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The Hydrogen Energy Option
Presentation to Maori and the Sustainable Energy Business Conference, Taupo, 4 August 05
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The Hydrogen Energy Option Alister Gardiner Industrial Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
The Hydrogen Energy Option Alister Gardiner Industrial Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
The Hydrogen Energy Option Alister Gardiner Industrial Research Limited www.irl.cri.nz Presentation to Maori and the Sustainable Energy Business Conference, Taupo, 4 August 05 Presentation Overview Energy situation analysis Why
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Energy Drivers for Change
Global Energy Supply Issues
Issue #1 – Climate Change
Continued fossil fuel use will accelerate climate change
Issue #2 – Constrained Resources
Energy supply security, delivery infrastructure, competition for resources
Issue #3 – Affordable Energy
Cost impacts on wellbeing and economic competitiveness Global Warming & Pollution Increasing Energy Production
Increasing Demand 2 - 4%/yr
R&D
Affordable Energy
Constrained Resources #1 #2 #3
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Situation Analysis - Summary
Some Market Predictions
The International Energy Agency predicts that electricity’s share of the market in OECD countries will grow from 24% in 1970 to 40% in 2020 Dupont – small stationary fuel cell market will be valued at $8 billion USD by 2010 Fuel revenues from fuel cell use in Europe may reach 17 billion Euro by 2040 Price Waterhouse Coopers - by 2020 hydrogen technologies and related goods and services will exceed 1.7 trillion USD in worldwide sales ABIresearch – distributed generation investment $NZ26 billion/yr worldwide by 2015 30% of Germany’s generation will be distributed
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Situation Analysis - New Zealand
Fossil Resources, at current extraction rate:
Gas: declining, <10yrs Oil: very limited, < 2 yrs Coal: large, >1000yrs
Renewable Resource opportunities
Solar: very good, 1000 -1400 hrs/yr Biomass: excellent growth rates, pinus radiata 20yr cycle Wind: excellent, many sites > 45% capacity factor Wave: excellent, (near shore 20kW/m, deep water 100kW/m) Some additional geothermal possible
Fuel Recoverable Reserves (PJ) Gas 2,273 Oil 591 Coal 103,324
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Situation Analysis - New Zealand
Future Energy Supplies
Direct use of renewable resources where possible Clean up fossil resources before use Process and manufacture more convenient energy carriers where appropriate
Future Energy Carriers
Electricity Fuels
Natural gas and LPG Methanol? Ethanol? Biodiesel? Hydrogen?
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Why Hydrogen?
Fact #1: Fuel Cells need hydrogen
Efficient - up to 83% electrical energy + heat + water NO exhaust pollution NO noise or vibration
Fact # 2: Hydrogen must be manufactured
it is only an energy carrier
Fact #3: Ultimately hydrogen must come from sustainable resources
From solar or biomass sources From nuclear energy? A fuel Cell Stack
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Why Hydrogen?
Potential role in the future energy infrastructure
As a transport fuel for fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) For stationary generation using fuel cells
A fuel cell vehicle A residential fuel cell
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Why Hydrogen? – Transport
Creating a new sustainable Transport Infrastructure through Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
Passenger vehicle “well to wheels” performance comparison for 10 different ICE and FC drive systems (Source: Scientific American, May 2004) Hydrogen FCV has best efficiency (22%), and lowest emissions of the fossil options (140gm/km) Ethanol FCV has lowest GHG footprint (10gm/km) due to renewable fuel source, but modest efficiency (10%) Next best are:
Efficiency - petrol electric and diesel electric hybrid (18%) Emissions – methanol and petrol FCV (210/220gm/km)
According to this study – FCVs provide real benefits through improved fuel efficiency and reduced GHG emissions
In a FCV, the electrical output drives an electric motor directly or feeds an energy storage buffer consisting of batteries or supercapacitors (hybrid FCV)
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Why Hydrogen? – Power Supply
Creating a new sustainable Distributed Energy Power Supply Infrastructure through Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
Distributed Generation (DG) can:
Reduce losses Reduce environmental impact
But solar and wind resources are unpredictable Fuel Cells have a role through:
Providing firm capacity High electrical efficiency Zero/Low emissions Quiet operation CHP
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Electricity Hydrogen
Why Hydrogen?- Sources
Potential Role of Hydrogen in the Future Energy Infrastructure
Nuclear Coal Oil NG/LPG Biomass Solar Wind Geothermal Marine
Resources Carriers Distribution Utilisation Market Entry
Portable Power Stationary Power (Distributed Energy) Transport Power (Road Vehicles) 2004-2006 2006-2012
- power
heat CHP power power
- Fuel cell markets
losses
2015-2030
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Fuel Cell Basics
What is a Hydrogen Fuel Cell ?
