean Air Policy Air Quality Planning and Management – Exchange of experiences Europe-China, 24 June 2019 European Commission DG ENV: Clean Air Unit Susanne Lindahl
Outline of this presentation 1. Air pollution in the EU 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards 6. Other tools 7. Division of roles and responsibilities
Air pollution in the EU EU air quality is improving ; between 1990 and 2015 emissions of NO x decreased by 56%, and of SO 2 emission even by 89%. Still, there are Health impacts: ~400 000 premature deaths each year due to PM 10 75.000 premature deaths each year due to NO 2 17% of all lung cancer deaths are due to air pollution Economic impacts: More than € 24 billion per year in direct costs Environmental impacts: Eutrophication limits exceeded in 63% of ecosystem area in the EU, and in 73% of Natura2000 area Source(s): EEA Air Quality in Europe (2017), WHO (2017)
Who and what causes air pollution? Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) e.g. Germany, 2009 - - Energy sector, Transport, … 20 Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) Primary PM 18 - Transport, Energy, Industry, … (Domestic) 16 (Transport) μ g/m 3 PM2.5 14 Ammonia (NH 3 ) (Industry) 12 WHO - Agriculture (Livestock & Fertilizers), … 10 8 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Secondary PM 6 (Transport plus Agriculture) - Solvents, Paints, Transport, … 4 (Industry plus Agriculture 2 Methane (CH 4 ) 0 - Agriculture, Waste, Energy, … Origin Origin of Emissions Source(s): IIASA TSAP 12 Report (2014)
Outline of this presentation 1. Air pollution in the EU 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards 6. Other tools 7. Division of roles and responsibilities
Clean air for all … EU policy framework Ambient Air Quality Directives Maximum concentrations of air polluting substances (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, O 3 + 6 more) SETTING OBJECTIVES FOR GOOD AIR QUALITY REDUCING Source-specific EMISSIONS OF National Emission POLLUTANTS emission standards Ceilings Directive - IED Directive National emission totals - MCP Directive (SO 2 , NO x , VOC, PM 2.5 , NH 3 ) - Eco-design Directive -79% -63% -40% -49% -19% - Energy efficiency EU-28 reduction targets btw. 2005 and 2030 - Euro and fuel standards
Outline of this presentation 1. Air pollution in the EU 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards 6. Other tools 7. Division of roles and responsibilities
Clean air for all … EU policy framework Ambient Air Quality Directives Maximum concentrations of air polluting substances (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, O 3 + 6 more) SETTING OBJECTIVES FOR GOOD AIR QUALITY REDUCING Source-specific EMISSIONS OF National Emission POLLUTANTS emission standards Ceilings Directive - IED Directive National emission totals - MCP Directive (SO 2 , NO x , VOC, PM 2.5 , NH 3 ) - Eco-design Directive -79% -63% -40% -49% -19% - Energy efficiency EU-28 reduction targets btw. 2005 and 2030 - Euro and fuel standards
Ambient Air Quality Directives – legal framework • Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, as amended by Commission Directive (EU) 2015/1480 • Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, as amended by Regulation (EC) 219/2009 and Commission Directive (EU) 2015/1480 + Commission Implementing Decision 2011/850/EU of 12 December 2011 laying down rules for Directives 2004/107/EC and 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the reciprocal exchange of information and reporting on ambient air quality (‘ the IPR Decision ’)
Ambient Air Quality Directives – pollutants Directive 2008/50 Directive 2004/107 Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Arsenic (As) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and oxides of Cadmium (Cd) nitrogen (NO x ) Particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) Mercury (Hg) Nickel (Ni) Lead (Pb) Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) expressed as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) Carbon monoxide (CO)
