The Growing Role of Accessibility In Transportation and Land Use - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Growing Role of Accessibility In Transportation and Land Use - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Growing Role of Accessibility In Transportation and Land Use Planning J. Richard Kuzmyak Transportation Consultant December 6, 2018 Analytic tools (models) are not meant to replace people in the decision-making process Purpose is to

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  • J. Richard Kuzmyak

Transportation Consultant December 6, 2018

The Growing Role of Accessibility In Transportation and Land Use Planning

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[My] Guiding Principles

– Analytic tools (models) are not meant to replace people in the decision-making process – Purpose is to provide greater insight on complicated relationships to support more informed decisions –Accessibility is the Lens we should be using for this complex relationship

– NOT: how fast can I get to a given destination by car (“mobility”) – BUT: the number/richness of opportunities I can reach by all modes in a given travel time

–Accessibility tells us how well our land use and transportation plans have been synchronized

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Discussion Outline

  • 1. Key planning and policy needs that accessibility

helps address

  • 2. How is it calculated, what do the measures look like,

how can we use them?

  • 3. Share examples:

– State DOT multimodal corridor planning – Bicycle/pedestrian planning – Transit planning – Equity analysis – Scenario planning & VMT/GHG reduction

  • 4. Application opportunities discussion
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Planning Needs Addressed by Accessibility*

– Understanding the interactive roles of land use and transportation infrastructure on travel behavior, including:

– Non-motorized travel demand – Transit performance and success – Impacts on auto use and congestion

– Providing an alternative to Level of Service as the basis for establishing development standards in activity centers and corridors – Planning more sustainable and livable (including equity) communities and transportation systems – Identifying the most effective projects and programs for funding

* Things you can’t do with conventional travel models

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NCHRP Project 08-78: Key Turning Point in Seeing Broader Analytic Role for Accessibility

– Purpose: Develop responsive tools for estimating bike/walk demand – Goal: Account for Effects of:

– Land Use – Facilities – Impact on motorized travel

– Key Outcomes:

– Bringing non-motorized modes into the planning conversation – Discovering the value GIS and Accessibility as key building blocks

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Calculating Accessibility

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Accessibility is Literally the Relationship Between Land Use and the Transportation Network

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ACCESSIBILITY =

Land Use

Transportation Network

Opportunities

  • Number
  • Variety
  • Proximity

Travel Time

  • Connectivity
  • Directness
  • Safety
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GIS Mapping and Tools Enables Layers to Talk to Each Other

Land Use Transportation Networks

We know where the opportunities are And we know how to get there

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We Calculate Accessibility as “Scores”: Like “Walk Score” -- But More Exacting

Reference point Relevant opportunities Find shortest (quickest) path

  • ver the actual network

Discount each opportunity by its travel time and sum into a “Score” Scores are calculated for each mode:

  • Auto
  • Transit
  • Walk
  • Bicycle

For work and non-work travel At origin and destination

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How do we use the scores?

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We Can Map the Scores to Show Patterns

Auto Access to Jobs Walk Access to Jobs Transit Access to Jobs

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We Can Use the Scores to Create Predictive Models

Mode Choice Model

Auto Score Transit Score Walk Score

Mode Share for Work Trips:

  • Auto
  • Transit (drive access)
  • Transit (walk access)
  • Walk

Mode Share for Non-Work Trips:

  • Auto Driver
  • Auto Passenger
  • Transit
  • Walk

Trips from Regional Travel Survey

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Can use those models to estimate mode shares in any location at census block level

77.7% 6.9% 11.1% 4.2% 67.8% 5.4% 12.1% 6.8% 73.8% 6.9% 8.7% 5.0% 45.9% 2.1% 35.6% 10.7%

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Equity Applications

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Develop guidelines for optimal location of affordable housing based on push/pull factors:

– Multimodal transportation (walk, bike, transit) access to key

  • pportunities

– Jobs – Schools – Fresh food retailers – Health care & services – Parks & open space

– Limit exposure to:

– Environmental hazards – Liquor stores

Identifying Optimal Locations for Affordable Housing

(MWCOG Healthy Communities)

