The concentration of personal wealth in Italy 1995-2013 Paolo - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli 15 Dec 2017 The concentration of personal wealth in Italy 1995-2013 Paolo Acciari (MEF, Italy) Facundo Alvaredo (PSE & Conicet) Salvatore Morelli (GC-CUNY & Stone Center on Socio-Economic
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
1995-2013 Paolo Acciari (MEF, Italy) Facundo Alvaredo (PSE & Conicet) Salvatore Morelli (GC-CUNY & Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality)
First WID.world conference Paris School of Economics (PSE) Paris – 14/15 Dec 2017
December 15, 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
Net personal wealth (per-adult). Source: Elaborations on data from Bank of Italy, ISTAT, and WID.world
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
◮ We use confidential inheritance tax register data and the “mortality
multiplier” method to study the concentration of current marketable wealth (sum of financial & real assets net of liabilities): only source of information alternative to the Bank of Italy household survey on income and wealth (e.g. no tax on wealth and no full taxation of capital income at the individual level).
◮ Household surveys are typically less suited to study the high-end
wealth groups due to under-sampling of wealthy households and to differential under-reporting and non-response rates. (Vermeulen 2015)
◮ First systematic empirical application to the Italian data (see also
Gabbuti 2017 for application to historical aggregate data 1890-1914)
◮ Caveat: Results are still preliminary (especially for 2001-2006 period)
and may be subject to revisions.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
Note: in 2014 the no-filing threshold was raised to 100 thousand Euros.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
Note: Rules also apply to donations and inter-vivos gifts
Inheritance tax revenue Inheritance tax incidence by W ranges
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 % of Total Personal Wealth 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 % of Total Personal Wealth 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Top 1% trend Bottom 90% (right axis) trend
Top1% and Bottom 90% in Italy : 1995 -2013
comparison with Top1 % gross income Wealth threshold - P99 and P99.9 Full
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 % of National Personal Wealth 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 year Internal total Brandolini (2014) SHIW (Equal split adults \& no durables)
Wealth Concentration - Top1% in Italy : 1995 -2013
Source: Brandolini (2014) from household survey (SHIW): net equivalent wealth. Note: External totals refer to the total personal wealth from the NA and the total adult population (20+) from ISTAT.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 % of National Personal Wealth 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Italy France US UK
Sources: WID.world - Alvaredo, Atkinson, and Morelli (2016) for the UK; Saez and Zucman (2016) for the US; Garbinti, Goupille-Lepret, and Piketty (2016) for France.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
Wealth inequality or wealth accumulation over the life-cycle? Substantial heterogeneity of mean wealth across age groups...
50 100 150 200 250 Mean gross wealth - Thousands Euro under20 20-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 above80 Age 1995 2007 2013
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
... But net wealth is unequally distributed within all age groups!
100 . 285 . . 355 .
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 Thousands 2010 Euros under20 20-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 above80 p1-p99 range average net wealth zero threshold
Upper Lorenz curves by age groups
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
...and very wealthy individuals are not overwhelmingly ‘old’. Bequests and inter-vivos gifts can explain very wealthy children.
5 10 15 Share of Wealth holders - percent
Age groups All population Top 10% group Top 1% group
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
From the decedent wealth holders to the living wealth holders. Challenge: death does not ”sample” individuals randomly.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
From the decedent wealth holders to the living wealth holders. Challenge: death does not ”sample” individuals randomly. Solution: mortality multipliers.
Adult population coverage Population coverage by Age groups Relative age distribution: full vs. identified population
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Percent 20 30 40 50 Million - number of people 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Identified population Actual population (20+) Percentage coverage (right axis)
Source: ISTAT, total population. Estimating wealth of the missing population (approx 200-300 bln Euros in 2013): Average wealth and liabilities of heads and spouses in renter households also imputed to adults that are neither heads of household or spouses/partners.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
Sources: Financial Accounts (Bank of Italy)
◮ 100% of Pension funds, life insurances and TFR ◮ 90% of cash and coins (100% in 2001-2006) ◮ 50% of Government bonds -not taxed, but have to be reported-(100% in 2001-2006)
Imputed to the population using the inheritance tax returns distribution of business, stocks, and bonds.
