[PPT] - The future for Electric Assist, cargo bike classification, DIN PowerPoint Presentation

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TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50

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Eric Gross

Technical University Hamburg Institute for Reliability Engeneering e.gross@tuhh.de http://www.tuhh.de/mec

The future for Electric Assist, cargo bike classification, DIN standards and work safety

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TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50

Monday 20 March 2017

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Introduction
The new German Standard DIN 79010
Scope
New things to be taken into account!
Cargo bikes as a workplace – Human Vibration
Hand-transmitted Vibration
Whole-body Vibration
Summary / Discussion

Contents

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Source: www.nutzrad.de

Introduction

HUGE

number of variants

n the market …..

„Nutzradkatalog“

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DIN 79010 Cycles - Transport and cargo bicycles - Part 1: General requirements and test methods

1 Scope This standard lays down general requirements and test methods for single-lane transport bikes with a maximum width of 1 m and a maximum permissible weight of 250 kg, also with electrically power assistance (with a maximum rated power of 250 W and a speed of 25 km/h) for the transport of goods and persons. This standard also lays down general requirements and test methods for multi-lane transport and cargo bicycles with a maximum width of 2 m and a maximum permissible weight of 300 kg, also with electrically power assistance (with a maximum rated power of 250 W and a speed of 25 km/h) for the transport of goods and persons. NOTE Transport and load bicycles with a maximum permissible weight of more than 300 kg are difficult for the user to handle and reach the limits of physical performance. It does not apply to bicycles according to DIN EN ISO 4210, DIN EN ISO 8098 (children's bicycles), DIN EN 16054 (BMX-Bicycles) and DIN EN 15194 (EPAC bicycles).

Source: DIN 79010

DIN 79010

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Bild 5 / 20 Category Category name Common classification criteria L1e Light two-wheel powered vehicle … (8) maximum mass = technically permissible mass declared by the manufacturer Sub-categories Subcategory name Supplemental sub-classification criteria L1e-A Powered cycle (9) cycles designed to pedal equipped with an auxiliary propulsion with the primary aim to aid pedalling and (10) output of auxiliary propulsion is cut off at a vehicle speed ≤ 25 km/h and (11) maximum continuous rated or net power (1) ≤ 1 000 W and (12) a powered three- or four-wheel cycle complying with supplemental specific sub-classification criteria (9) to (11) is classified as being technically equivalent to a two-wheel L1e-A vehicle.

And if electrically power assisted and beyond the EPAC classification?

REGULATION (EU) No 168/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

f 15 January 2013
n the approval and market surveillance of two- or three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles

DIN 79010

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DIN 79010

Steering systems Cargo Bikes

Driving direction

Classification for Requirements and Tests

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DIN 79010 Cycles – Service loads have to be obtained to define Test Forces

DIN 79010

Strain gauge application Calibration Vehicle Field Data Collection Definition of static and dynamic Tests

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TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50

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DIN 79010

Load Data for Test Definition – and more things to be taken into account …. Service loads: Loads during normal use of the Cycle on typical tracks in combination with

btaining environmental conditions.

Special events: Events with a low number of appearances that are part of the normal use and in general can not be affected by the rider.

Three-wheeled cargo bike with max. total permissible weight of 300 kg

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DIN 79010

Load Data for Test Definition Service loads: Loads during normal use of the Cycle on typical tracks in combination with

btaining environmental conditions.

Special events: Events with a low number of appearances that are part of the normal use and in general can not be affected by the rider. DIN 79010 Cycles – Three wheeled Cargo Bikes – Safety requirement “no tipping over”

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TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50

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DIN 79010

Load Data for Test Definition Service loads: Loads during normal use of the Cycle on typical tracks in combination with

btaining environmental conditions.

Special events: Events with a low number of appearances that are part of the normal use and in general can not be affected by the rider. DIN 79010 Cycles – Three wheeled Cargo Bikes – Safety requirement “no tipping over” All multi-lane Cargo Bikes – Parking on the slope (park brake, tilt resistance) …

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Work Safety

Under the German Occupational Health and Safety (Arbeitsschutzgesetz), the employer is obliged to assess the working conditions of the employees and to set appropriate operating times and conditions with the vibration emission data specified by the manufacturers. At present, however, there are no specific measurement regulations (eg in type C Standards) applicable to EPACs for determining hand-arm and whole-body vibrations. In the project "Vibrations at Cargo EPACs", experts are working together to determine whether the vibrations that occur due to the use of the Cargo bikes are a health hazard. For this purpose, a measuring method is developed and tested in

rder to be able to determine and evaluate representative loads by hand-arm and

whole-body vibrations when using these vehicles.

Human Vibration

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Workplace Vibration

Basis for all later Standards: VDI-Guideline 2057 (since 1963) -> ISO 2631 (since 1974) DIN EN ISO 5349-1 and 5349-2: Mechanical vibration – Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration DIN EN 1032 : Mechanical vibration – Testing of mobile machinery in order to determine the vibration emission value

Source: DIN EN ISO 5349 Source: DIN EN 1032

Human Vibration

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Round-Robin Test under the direction of LIA.nrw

In such mobile machines, in which the vibrations are mainly caused by the irregularities of the ground, the vibrations can be measured at the workplace of the operator, while the machine travels over a detailed test track. (...)

