Traffic Safety in Sweden d Astrid Linder PhD Astrid Linder, PhD S - - PDF document

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Traffic Safety in Sweden d Astrid Linder PhD Astrid Linder, PhD S - - PDF document

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www.vti.se Traffic Safety in Sweden d Astrid Linder PhD Astrid Linder, PhD S i S f t 1 ffi T Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Transport Research Institute Independent research institute Independent research

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T ffi S f t i S d Traffic Safety in Sweden

Astrid Linder PhD Astrid Linder, PhD

www.vti.se 1

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Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute Transport Research Institute

  • Independent research institute

Independent research institute

  • 4 offices in Sweden
  • 180 employees

www.vti.se 2

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Research Areas

»

» Economics Traffic and safety analysis Crash » Economics Transport and environment Safety Road and rail techniques Support and maintenance Interaction human-vehicle- society, mobility and safety Vehicle simulator

www.vti.se 3 www.vti.se

Sea freight

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Content

Traffic safet

  • Traffic safety
  • Vision Zero
  • Some examples

www.vti.se 4

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The road transport system: an open and complex system How is the system controlled?

  • Rules and regulations mainly controlling the users

Rules and regulations mainly controlling the users What is the effect?

  • More than 1,2 million fatalities (UN/WHO)

f

  • Around 40 000 fatalities in EU

www.vti.se 5

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Development of fatalities in Sweden

(440 in 2005 ) 4,9/100 000 inhabitants

1 400 5 000 000 1 200 4 000 000 4 500 000

cars killed

1 000 3 000 000 3 500 000 4 000 000 600 800 2 500 000 3 000 000 400 1 500 000 2 000 000 200 500 000 1 000 000 www.vti.se 6 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

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Fatalities on USA Roads (1975-2005)

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Killed Serious Injuries AU 12/1, SE 7/1 Minor Injuries AU 120/1, SE 30/1

www.vti.se 8

Source: Road Crash Costs in Australia 1999, Report 102, Bureau of Transport Economics (Insurance data) and Road Traffic Injuries in Sweden 1999, Statistiska Centralbyrån (police reports)

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The current road transport system

  • Major mismatch between components of the system
  • Trade-off between health and benefits allowed
  • Unclear responsibilities
  • Unclear safety philosophy
  • Weak driving forces for change

www.vti.se 9

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VISION ZERO : A SAFE TRAFFIC CONCEPT VISION ZERO : A SAFE TRAFFIC CONCEPT

History

  • On October 9, 1997 the Road Traffic

Safety Bill founded on "Vision Zero"

Goal

  • The long term goal is that no-one

Safety Bill founded on Vision Zero was passed by a large majority in the Swedish Parliament. This represents an entirely new way of thinking with shall be killed or seriously injured within the Swedish road transport system. y y g respect to road traffic safety.

www.vti.se 10

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Vision Zero forms a basis

  • 1. Vision for many stakeholders
  • 2. Ethical platform (right to survive)
  • 3. Shared responsibility
  • 4. Safety philosophy (failing human)
  • 5. Driving forces for change

www.vti.se 11

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Shared vision

Car/ Industry Industry Road/ Road/ Govern- mental mental Agencies Road User/

www.vti.se 12

Society

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Shared responsibility

  • Historically main responsibility on the road user
  • In Vision Zero the responsibility is shared between road users and system
  • In Vision Zero the responsibility is shared between road users and system

designers System designers are responsible for the design, operation and the use of the road transport system and are thereby responsible for the level of safety within the entire system. safety within the entire system. Road users are responsible for following the rules for using the road b h d i transport system set by the system designers. If the users fail to comply with these rules due to a lack of knowledge If the users fail to comply with these rules due to a lack of knowledge, acceptance or ability, the system designers are required to take the necessary further steps to counteract people being killed or injured.

www.vti.se 13

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Safety philosophy

  • Inspiration from other areas ( i.e. occupational health and

safety) P l k i t k d i j d t

  • People make errors, mistakes and misjudgements
  • There are biomechanical tolerance limits

Th h i f t b t t l

  • The chain of events can be cut at many places
  • Focus on injuries not crashes

www.vti.se 14

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Percentage pedestrian killed at impact velocities

www.vti.se 15

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Threats, Velocity and Height

W h l k f bilit t f l th i k i th t ffi t We show a lack of ability to feel the risks in the traffic systems. We can understand that a frontal collision in high velocities is a sever g event but we do not experience it as a threat. Humans has a natural respect towards heights If the kinetic energy is Humans has a natural respect towards heights. If the kinetic energy is represented into potential energy the experience changes.