Distribution of business/financial assets
◮ Difference between mortgages and insurance technical reserves liabilities and the total
identified liabilities. Imputed to the population according to the distribution of liabilities observed in the inheritance records.
Distribution of liabilities Imputed wealth and liabilities
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
Cadastral rents/values are lying well below market values, so a correction has been introduced
◮ For years 2009-2013 we used the ratio between market values of
property held by physical persons recorded by the Revenue Agency/Nomisma in the “Osservatorio del Mercato Immobiliare” and the corresponding cadastral values, in years 2009-2013. (source: “Gli immobili in Italia” )
◮ For years 1995 to 2008 we recovered the “market values/cadastral
values” ratio using BIS direct estimates of nominal growth rate of house prices and the yearly variation of average cadastral values (between 2007 and 2013, the longest time series available for cadastral values).
◮ We have also taken into account the legislative changes that have
affected the cadastral rent multiplier (to obtain the cadastral value) Caveat: aggregate correction factor across cadastral category and geographical location
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 Billions 2014 Euros 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year inheritance records NA
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Billions 2014 Euros 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year inheritance tax records NA unadjusted inheritance tax records
Total personal net wealth
Adjustements: Partial unaccounted liabilities and financial wealth imputed to the population. Allowance for the wealth of the missing population is also taken into account.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 % of Total Personal Wealth 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year DINA Internal total
Wealth Concentration - Top1% in Italy : 1995 -2013
DINA adjustments: unaccounted liabilities, financial, real, and other missing assets imputed to the population. Allowance for the wealth of the missing population is also taken into account.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 % of National Personal Wealth 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Italy France US UK
Sources: WID.world - Alvaredo, Atkinson, and Morelli (2016) for the UK; Saez and Zucman (2016) for the US; Garbinti, Goupille-Lepret, and Piketty (2016) for France.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
◮ The group of the richest half million individuals (1%) in Italy controls
between a fifth and a forth of total personal wealth. Wealth concentration has moderately increased since mid 1990s.
◮ Concentration is substantially higher than what found using the
household survey.
◮ Personal net wealth is much more concentrated than gross income. ◮ Similar results in other European countries. ◮ The concentration of personal net wealth is similar across all age
groups suggesting that inheritance may play a strong role. Other results not shown
◮ Macro-regional wealth concentration series suggest heterogeneity of
levels and trends.
◮ Inclusion of undeclared off-shore wealth
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
◮ The novel investigation of inheritance tax data provides fruitful
complementary information to official household survey data to shed light on the concentration of personal wealth in Italy. (Important as every source is open to challenge and a multi-sources approach is essential)
◮ PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES
Future steps (in progress)
◮ The Italian inheritance tax data in conjunction with regional NA and
FA, allow the application of DINA method at the regional and macro regional level.
◮ Growth Incidence Curves across the distribution. ◮ The application of new mortality coefficients based on education level
(ISTAT)
◮ Elaboration of the additional available evidence on wealthy individuals
through the Forbes Rich list.
◮ More evidence is needed on the relevance of inter-vivos gifts and
inheritance for the accumulation of great fortunes
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
10 30 50 70 share of total gross wealth - percent 0k-50k 50k-100k 150k-300k 400k-700k 800k-1m 1.5m-5m >6m Net wealth range - Euros Financial assets + Business Housing + land Liabilities Deposits + Other
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
Wealth is unequally distributed in all age groups to a very similar degree. Wealth concentration cannot be explained purely by life-cycle accumulation.
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 cumSumW 95 96 97 98 99 100 Net estate range 20-40 50-60 70-80 above 80 all ages
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 % of Total Personal Wealth 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Net wealth Gross income
Wealth and Income Concentration - Top1% in Italy
Source: Top income share from Alvaredo & Pisano (2010)
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
.05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 Share of total tax revenue - percent 200 400 600 800 Millions 2010 Euro 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Inheritance tax revenue % of total tax revenue (right axis)
Note: Total tax revenue derived from the EU-Commission publication ”Taxation trends”.
