Getting Clean Air in Cities Clean Air for Brent 6 July 2017 By - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Getting Clean Air in Cities Clean Air for Brent 6 July 2017 By - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Getting Clean Air in Cities Clean Air for Brent 6 July 2017 By Simon Birkett Founder and Director Clean Air in London Twitter: @CleanAirLondon Clean Air in London 1. Campaigning 2. Air pollution overview 3. Health 4. Brent 5.

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Getting Clean Air in Cities

Clean Air for Brent – 6 July 2017

By Simon Birkett Founder and Director Clean Air in London Twitter: @CleanAirLondon

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‘Clean Air in London’

  • 1. Campaigning
  • 2. Air pollution overview
  • 3. Health
  • 4. Brent
  • 5. Lessons and solutions
  • 6. Legal including neighbourhood planning
  • 7. Indoor
  • 8. Next steps

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  • 1. Starting ‘Clean Air in London’
  • Campaigning locally. Entity and governance
  • Mission. Objectives: health, London‐wide. Highly

political but non‐party. ‘Wholesale’ not ‘retail’

  • Principles: London Matrix, Principle and Circles
  • Strategy? Focus on air quality in London and ‘up’
  • How? Content and communications
  • Engage others. Share knowledge. Sustainable

https://cleanair.london/solutions/10‐steps‐for‐clean‐air‐in‐ london/

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Mission

“To achieve urgently and sustainably full compliance with World Health Organisation guidelines for air quality throughout London and elsewhere”

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The London Matrix – ‘One Atmosphere’

Air pollution Climate change London Success Rest of world

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The London Circles

Transport measures address congestion and/or emissions

* ‘Clean Air Zones’

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Road pricing Emission zones*

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The London Principle – ‘One Atmosphere’

We must think in terms of ‘One Atmosphere’. All

  • bligations to reduce air pollution must be met.

Any trade‐offs between climate change and air quality should be made in an explicit and transparent way e.g. through the application of the ‘London Principle’. This states that a 1% disbenefit in climate change terms (e.g. increased CO2 emissions) should be accepted when there is an associated benefit of 10% in air quality terms (e.g. reduced emissions of particulate matter or oxides of nitrogen) (and vice versa) provided that legal breaches are not worsened

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Media coverage: Oxford Street

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Examples of media coverage

ABC Al Jazeera Ars Technica BBC Bloomberg Boston Globe Business Green CBS Channel 4 China Central Television China Radio International CNN DW Eco dalle Citta El Pais ENDS Euronews Evening Standard Express Financial Times France 24 Gibraltar Chronicle Guardian The Hill Independent ITV LBC London Live Mail Metro Mirror New York Times Observer Oriental Morning Post Radio France International Reuters RT Saturday Paper Le Soir Sky Southern Weekly Sun Svenska Dagbladet Sydney Morning Herald Telegraph Time Time Out Times Washington Post Vice Voice of Russia Yellow Advertiser ZDF

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Building public understanding

Easier to warn the general public than politicians

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Milestones and successes

  • 2006‐2008 Getting started. Media coverage. New Air

Quality Directive for Europe

  • 2008‐2010 Health investigations. Solutions proposed
  • 2010‐2012 Olympics and legal pressure. European

Commission infraction twice on PM10. Many others begin

  • campaigning. Parliamentary inquiries
  • 2012‐2015 Breakout. European Commission’s ‘Clean Air

Policy Package’ in December 2013 and keeping it in early

  • 2015. Role of social media, cartoons etc. NO2 infraction
  • Three sponsors: Camfil (indoor air quality), New West End

Company (Oxford Street businesses) and Licensed Taxi Drivers Association (distributing taxi receipts)

  • 2015‐2020 ‘One Atmosphere’. Neighbourhood Forums

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  • 2. Overview – Jargon
  • Particles (PM2.5 and PM10) and gases (NO2)
  • Short (e.g. PM10) and long‐term (e.g. PM2.5) health
  • effects. Mortality and morbidity. Overlapping effects
  • Emissions and concentrations. Health exposures, impacts

and outcomes. Visible and invisible

  • All affected. Many outcomes. Deaths mainly
  • cardiovascular. 4,300 PM2.5. 5,900 NO2 in London versus

8,500 from smoking. Second biggest public health risk

  • Local (NO2), regional (PM2.5) and transboundary pollution

e.g. tropospheric ozone (O3)

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Historical perspective

  • Great Smog 1952 and Clean Air Act 1956
  • Scientific focus on short‐term respiratory effects despite

evidence of cardiovascular deaths in ‘time series’ studies

  • ‘Cohort studies’ identified long‐term effects of PM2.5
  • Myopic focus in UK since 1990 on CO2 and fuel efficiency
  • Many roads in Central London tend (today) to have the

highest NO2 concentrations in the world. Blame diesel

  • Europe Union’s ‘Clean Air Policy Package’ in 2013
  • 68th World Health Assembly. First debate on air pollution!
  • Back where we thought we were 60 years ago