Ki ti P t ti l Kinetic energy Potential energy

30 km/h 3.5 m 60 km/h 14 m 60 km/h 14 m 90 km/h 32 m

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www.vti.se 17

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www.vti.se 19

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So what has happened? Some examples!

www.vti.se 20

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ROUNDABOUTS

Inter Intersection w ith pr section w ith problems

  • blems

Focus on cr

  • cus on crashes r

ashes results sults in si in signals nals

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g Focus on injuries

  • cus on injuries results

sults in r in rounda

  • undabouts

bouts

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CENTRE GUARD RAILS

O i O i ti 13 id d

www.vti.se 22

On ex existi ting ng 13 13m w id ide ro roads 0 km 1997, 1760 0 km 1997, 1760 km 2007 km 2007

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SAFE ROADSIDE AREAS

Design f Design for

  • r people

people lea leaving the ing the road

  • ad

www.vti.se 23

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RIGHT SPEED

www.vti.se 24

Vehic ehicles, r es, roads

  • ads and

and speeds speeds must st ma matc tch

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Speed limit, road design and car design goes hand in hand

  • Crash test 90km/h into tree

Crash test 90km/h into tree

  • Crash test 90km/h into guard rail

Crash test 90km/h into guard rail

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COLLISION FOR SAFETY (Euro NCAP) ( )

Get Get ever eryone up to best pr

  • ne up to best practice b

actice by tel telling the ling the public a public about bout saf safety dif ety differ erences ences Sea Seat belt usa belt usage (driv e (driver): er): 88.3 % 1997, 96 88.3 % 1997, 96 % in 2007 % in 2007 Bic Bicycle e helmet helmet usa usage: e: 16 16 1 % 1997 1 % 1997 27 % in 27 % in 2007 2007

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Bic Bicycle e helmet usa helmet usage: 16 e: 16.1 % 1997 1 % 1997, 27 % in 27 % in 2007 2007

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Rearward facing child seat

From 4 months to 4-5 years

www.vti.se 27

  • s o

5 yea s

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The number of injured children in Sweden and Germany

0,14

grupp

  • up

0,1 0,12

n per ålders

per age gro

0,06 0,08 ,

pulatationen

population p

0,02 0,04 ,

  • cent av pop

centage of p

0,02 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Pro

Ålder

Perc

Age

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Sverige Tyskland

Sweden Germany

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Penetration of new technologies

  • Electronic Stability Control (ESC) from 15 % to 90 % in 36 months (now 94%)
  • Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) from 0 to almost 100% in 48 months
  • Intelligent Seat Belt Reminders (SBR) from 0 to 80% in 48 months

Intelligent Seat Belt Reminders (SBR) from 0 to 80% in 48 months

100 Belted with SBR Belted without SBR 70 80 90 Belted without SBR 40 50 60 Seat belt usage (%) (Lie et al. TIP 2008) 10 20 30

www.vti.se 29 Belgium/Brussels Denmark/Copenhagen France/Paris Germany/Berlin Italy/Milan Span/Barcelona Sw eden/5 citirs

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TRAVEL POLICY IN COMPANIES

Ev Ever eryone com

  • ne compan

any has a has a responsibilit

  • nsibility to

to assur assure saf safety

www.vti.se 30

y p y p y p y y

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Occupational health and safety

Ev Ever ery y company ha company having per ving personnel out sonnel out in the in the road

  • ad

tr transpor ansport system t system is is responsible sponsible for the saf

  • r the safety

ety of

  • f the

the emplo employees ees

www.vti.se 31

emplo employees ees

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FOLLOW UP

Human mistake or i j d misjudgement Improper personal protection Deliberate violence

  • f rules

protection

www.vti.se 32

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Classification of fatal crashes Sweden 1998/1999

Mistake leading to fatal crash forces Severe deliberate violence of rules Mistake leading to fatal crash forces related to road design and speed limit (n=637 ) 7% Severe deliberate violence of rules leading to fatal crash forces (n=111 ) 4% 62% 4% Lack of personal safety 2% 15% 10% Lack of personal safety equipment has resulted in fatal crash forces (n=218 )

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Killed

60

MC DRIVER/PASS. MOPED

Killed

50

MOPED Male MC driver/pass. Male moped Female MC driver/pass.

40 umber

Female moped

30 Nu 10 20 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

www.vti.se 34

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year

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300

Registered

250 300

MC Moped I Moped, II

200 umber 100 150 Nu 50 100 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Y

www.vti.se 35

Year

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Thank you for your attention

Astrid linder@vti se Astrid.linder@vti.se

www.vti.se 36