[PPT] - The Case for Viral Broadband Decentralizing broadband Internet PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

The Case for Viral Broadband Decentralizing broadband Internet access Dimitris Vyzovitis

vyzo@media.mit.edu

Viral Communications, MIT Media Laboratory Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 2

Outline

Background and Context
Broadband Access and Peer-to-Peer Systems
Pricing Broadband
Viral Broadband

Dimitris Vyzovitis 2 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 3

Background Past research in Viral Communications Group: decentralize content distribution

Collaborative content distribution protocols

multicast, stream aggregation, localized distribution

DiVA: Distributed Video Architecture

tuner and disk space sharing

Dimitris Vyzovitis 3 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 4

Collaborative Content Distribution

N3 N2 N1 N4 N5 N6 L2 L1 L3 L4 R1 R2 R3 R4 Router Local Network Node Data Flow

Dimitris Vyzovitis 4 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 5

Context Viral Broadband decentralizes broadband access.

Base technology is already there (WiFi)
Grass-roots (Roofnet etc) and city-wide (Philadelphia etc) projects, commercial
ffers (Nortel etc) with viral characteristics.

Impetus

Solve the asymmetry problem.
Enable real-time programming.
Provide better and cheaper service for end users by leveraging wired broadband

infrastructure.

Dimitris Vyzovitis 5 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 6

Context (contd) From decentralization to innovation: allow ideas to evolve, centralize and legitimize.

Client-server Internet: web, online banking, etc.
Online content distribution: file sharing → iTunes, Raphsody.
Peer-to-peer realtime communication: Skype
Other industries: video, telephony, airline pricing systems, variable tolls, etc.

Dimitris Vyzovitis 6 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 7

The State of Broadband Broadband Network A network in which the bandwidth can be divided and

shared by multiple simultaneous signals (as for voice or data or video) [Wordnet]

State of affairs

Basic Internet service
Asymmetric access
Flat rate pricing

What’s coming

Multiple priorities, integrated services
Usage-based pricing

Dimitris Vyzovitis 7 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 8

Network Asymmetry Upstream capacity 4-10 times less than downstream. Ok for client- server computing, but not ok for peer-to-peer applications.

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Service cost (USD, monthly) Upstream capacity (Kbps) residential business

Upstream capacity cost. Source: sample prices from leading ISPs

Dimitris Vyzovitis 8 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 9

Growth of Broadband: Global Exponential increase since 1999 to 70 million worldwide in 2002

Source: ITU

Dimitris Vyzovitis 9 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 10

Growth of Broadband: U.S. Market penetration over 50% in September 2004

Source: Bandwidth Report

Dimitris Vyzovitis 10 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 11

Peer-to-peer Systems and Broadband Peer-to-peer systems is a killer application for broadband.

2001:

30 million Napster users, 40 million broadband users worldwide.

Now: peer-to-peer is the single larger consumer of data in ISP’s

networks.

Flat rate pricing: no actual cost, users encouraged to file share.
Usage-based pricing: resource sharing is problematic.
Network asymmetry: symmetric high bandwidth applications and

real-time programming are problematic.

Dimitris Vyzovitis 11 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 12

Peer-to-peer Traffic CacheLogic analysis of tier-1 and tier-2 ISPs traffic: Over 80% in last mile.

Source: CacheLogic

Dimitris Vyzovitis 12 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 13

Pricing Broadband Layered pricing model (Stiller et al):

Content Pricing Access Pricing Usage-based Pricing Connection Pricing Transport Related Price

Dimitris Vyzovitis 13 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 14

Pricing Broadband: Usage Constraining Pricing Constraining resource usage: bit counting charges with volume caps. c = caccess +

i

(cservice,i + cexcess,i · (bi − Ui) · u(bi − Ui)) + ccontent caccess fixed network access cost cservice,i ith service fixed cost cexcess,i ith service excess cost bi ith service bit count Ui ith service bit cap u(·) unit step function ccontent end-to-end content cost

Dimitris Vyzovitis 14 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 15

Pricing Broadband: Illustration Plot of c for a single service

Volume Cost caccess cservice + U c

excess

Dimitris Vyzovitis 15 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 16

Viral Broadband Architecture Elements of architecture

Wireless ad-hoc network, static end user nodes provide infrastructure. Extant

architecture: wireless mesh networks.

A subset of end users provide Internet access via direct ISP connection.
Peer-to-peer interactions.
Turn WiFi inside-out.

Modest extrinsic requirements

Base technology already there: WiFi.
Reasonable ISPs: open network access.
Reasonable regulation: open spectrum.

Dimitris Vyzovitis 16 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 17

Wireless Mesh Networks: ISP-centric

User Node Transit Access Point Gateway Internet A T

3

T

1

T

2

TAP-based mesh (Nortel etc)

Dimitris Vyzovitis 17 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 18

Wireless Mesh Networks: Community-based

User Node User Gateway Node Gateway Internet A

1

A

2

A

3

MIT Roofnet

Dimitris Vyzovitis 18 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 19

Pure Viral Broadband Architecture

User Node User Gateway Node Internet A A

2

A

3

A

1

A

4

A

5

Dimitris Vyzovitis 19 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 20

Mixed Viral Broadband Architecture

User Node User Gateway Node Internet A

1

A

2

A

3

A

1

A

4

A

5

ISP Gateway ISP Transit Access Point A

6

T

1

T

2

Dimitris Vyzovitis 20 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 21

Parasitic Peer-to-peer Content Distribution

User Node User Gateway Node A Internet B C User Content Cache

Dimitris Vyzovitis 21 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 22

Economics of Viral Broadband Observations

Higher capacity for users by aggregation.
“Symmetric”, peer-to-peer access.
Some users incur actual cost.

Compensation by cost distribution among users according to fair share

f resources!

Dimitris Vyzovitis 22 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 23

Economics of Viral Broadband (contd) Amortized access cost c∗

access =

Ai∈A caccess,i

n Per-user viral network overhead ∆c = cexcess · ((bV + b − U) · u(bV + b − U) − (b − U) · u(b − U)) User share ∆c∗

i =

bi ·

Aj∈A ∆cj

B

n number of users A subset of users with direct access bV viral network excess bit count bi ith user excess bit count B global viral network excess bit count

Dimitris Vyzovitis 23 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 24

Benefits

End users: symmetric access, better service, better prices.
Base technology providers: economies of scale.
Service providers: accounting, cost distribution.
Content providers: efficient peer-to-peer content distribution.
Entrepreneurs: innovation at the edge, application opportunities.

Dimitris Vyzovitis 24 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 25

Challenges

Fair share cost distribution:

accounting, payments, efficient implementation.

Routing: multi-gateway.
Transport: multi-path.
Multicast.

Dimitris Vyzovitis 25 Viral Communications Workshop, October 20, 2004

SLIDE 26