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Blame Maggie Thatcher and every government since for diesel

A very senior civil servant, now retired, who worked in the [Department of Environment in the late 1990s] and has asked not to be named, said that cost‐benefit studies of a switch to diesel were done, but climate change was “the new kid on the block” and long‐term projections of comparative technologies were not perfect. “I recall all the discussions had the health issue as a significant factor,” he says. “We did not sleepwalk into this. To be totally reductionist, you are talking about killing people today rather than saving lives tomorrow. Occasionally, we had to say we were living in a different political world and everyone had to swallow hard.” John Vidal, Environment Editor, in The Guardian, 20 June 2015

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  • 3. Health
  • Excellent REVIHAAP and HRAPIE reports by WHO
  • Statistical versus actual impacts
  • PM2.5. Health effects detectable well below 10 g/m3
  • NO2 – London study based on WHO’s HRAPIE
  • Traffic‐related air pollution (TRAP)
  • Cognitive effects on children. Jordi Sunyer et al
  • Inequalities
  • Emerging problems: PM2.5! NO2, TRAP, ozone and
  • nanoparticles. More pollutants and more outcomes

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World Health Organisation declares…

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  • 4. Brent: NOx emission sources

Credit: London Air Quality Network and TfL

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Brent: PM10 emission sources

Credit: London Air Quality Network and TfL

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Brent: PM2.5 emission sources

Credit: London Air Quality Network and TfL

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Brent: CO2 emission sources

Credit: London Air Quality Network and TfL

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Brent: Annual mean NO2 in 2013

Credit: London Air Quality Network and TfL

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Brent: Annual mean PM10 in 2013

Credit: London Air Quality Network and TfL

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Brent: Annual mean PM2.5 in 2013

Credit: London Air Quality Network and TfL

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Brent: % deaths attributable to air pollution

Credit: Public Health England (2015)

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Brent: Clean Air in Cities app

https://cleanair.london/apps/

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  • 5. Lessons: London – 15 March 2012

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Pollution Suppressor – 26 March 2012

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London – 19 February 2013

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Zero tailpipe emissions by 2020

Source: Transport for London

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Lessons

  • ‘One Atmosphere’: air pollution and greenhouse gases.

Policy disasters promoting diesel and biomass burning

  • Government departments are not/never ‘joined‐up’. Must

maintain and build scientific and official expertise

  • Short and long‐term effects e.g. offsetting. NOx/O3. SOx

cooling effects from shipping. Black carbon. CH4. Hg. NH3

  • Solutions: Governance. Political leadership, lifestyle

changes and technology. Not just ‘Best available technical solutions’. Offsetting is never the answer. Green walls cost 40x exhaust abatement per kg of pollutant removed

  • Indoor air quality: ventilation, air conditioning and filtration
  • Communicate health impacts. Warn, protect and reduce
  • Expect new health and natural environment impacts

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London and mega city solutions

  • Build public understanding of air pollution. Smog warnings.

Public health agencies must protect people

  • Act on illegal wood burning: 5‐10% annual mean PM10
  • Think ‘One Atmosphere’ on local energy generation e.g.

stop standby diesel generators feeding into the ‘grid’

  • Energy: Efficiency. Zero air emissions. Renewables. Onsite
  • Ban diesel, diesel, diesel as we banned coal
  • Bus and taxi emissions (scrapping 25ft turning circle)
  • Use ‘geo‐fencing’ with care. Restrict road building
  • Promote positive measures e.g. active travel and car‐free
  • centres. Restrict polluting activities e.g. ultra low emission

zones and/or emissions based road charging

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Ultra‐low emission zone in 2020

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Encourage active travel

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  • 6. Legal – London and Europe
  • Governance e.g. Freedom of Information
  • Tiers

– European infraction escalated to ‘Reasoned Opinion’ for NO2 – National courts. ClientEarth’s wins have implications across

  • Europe. Government must produce new NO2 plans by July

– Planning decisions. Authoritative QC opinion

  • Need new Clean Air Act to address modern fuels and

technologies

  • New laws in Europe e.g. National Emissions Ceilings

Directive to target sources. NRMM

  • Hard Brexit? Soft Brexit? Heathrow? No Brexit?