Needs Effects Context Improved air quality, minimised Protect citizens from harmful Global trends, economic and effects of air pollution on harmful effects on health and societal changes, international health and the environment environment (and related costs) pressures and other EU policies relating to emissions, emission sources and standards, etc. Objectives Outputs Inputs & Activities 1 EU agrees common approaches MS set up a network to Define common methods to Representative, high quality when, where & how to monitor monitor and assess air quality monitor and assess air quality monitoring of AQ in all MS 2 Establish standards of air EU sets AQ limit and target MS identify where and when air Clear, actionable AQ standards quality to achieve across the quality standards are not met values, alert thresholds, etc. are established for all of EU EU 3 EU specifies what (when) AQ MS regularly report and make Ensure that information on air Reliable, objective, comparable public information on air quality information is to be reported quality is made public information on AQ across EU 4 EU guides how to act, what to MS make plans, take measures Maintain good air quality , Action taken to avoid, prevent, do when standards are not met to minimise exceedances improve it where it is not good or reduce effect of poor AQ
EU air quality standards to protect human health Pollutants EU Standards EU “Exceptions” WHO Guidelines PM 10 (annual) 40 µg/m3 - 20 µg/m 3 PM 10 (daily) 50 µg/m 3 50 µg/m 3 (35d a year) PM 2.5 (annual) - 10 µg/m 3 25 µg/m 3 PM 2.5 (daily) - - 25 µg/m 3 NO 2 (annual) 40 µg/m 3 40 µg/m 3 - NO 2 (hourly) 200 µg/m 3 (18d a year) 200 µg/m 3 SO 2 (daily) (3 days a year) 20 µg/m 3 125 µg/m 3 SO 2 (10m/hourly) 500 µg/m 3 350 µg/m 3 (24 hours a year) O 3 (8-hour mean) (TV) 120 µg/m 3 (75d in 3 years) 100 µg/m 3 Benzo(a)Pyrene (TV) 1 ng/m 3 - 0.12 ng/m 3 CO (8-hour 10 mg/m 3 10 mg/m 3 - mean)
https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality-index 13
Air quality plans - measures Examples for PM 10
Examples for NO 2
Fitness check: Ambient Air Quality Directives Scope: Evidence-based analysis of whether EU actions are fit for purpose, and identify regulatory burdens, overlaps, gaps, inconsistencies >>> started in mid-2017 - to be finalized by end of 2019 <<< Evidence: Literature review: scientific peer-reviewed as well as other reports Air quality data as reported over the period 2008 to 2018 to EEA General stakeholder consultation (incl. Online PC and 2 workshops) Targeted stakeholder consultation (incl. questionnaires and interviews) Seven focus case studies (in BG, DE, ES, IE, IT, SE, SK) Desk review of EU and national legislation, as relevant Purpose: Retrospective exercise; looking at period 2008 to 2018 Criteria: Relevance, Coherence, Effectiveness, Efficiency, EU Value Added
Outline of this presentation 1. Air pollution in the EU 2. Clean Air Policy in the EU 3. Focus: Ambient Air Quality Directive 4. Focus: National Emission Ceilings Directive 5. Focus: Source-specific performance standards 6. Other tools 7. Division of roles and responsibilities
Clean air for all … EU policy framework Ambient Air Quality Directives Maximum concentrations of air polluting substances (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, O 3 + 6 more) SETTING OBJECTIVES FOR GOOD AIR QUALITY REDUCING Source-specific EMISSIONS OF National Emission POLLUTANTS emission standards Ceilings Directive - IED Directive National emission totals - MCP Directive (SO 2 , NO x , VOC, PM 2.5 , NH 3 ) - Eco-design Directive -79% -63% -40% -49% -19% - Energy efficiency EU-28 reduction targets btw. 2005 and 2030 - Euro and fuel standards
National Emission Ceilings Directive objectives and measures ➢ • National emission reduction commitments for 2020 and 2030 • Five main pollutants – human health and environment impact • Monitoring and reporting of emissions and their impacts 19
Development in EU-28 emissions 2000-2016 (% of 2000 levels)
Inventories (identify emission sources) Reduction commitments (set targets) Projections (identify compliance gaps) NAPCP (identify policies / measures) 22
Inventories and projections • National emission inventories (every year) • mandatory and optional pollutants, Annex I • National emission projections (every 2 years) • Informative inventory report (every year) 23
National Air Pollution Control Programme • Every 4 years • Impact of national emissions on neighbouring Member States • Policies and Measures reducing emissions to reach compliance with air quality objectives • Prioritise black carbon reduction measures • Ensure coherence with other plans and programmes (e.g. National Energy and Climate Plans) 24
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