Mechanical vibration – Testing of mobile machinery in order to determine the vibration emission value; EN 1032 Appendix E (informative)

The procedure comprises the following steps:

Determining the type of test track surface,
Developing a combination of surface roughness and traveling speed which produces

such vibrations which correspond to the highest vibration values during the driving of the machine in typical use.

Human Vibration

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Positioning of Sensors

Hand-transmitted Vibration Accelerometer (Triax) Whole-body-Vibration Accelerometer (Triax)

Human Vibration

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▪ Asphalt road ▪ Gravel road ▪ Paving stones ▪ Coblestone

Road surfaces: “Driving of the machine in typical use” Human Vibration

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Human Vibration

Different loading conditions according to the manufacturer´s instruction Different Roads Different speeds Different Drivers

eg

Driver 1: 74 kg Driver 2: 93 kg

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T i m e r e s p

n

s e

1

. 1 1 .

5

. . 5 . . 1 6 . 5 . 1 . Z e i t 1 Z + 2 : 1 Z + 1 T i m e r e s p

n

s e

6

. 6 .

4

. . 4 . . 1 6 . 5 . 1 . Z e i t 1 Y + 3 : 1 Y + 1 T i m e r e s p

n

s e

1

3 . 1 3 .

1

. . 1 . . 1 6 . 5 . 1 . Z e i t 1 X + 4 : 1 X + 1 T i m e r e s p

n

s e . 3 . 1 . 2 . . 1 6 . 5 . 1 . Z e i t 3 X + 8 : 3 X + 1

Recording of time histories of Acceleration and Vehicle Speed Measurement and Evaluation over a period of at least 180 sec.

min. 180 sec.

Human Vibration

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Analysis: Measured Acceleration:

Spectral analysis (Fourier-Transformation) of time history data
Consideration of Frequency weighting curves in frequency domain
Evaluation of total RMS

A u t

s

p e c t r u m 1 . E

3

1 . E + 1 . E

2

1 . E

1

4 1 1 1 F r e q u e n c y ( H z ) T

t

a l R M S = 2 . 2 6 5 1 3 : 1 Z + 1 Z + 3 L e n k e r Z h F a h r e r 1 K T M S c h

t

t e r 1 5 k m / h l e e r 1 . 3 2 7 1 4 : 1 Y + 1 Y + 3 L e n k e r Y h K T M S c h

t

t e r 1 5 k m / h l e e r 2 . 4 6 9 1 5 : 1 X + 1 X + 3 L e n k e r X h K T M S c h

t

t e r 1 5 k m / h l e e r

Human Vibration

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Effektivwerte der frequenzbewerteten Beschleunigung (RMS) in m/s² KTM Asphalt 15 km/h 20 km/h leer leer 15 kg vorn 35 kg hinten 50 kg leer leer 15 kg vorn 35 kg hinten 50 kg Lenker X 1,318 0,897 0,636 0,883 0,631 1,339 0,974 0,747 0,992 0,779 Lenker Y 0,704 0,420 0,416 0,503 0,389 0,667 0,642 0,488 0,611 0,431 Lenker Z 0,906 0,941 0,709 0,615 0,636 1,309 1,136 0,888 0,746 0,757 Sattel X 0,255 0,191 0,199 0,187 0,160 0,294 0,255 0,213 0,172 0,191 Sattel Y 0,261 0,305 0,249 0,153 0,158 0,537 0,204 0,183 0,113 0,135 Sattel Z 0,537 0,503 0,554 0,604 0,507 0,769 0,719 0,754 0,815 0,846 KTM Kopfstein 15 km/h 20 km/h leer leer 15 kg vorn 35 kg hinten 50 kg leer leer 15 kg vorn 35 kg hinten 50 kg Lenker X 5,521 6,129 3,876 5,283 3,736 6,883 7,096 4,432 6,669 4,273 Lenker Y 3,147 2,836 2,439 2,933 2,419 3,902 3,185 2,960 3,631 2,919 Lenker Z 6,886 6,857 3,986 4,930 3,021 8,228 8,016 5,018 6,123 3,896 Sattel X 0,969 0,931 0,791 0,636 0,601 1,229 1,096 0,940 0,841 0,723 Sattel Y 0,282 0,566 0,589 0,208 0,309 0,383 0,606 0,640 0,354 0,402 Sattel Z 3,521 3,076 3,066 2,944 2,663 4,640 3,767 3,688 3,717 3,136

Comparison of the Results of all Project Partners summarized in Tables

▪ Hand-Arm Vibration ➢ RMS-value of frequency weighted acceleration of all measurements in all three axes: ahwx , ahwy , ahwz ▪ Whole-body Vibration ➢ RMS-value of frequency weighted acceleration of all measurements in all three axes : awx , awy , awz

Human Vibration

Asphalt Coblestone

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The future for Electric Assist, cargo bike classification, DIN standards and work safety Summary

▪ The transport of larger loads is only made possible by the electrical power assist of cargo bikes ▪ Cargo bikes that conform with EPAC regulation (250 W, cut-off speed 25 km/h) have numerous advantages:

Cycleways can be used
No driving license and insurance is required
Wearing a helmet is voluntary

▪ A DIN standard for cargo bikes is developed for proof of compliance with safety requirements ▪ Due to the future increasing importance of commercial use of cargo bikes, work safety measures should be formulated in particular with regard to vibrations