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ClientEarth wins

Supreme Court in 2015. High Court in 2016 and 2017

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Neighbourhood Planning

  • Real powers
  • Policies, ‘neighbourhood management’ and CIL
  • Examples of policies include:

– Healthy air – Renewable energy – Knightsbridge construction practices – Healthy people – Embedding the Sustainable Development Goals

www.knightsbridgeforum.org/planning/consultation

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  • 7. Indoor – Jargon
  • European citizens spend on average over 90% of their time indoors
  • 75% or more of the health impact of outdoor or ‘ambient’ air

pollution can therefore occur indoors (Source: EnVIE 2010 p82)

  • Indoor concentrations of some pollutants can be much higher than
  • utdoor (e.g. 10 or 20 times higher in the case of formaldehyde)
  • We can use air filters to protect ourselves from 90% of air pollutants

for up to 90% of the time

  • British and European standard BS EN 16798‐3:2017 specifies the

required filter performance for good indoor air quality in non‐ residential buildings taking into consideration outdoor air quality

  • ISO 16890 ePM1 and ISO 10121 address particles and gases
  • Second hand smoke (ETS) is still an issue e.g. children in homes

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Relative size of particles

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Human hair: 70 m Pollen: 20‐100 m Spores 3‐50 m Airborne particles < 1 m

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Indoor – Huge changes in the last 5 years

  • Scientific evidence is overwhelming e.g. WHO
  • Clean Air in London’s investigations

– local authorities don’t know if their schools use air filters – few hospitals comply with indoor air standards

  • Environmental Audit Committee warned on schools
  • Planning approvals in London are setting indoor

standards – but still linked to WHO guidelines!

  • New study links office performance to air pollution
  • More focus on correlations between NO2 and PM1

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Indoor – Pollution challenges

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A white blood corpuscle from the body’s immune system (blue) tries to attack a soot particle and consume it Photo: Lennart Nilsson Photo of soot particles in lung tissue Photo: Lennart Nilsson

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Current and prospective IAQ standards

Renewed focus on building regulations and ‘duties’

  • Building Regulations (2010 and 2013) Part F – NO2
  • Air conditioning TM 44 inspections
  • ISO 10121 – Molecular filtration performance
  • ISO 16890 ePM1 rated combination air filters control

particles and molecular contaminants for optimum indoor air quality. Better than: ePM2.5, ePM10 or Coarse.

  • BS EN 16798‐3:2017 ‘Energy performance of buildings’

replaces BS EN 13779 on 25 July 2017. It uses ISO 16890 (PM) and ISO 10121 (gases)

  • Draft BB 101 for indoor air quality in schools?

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Air filter groups and classes

Group Filter class (example of use) Example of use Average collection efficiency for the most penetrating particle size (MPPS)% Average efficiency for 0.4 m particles % Average arrestance

  • f dust %

Coarse G4 Warehouses Over 90 Medium M5 Protection of ventilation systems 40‐59 M6 60‐79 Fine F7 Schools 80‐89 (min 35) F8 Laboratories 90‐94 (min 55) F9 Healthcare 95 and above (min 70) Efficiency particulate filters E10 Precision tooling 85 E11 95 E12 99.5 High efficiency particulate filters H13 and H14 Operating theatres Over 99.95 Ultra low penetration air filters U15, U16 and U17 Space craft Over 99.9995 Getting Clean Air in Cities ‐ Brent on 6 July 2017 44

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British and European standard BS EN 16798‐3:2017 From July 2017 for non‐residential buildings

Outdoor Air Quality (ODA) Indoor Air Quality (IDA) – Classification of Supply Air (SUP)* SUP 1 (Very low concentration) SUP 2 (Low concentration) SUP 3 (Medium concentration) SUP 4 (High concentration) Increasing pollution ODA 1 e.g. countryside M5 + F7 + GF? F7 F7 F7 ODA 2 e.g. smaller towns F7 + F7 + GF M5 + F7 + GF? F7 F7 ODA 3 e.g. city centres F7 + F9 + GF F7 + F7 + GF M6 + F7 + GF? F7 * Supply air with different concentrations of particulate matter and/or gases. ‘GF’ = Gas filtration (carbon filter) and/or chemical filter required. ‘GF?’ = Gas filtration recommended Table B.2 “Recommended minimum filter classes” in BS EN 16798‐3:2017 and Table 18 “Required application of gas filter”

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  • 8. Next steps for ‘Clean Air in London’
  • New Mayor. Top three issue with housing and…?

Mayor’s risk is on the ‘upside’ not ‘downside’

  • New Clean Air revolution 60 years after the last
  • Eliminate all fossil fuel burning by 2030. Diesel bans
  • Update Clean Air Act for modern fuels and

technologies

  • Role of EU law after Soft or Hard Brexit? No Brexit?
  • Vision: save London, save the world. Break the cycle
  • f air pollution by eliminating emissions at source

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Getting ‘Clean Air in Cities’

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Getting Clean Air in Cities

Clean Air for Brent – 6 July 2017

By Simon Birkett Founder and Director Clean Air in London Twitter: @CleanAirLondon