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Thermal Energy Storage Application Perspectives Technical Challenges - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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SCCER Heat and Electricity Stroage HaE 7 th Symposium HSR Rapperswil, November 6, 2018 Thermal Energy Storage Application Perspectives Technical Challenges in the Component Development Paul Gantenbein, Xavier Daguenet-Frick, Mihaela Dudita, Lukas

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SLIDE 1

SCCER Heat and Electricity Stroage HaE 7th Symposium HSR Rapperswil, November 6, 2018

Paul Gantenbein, Xavier Daguenet-Frick, Mihaela Dudita, Lukas Omlin, Mattia Battaglia, Michel Haller, Daniel Philippen, Daniel Carbonell, Andreas Häberle Institute for Solar Technology SPF – HSR University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil

Thermal Energy Storage Application Perspectives Technical Challenges in the Component Development

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Content

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 Sensible Heat Storage

Stratification / heat and mass transfer Fluid inlet design though CFD

 Latent Heat Storage

Phase change: water  Ice / heat transfer Heat exchanger design & Simulation model  Sorption / Thermochemical Heat Storage Closed – internal heat and mass transfer Heat and mass exchanger design

0.0E+00 5.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.5E+07 2.0E+07 2.5E+07 3.0E+07 3.5E+07 4.0E+07 2 4 6 8 10 Nu*Pr4.226 [-] Re [-] Desorber 0.3

  • 0.3

ref

1 4 2

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Heat Storage Types & Examples of Materials

3

solid - gas Sensible heat Latent heat Chemical energy Materials gas - liquid solid - solid solid - liquid inorganics

  • rganics

Mixtures Temperature interval Eutetics Single temperature Mixtures Temperature interval Eutetics Single temperature Fatty acids Paraffins

(alkanes mixtures)

Hydrated salts

Source: A. Abhat: Solar Energy 30 p. 313 (1983)

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Temperature Distribution in a Sensible Storage

4

 Thermal stratification of sensible storage tanks fulfilling application temperature conditions

Temperature T Height H Thermocline T high T low

Diameter D

temperature stratification

D

H Cylindrical tank shapes H=height, D=diameter

𝒎𝒕 = ( 𝑵𝟏 𝝇)

𝟒 𝟓

(𝑮𝟏 𝝇)

𝟐 𝟑

= ( 𝑾𝟏𝒘𝟏)

𝟒 𝟓

𝑾𝟏𝒉∆𝝇 𝝇

𝟐/𝟑

𝛙 = 𝒎𝒕/𝒆𝒈

 Dimensionless number

  • deflection relation
  • geometry A & v0, r(T), g

IN OUT

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Sensible Storage Type

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 Feed Inlet / Volume Flow / Stratification recommendation v< 0.1 m/s

900 l/h 2’’, 30°C 1800 l/h 2’’, 30°C

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Sensible Type

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 Temperature stratification

Battaglia, M.; Haller, M. Y. Stratification in large thermal storage tanks. Eurosun 2018, September 10 – 13, Rapperswil, Switzerland

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Sensible Storage Type

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 Fluid feed inlet design fluid velocity v0

horizontal inlet inlet bent towards the top/bottom

  • f the

storage

Battaglia, M.; Haller, M. Y. Stratification in large thermal storage tanks. Eurosun 2018, September 10 – 13, Rapperswil, Switzerland

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Content

8

 Sensible Heat Storage

Stratification / heat and mass transfer Fluid inlet design though CFD

 Latent Heat Storage

Phase change: water  Ice / heat transfer Heat exchanger design & Simulation model  Sorption / Thermochemical Heat Storage Closed – internal heat and mass transfer Heat and mass exchanger design

0.0E+00 5.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.5E+07 2.0E+07 2.5E+07 3.0E+07 3.5E+07 4.0E+07 2 4 6 8 10 Nu*Pr4.226 [-] Re [-] Desorber 0.3

  • 0.3

ref

1 4 2

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Latent Heat Storage Using Ice Storage

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 Ice Storage Heat Source or Sink Eisspeicher

Ambient air Bore hole Ice storage solar collector field

A) B) C)

Heat Pump

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Ice Storage Modul

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 Cylindrical storage shape  Plate heat exchanger (hex)  Mainly stainless steel

Diameter of storage mm 1200 Height of storage mm 1950 Water content m3 2.0 Parallel pairs of hex-plates # 4 Distance between plates mm 120 Active surface of hex m2 22 Latent heat (max.) kWh 129 Maximum icing fraction

  • f mass

70 %

Philippen, D.; Battaglia M.; Carbonell D.; Thissen B.; Kunath L.; Validation of an ice storage model and its integration into a solar-ice system. Eurosun 2018, September 10 – 13, Rapperswil, Switzerland

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Mathematical Model: Ice Storage and Heat Exchanger

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UAtot = 1 𝑉𝐵𝑗𝑜 + 1 𝑉𝐵𝑥𝑏𝑚𝑚 + 1 𝑉𝐵𝑗𝑑𝑓 + 1 𝑉𝐵𝑝𝑣𝑢

−1

 Model based on a more detailed TRNSYS-model (transcription)  Mathematical model implemented into the Polysun simulation software  One-node (1) ice storage  Multi-node (12) heat exchanger (4 elements in parallel)  Physical model (versus old model which is empirical)  Ice storage can be coupled: a) with ground or b) with a room temperature