An electrochemical generator that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce dc electricity, heat, and water. Hydrogen + oxygen = water + electricity + heat 2H2 + O2 = H2O + free energy (electrical power + heat) There are about half a dozen promising hydrogen fuel cell technologies
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEMFC) is the dominant technology being developed for vehicles Electrical Load Gas diffusion electrodes
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Fuel Cell Basics
Fuel Cell Components
Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs or gas diffusion electrodes)
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Fuel Cell Basics
Fuel Cell generator system consists of
Stack Fuel processing Monitoring and control Power electronics interface
IRL Fuel Cell system development
1.2kW DCI 1200 field ready generator for pilot demonstration systems Hydrogen gas fuel or methanol/ethanol with fuel processor Combined power and hot water Comply with safety regulations Integration of community distributed energy solutions (IDES)
Fuel Cell generator being developed for residential power supply by Industrial Research Limited
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Hydrogen Basics
WATER LIVING PLANTS LIVING ANIMALS
INCREASING ENERGY CONTENT ENERGY IN
solar radiation
ENERGY OUT
wasted as heat or captured in various ways
ENERGY OUT
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O2 CO2
DECAY & UTILISATION
CO2 CO2 O2 FOOD O2 DEATH DEATH
THE (EARTH-BOUND) HYDROGEN ENERGY CYCLE
DEATH CH4 CH4
1 2
At present, natural gas, a fossil fuel, is the cheapest way to produce hydrogen 0n Earth, hydrogen is bound up in a biological energy cycle, and we can extract it from various points after other
- rganisms have increased
the energy value: 1. Hydrocarbons processed from animals (fats, oils, methane, etc.) 2. Hydrocarbons processed from biomass (cellulose, sugars, starches, methane, coal, etc.) 3. Water is an inexhaustible source of hydrogen, but extracting it always requires more energy than we get back
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Hydrogen Basics
Fossil Resources
Natural gas Petroleum oil Coal
Renewable Resources
Biomass Wind electricity Direct solar electricity Marine electricity
Other
Geothermal electricity Nuclear electricity
Chemical Processes
Pyrolysis Gasification Reformation Water gas shift Electrolysis Direct thermal dissociation Photochemical
Biological Processes
Direct biological Fermentation
Hydrogen Production Processes Sources of Hydrogen
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Hydrogen Basics
Many technology gaps to be addressed:
Production - high purity hydrogen from renewable energy sources Storage - safe, high density hydrogen storage for distributed energy and transportation Utilisation - hydrogen appliances, eg FC electrode life and cost, low cost catalytic combustion, sensors
Many research challenges:
High temperature processes, gas separation membranes, catalysis, electrochemistry, thermodynamics, metal-organic synthesis, surface science, materials technology, electrical engineering, energy control systems, hydrogen diffusion and embrittlement, CO2 sequestration
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Global Scene
How Serious is the International Community? Iceland
Govt commitment to a hydrogen economy Energy companies Several hundred fuel cells piloted in residential and commercial applications Vehicle manufacturers All major manufacturers are demonstrating close to market-ready vehicles USA, Europe government research programs $US350m to 130 institutions and companies for hydrogen fuelled cars EU 350m Euros in 6th framework to hydrogen and fuel cell research Cities – public transport demonstrations 13 Daimler Chrysler FC bus sites around the world New Zealand? a modest government funded research program but as yet no attempt to develop a hydrogen pathway
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Global Scene – Transport Fuel Cells
Hydrogen Vehicle Trials
Hundreds of fuel cell vehicles are now in daily operation around the world 50+ hydrogen gas filling stations in place in USA, Japan and Europe Manufacturers and gas suppliers are carefully monitoring all aspects of vehicle and fueling station performance
Daimler Chrysler fuel cell bus Ballard fuel cell bus engine Fuel cell passenger vehicle
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Global Scene – Residential Fuel Cells
Japan
Tokyo Gas/Ebara Ballard
1kWe 31% efficient PEM with 200l hot water storage, NG fuel with WGS reformer 10 year leasing contract, 200units planned for 2005 Sales starting 2008, 10,000 units in 2009
Europe
Sulzer Hexis
1kWe 30%efficiency SOFC, 2.5 kWth+25kW backup, overall efficiency ~85% NG fuel with CPOX reformer, 100 installed systems, >1million hrs
Valliant
4.6kWe 31% efficient PEM, 7kWth 88% total fuel efficiency 43 fuel cell appliances on test, 170,000hrs operation
USA
Plugpower
Supply Valliant plus have their own fleet in USA, Asia trial sites
Idatech
1 and 5kW methanol fueled PEM systems, also propane and diesel
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Global Scene – Possible Timeframe
Possible Timeframe for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Uptake
- Fuel cell bus and other vehicle demonstrations - now
- Utility and building distributed generation demonstrations - now
- First commercial laptop methanol FC batteries - 2005
- Introduction of commercial distributed generation - 2006?