RATING OF SUITABILITY FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING BASED ON PUSH/PULL FACTORS

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§ Dedicated transit lanes: 1 min/ mile time savings § Compute accessibility to mid-skill jobs in region for corridor residents (block level) § Relate before/after changes to residential geography, demographics § 4.8% average increase in jobs accessibility for minorities in corridor § Assessment helped MDOT Transit Admin win TIGER grant

To Assess Impacts of New Transit Service on Disadvantaged Communities – North Ave., Baltimore

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Use for Pedestrian Planning and Neighborhood Walkability

NCHRP Report 770

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Use to Analyze Walking Potentials

(NCHRP REPORT 770)

Shirlington, Virginia

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Serving Unmet Walk Opportunities Through Network Improvements

Major productions “No-man’s” land Major attractions New link results in 500 new walk trips

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Study of New BRT Service in MD-355 Corridor

Maryland DOT

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Context:

  • New mode along arterial currently

served by rail transit and bus

  • Reserved lane operation
  • 16 stations (7 shared w/ Metrorail)
  • No parking planned

To Assess Viability

  • f New BRT

Service

Key Questions:

  • Ridership potential
  • Competition with Metro
  • Adequate land use and walkability

to succeed without P&R

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MD-355 BRT Assessment

Step 1 –Assess existing activity levels within ¼ and ½ mile radius of station

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BRT Existing Conditions --Total POP & EMP at Station Areas (A = 0.25 mile inner ring; B = 0.5 mi outer ring)*

POP EMP

* Note: Station area buffers modified to eliminate overlap; Area B activity does not include Area A totals

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Step 2 –Assess existing land use patterns and walk networks at stations

(Gude Drive station)

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Step 4 – Enhance Land Use and Walkability

(Gude Drive station)

Current Revised

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Step 5: Calculate Accessibilities and compute mode choice for each scenario Results: Show importance of land use and walkability measures

(Gude Drive Station)

Mode Share Changes: Work Travel

Existing + BRT + Land Use + Walk Net Transit-walk 11.4% 12.2% 14.5% 15.9% Transit-Drive 8.5% 8.3% 7.9% 7.8% Auto 77.5% 76.7% 74.6% 73.6% Walk 2.7% 2.8% 3.1% 2.7%

Mode Share Changes: Non-work Travel

Existing + BRT + Land Use + Walk Net Transit 2.2% 2.4% 2.9% 4.0% Auto-Drive 60.1% 59.9% 57.1% 56.0% Auto-Pass 27.6% 27.5% 26.4% 25.0% Walk 10.1% 10.2% 11.7% 15.0%

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Greenhouse Gas Reduction Study

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (2015)

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Multi-Sector Greenhouse Gas Reduction Study

– Look for GHG reductions in Washington DC region, across all sectors (power gen, buildings, TR & LU) – Our focus -- land use and transportation strategies: Effect of directing different amounts of future population and employment growth into transit-served activity centers to reduce VMT – Developed a household VMT model based on accessibility scores, household size, income and vehicles – Computed accessibility scores for 2015, 2040, 2050 with and without movement of future growth

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APPROACH & FINDINGS

  • Carved region into rings and corridors
  • Delineate TODs & Activity Centers by TAZ
  • Reallocate new jobs & HHs to TODs and ACs

Result:

u Estimate 14% reduction in 2050

VMT

u Trigger dialogue on land use and

transportation priorities

  • Recalculated accessibility scores
  • Used VMT model to estimate rates for each

place type

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How do We Make Best Use of these Tools and Concepts?

Discussion

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Prime Areas for Application

Planning – Engage more stakeholders in the planning process – Educate the public, elected officials, and transportation officials on multimodal transportation issues and tradeoffs – Get new planning tools in the hands of local jurisdictions where land use decisions are made to foster better land use plans and projects; support with technical assistance Project and Policy Support: – Developing guidelines and incentives for sustainable places and projects – Substantiate requiring transit projects to demonstrate adequate attention to supportive land use and walkable access – Sharper policies on connected streets and bicycle/pedestrian networks – Transit first mile/last mile requirements, coordination with shared mobility – Healthy communities, affordable housing, equitable access to jobs & services

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Thank You!