12 1 2 1 Tamb Tice

2 plates in series (12 knots)

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Validation of the Ice Storage Model

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 Example: Freezing over 30 hours (steady state growing of ice)

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Validation of the Ice Storage Model

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 Example: Freezing over 30 hours (steady state growing of ice)

Philippen, D.; Battaglia M.; Carbonell D.; Thissen B.; Kunath L.; Validation of an ice storage model and its integration into a solar-ice system. Eurosun 2018, September 10 – 13, Rapperswil, Switzerland

Solar Collectors Ice Storage Hydraulic separator Heat Pump Hot Water Room Heating Combi Storage

Model implemented in the industry

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Content

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 Sensible Heat Storage

Stratification / heat and mass transfer Fluid inlet design though CFD

 Latent Heat Storage

Phase change: water  Ice / heat transfer Heat exchanger design & Simulation model  Sorption / Thermochemical Heat Storage Closed – internal heat and mass transfer Heat and mass exchanger design

0.0E+00 5.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.5E+07 2.0E+07 2.5E+07 3.0E+07 3.5E+07 4.0E+07 2 4 6 8 10 Nu*Pr4.226 [-] Re [-] Desorber 0.3

  • 0.3

ref

1 4 2

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Concept & Design

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 Separation of power and capacity units

  • Power unit: combined A-D & E-C heat and

mass exchangers

  • Capacity unit: storage tanks

 Seasonal charging and discharging processes

 Absorption Storage Experiment

Sorbate loop Sorbent loop

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Potential

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 Storage potential of materials solid (crystallization) – liquid

Polanyi / Dubinin potential adsorption theory

Solubility boundary of aqueous solutions of lithium chloride. Eutectic Points

LiCl-H2O

  • M. Conde Engineering

0.00E+00 2.00E+05 4.00E+05 6.00E+05 8.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.20E+06 1.40E+06

20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

DF (J/kg)

c(H2O) (wt.%)

Absorption potential DF in function of load c

LiBr-H2O NaOH-H2O LiCl-H2O

“heat of solution” in case of vapour – liquid solution transition. (ex: at 90 wt.% and more water the Dhv of water vapour will be released.)

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Sorption Heat Storage

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 Charging and discharging

  • charging: desorption ok
  • discharging: absorption not ok

Condenser maximum flow rate: 12 l(H2O)/min @ T=20 °C

0.0E+00 5.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.5E+07 2.0E+07 2.5E+07 3.0E+07 3.5E+07 4.0E+07 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 Nu*Pr4.226 [-] Re [-] Desorber 30%

  • 30%

ref

Heat transfer characteristics: Nu=Nu(Pr, Re) Re (-)

Nu*Pr4.226 (-)

predicted exchanges power (W)

Falling film tube bundle power units

E-C A-D A-D A-D E-C

Measured exchanges power (W)

Xavier Daguenet-Frick et al. Renewable Energy 110 (2017) 162-173.

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Sorption Heat Storage

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 Power unit modification

  • heat & mass exchange surface wetting

wetting agent TRITON™ QS-1 tube surface structure tube surface anneling / coating

  • lye residence time in sorbate

SiC ceramic foams low wetting better wetting

Dudita M., Daguenet-Frick X., and Gantenbein P., EuroSun 2016, Palma (Mallorca)

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Sorption Heat Storage

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Power unit modification  Tube surface geometry  Wetting agent  Hydrophilic ceramic foam:  wetting with concentrated aqueous sorbent.  increased residence time of the aqueous sorbent on the tube

Hydrophilic SiC ceramic foam with pores partially filled by concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. Porosity is ranging from 10 to 30 PPI , where PPI = number of pores per inch. Excellent wetting

  • f the SiC ceramic

foam with concentrated NaOH and LiBr

10 PPI and NaOH 50 wt.% 20 PPI and NaOH 50 wt.% 30 PPI SiC and LiBr 54 wt.%

Lye OUT Lye IN gravity

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Experimental Set-up of the 1 kW Unit

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 Power and capacity units

  • Combined A-D & E-C heat and mass

exchangers – seasonal separation

  • Sorbent and sorbate storage tanks

A B C D

H2O loop NaOH/H2O loop

A-D unit E-C unit

water tank (H2O) feed pump feed pump lye tanks (NaOH-H2O) T 60 T 30 T 20

A-D E-C

T 20 T 30 T 60 Lab set-up EW 6

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Operation with Water

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 set in operation – tests performed with water

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

  • 4000
  • 3500
  • 3000
  • 2500
  • 2000
  • 1500
  • 1000
  • 500

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 13:00:00 13:30:00 14:00:00 14:30:00 15:00:00 15:30:00 16:00:00

Temperatur T (°C) Power P (Watt) time (hh:mm:ss)

power AD unit power EC unit T inlet AD T outlet AD T outlet EC T inlet EC

E-C A-D

Power and temperatures in the A-D and E-C units Expected power: 1 KW

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SCCER HaE 7th Symposium

Conclusion & Outlook

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 Thermal Energy Storage is a Key Component  Multiple Storage Concepts  Particular Solutions for the Application  Scaling  Heat & Mass Transfer  Power & Energy Balance

Thank you very much!

Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE Innosuisse – Schweizerische Agentur Für Innovationsförderung