- Introduction of private fuel cell vehicles - 2008?
- Accelerating adoption of stationary generation - 2010+
- Mass vehicle adoption 2015 - 2020
Estimates suggest a 50 year time frame to complete the transition
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What’s Happening Here?
Sustainable Energy Actions
Target of 30PJ new renewables between 2000 and 2012 Kyoto Protocol was ratified by NZ in 2002
Hydrogen Energy
New Zealand has joined the IPHE at the TLC level
This requires New Zealand to develop a national Hydrogen Roadmap
As yet, there is no specific hydrogen energy policy A modest government funded research portfolio is under way
Production Storage Utilisation Demonstrations pilots
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What’s Happening Here?
Experimental 6 kW alkaline fuel cell Remote Area Power System (RAPS)
- 2002 – experimental 6 kW alkaline fuel cell RAPS shipped to
Murdoch University, Perth
- First operational alkaline fuel cell system in Australasia
- Hydrogen fuelled
IRL CEO, Nigel Kirkpatrick and Fuel Cell Technology Manager, Mike Callander discuss the RAPS technology Several Fuel Cell pilot / demonstration projects are being undertaken
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Wind energy Conditioned AC power Pipeline volume 1.3m3 @ 35psi Electrolyser H2 H2 burner Fuel cell Heat loads
2km distance
Super capacitor buffer
What’s Happening Here?
Totara Valley farming community– planned demonstration HyLink system configuration
IRL and Massey University local farmers Wind-hydrogen energy link
Totara Valley, Kumeroa
Several Fuel Cell pilot / demonstration projects are being undertaken
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What’s Happening Here?
USAP Facility, International Antarctic Centre, Christchurch
US DoD Residential PEM Fuel Cell Demonstration project – operating since April 2005
2kWe ReliOn fuel cells providing battery charging and
yard lighting
30% electrical efficiency, no heat capture Dual Fuel – Genesis methanol reformers with
hydrogen gas backup
Demonstrate 90% cumulative availability for 1 year Contract management, systems engineering,
installation and monitoring by Industrial Research Limited Several Fuel Cell pilot / demonstration projects are being undertaken A view of the system sited at the Passenger Processing Centre
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What’s Happening Here?
New Zealand - IRL Gracefield Research Centre, Wellington
CFCL-POWERCO residential SOFC demonstration – currently being commissioned
1kWe grid connected integrated CHP energy system Electrical efficiency approx. 40%, overall efficiency 80% Water storage 130l @ 90degC Natural gas fuel User host site, installation and monitoring contracted to
Industrial Research Limited Several Fuel Cell pilot / demonstration projects are being undertaken CFCL fuel cell CHP generator and UPS
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Meter GRID
What Might Happen Here?
Future Urban Distributed Energy System Development: Fuel Cell Based MicroCHP
Residential 1 kWe 1:1 heat:power Load following Alcohol or other infrastructure fuels
Free intermittent solar energy Purchased stored fuel
Fuel Cell CHP Generator
Heat Electricity Purchased / sold electricity Combined heating and electrical demand Solar heat Power Fuel heat Fuel Cell Energy Delivery (CHP) Solar Energy Delivery (H/P)
Power Conversion
Conceptual Integrated System
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Summary
Conclusions
The world will run out of cheap oil relatively soon (2007-2010?) Reliance on BAU oil imports could have crippling economic consequences New Zealand needs to debate and plan for substitute fuels now Renewable fuels may provide a partial answer A locally sourced low-carbon energy carrier such as hydrogen, coupled with fuel cell generators is a viable alternative energy system Fuel cell cost targets can be achieved if demand is created Government and Industry partnership is needed Early action will deliver economic benefits
Quotes from an Iranian oil industry expert (2004): “I can see prices of $3 to $4/litre - very soon”. “Get prepared today – not tomorrow” “Everything is going to change”
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Summary
New Zealand could benefit from being proactive in introducing hydrogen energy
Carbon avoidance and sequestration Energy security and sustainability in our own hands Future proofing of energy costs Ultimately a lower cost energy infrastructure New technology development New industrial applications Advanced technology exports growth Job growth
Questions?
www.irl.cri.nz
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