Tax incidence and coverage go back
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
.25 .5 .75 1 1.25 1.5 Share of total estate value - percent 2 4 6 8 10 Share of total number of estates - percent 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Estates paying taxes (%) Tax incidence (right axis)
Tax Coverage by Wealth range Tax Incidence by Wealth range go back
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Tax-paying estates - percent <0 1-20,000 21,000-50,000 51,000-150,000 151,000-300,000 301,000-700,000 701,000-1mln 1mln-2.5mln 2.5mln-6mln 6mln-10mln above 10mln Wealth groups 1995-1999 2000 2007-2013
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tax burden - percent of net estate <0 1-20,000 21,000-50,000 51,000-150,000 151,000-300,000 301,000-700,000 701,000-1mln 1mln-2.5mln 2.5mln-6mln 6mln-10mln above 10mln Wealth groups 1995-1999 2000 2007-2013
go back — Tax incidence further variability
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
5 10 15 20 Tax burden - percent of net estate <0 1-20,000 21,000-50,000 51,000-150,000 151,000-300,000 301,000-700,000 701,000-1mln 1mln-2.5mln 2.5mln-6mln 6mln-10mln above 10mln Wealth groups 1995-1999: p5-p95 range 1995-1999: mean
(a) 1995-1999
5 10 15 20 Tax burden - percent of net estate <0 1-20,000 21,000-50,000 51,000-150,000 151,000-300,000 301,000-700,000 701,000-1mln 1mln-2.5mln 2.5mln-6mln 6mln-10mln above 10mln Wealth groups 2007-2013: p5-p95 range 2007-2013: mean
(b) 2007-2013 Note: heterogeneity across years, original disaggregated wealth ranges, macro areas, gender, and age groups
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
5000 10000 15000 20000 Thousands - number of people under20 20-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 above80 Age Identified population Actual population Heads/partners (w. housing)
Source: ISTAT, population by age groups. Bank of Italy Survey of Household Income and Wealth, population of adult heads and partners living in households owning a property by age groups.
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
10 20 30 Percent under20 20-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 above80 Age Identified population Actual population
Source: ISTAT, population by age groups.
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
5 10 15 20 25 share of total - per cent <0 1k-10k 20k-100k 150k-300k 400k-700k 800k-1m 1.5m-5m >6m Net estate range 1995 2013
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
5 10 15 20 25 share of total - per cent <0 1k-10k 20k-100k 150k-300k 400k-700k 800k-1m 1.5m-5m >6m Net estate range 1995 2013
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
200 400 600 800 1000 Billions 2014 Euros 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year Missing wealth Missing liabilities Wealth of the missing population
Missing imputed wealth
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000 6000000 7000000 8000000 Threshold - 2014 Euros 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Top 1% Top 0.1%
Wealth Threshold - Top1% in Italy : 1995 -2013
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 % of Total Personal Wealth 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Top 1% Bottom 90% Top 10 - Top 1%
Wealth Concentration in Italy : 1995 -2013
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 % of National Personal Wealth 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Italy North Center South
Top1% in Italy and Macro areas: 1995-2013 Sources: wealth totals reconstructed from Albareto et al. (2008) up to 2005; then linked to Bank of Italy Regional Economies, Annual reports 2016 thereafter.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 % of Total Personal Wealth 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year Top 1% Top 1% (+ offshore wealth)
Including wealth in off-shore accounts Total off-shore wealth = 2% of personal net wealth in 2007 (allocated within the top 1% group) Source: Data on off-shore wealth based on Alstadsæter, Johannesen, and Zucman (2017). Evolution since 1995 assumed in line with changes in overall European off-shore wealth.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 % of Total Personal Wealth 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 year Internal Total Bank of Italy - SHIW SHIW - NA Adjusted
Wealth Concentration - Top1% in Italy : 1995 -2013
Source: data from Blanchet(2016)
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The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 Billions 2014 Euros 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year inheritance records NA SHIW
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Billions 2014 Euros 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year inheritance records NA SHIW
(c) North
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Billions 2014 Euros 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year inheritance records NA SHIW
(d) Center
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Billions 2014 Euros 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year inheritance records NA SHIW
(e) South
Albareto et al. (2008) up to 2005; Bank of Italy Regional Economies, Annual reports 2016 thereafter.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Billions 2014 Euros 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year inheritance tax records NA SHIW
Total personal net wealth
Adjustements: Partial unaccounted liabilities and financial wealth imputed to the population. Allowance for the wealth of the missing population is also taken into account.
The Graduate Center - CUNY Salvatore Morelli – 15 Dec 2017
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