THE APPLICATIONS OF THE APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE JET PUMP TECHNOLOGY - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

THE APPLICATIONS OF THE APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE JET PUMP TECHNOLOGY TO INCREASE OIL & GAS PRODUCTION D N j B C lt

• Dr. Najam Beg, Caltec

www.caltec.com

Contents

• 1. Jet pump principle of operation
• 2. Design and performance of jet pumps

g p j p p

• 3. Gas production applications with filed examples

– Production boosting – LP back out – De‐bottlenecking compressors – De‐liquification wells De liquification wells – Flare gas

• 4. Oil production applications with field examples
• 5. How to identify jet pump applications
• 6. Some other points
• 7. Closing remarks

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Jet Pump / Eductor/ Ejector

HP source

• HP wells
• HP gas from process system

C l d

• Compressor re‐cycled gas
• HP oil / water (injection water)

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Jet Pump Flow Dynamics

HP Discharge

Nozzle Mixing tube Diffuser

1 3 4 5 6 7 2 8

LP

HP Flow LP Flow Combined Flow

• city

Velo sure Press

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1 4 P2 P1 2 3 5 6 Deck level 6 GAS 7 8 9 GAS OIL WATER WATER

Oil and Gas Production Flow Path

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Jet Pump Applications

Jet Pump Low Pressure ( ) S High Pressure (HP) Stream Discharge Stream

Typical jet pump

(LP) Stream Jet Pump High Pressure (HP) Stream Discharge Stream

Jet pump for just pressure boosting

Low Pressure (LP) Stream Jet Pump Low Pressure High Pressure (HP) Stream Discharge Stream

Jet pump for just backpressure lowering

(LP) Stream Jet Pump High Pressure (HP) Stream Discharge Stream Low Pressure (LP) Stream ( )

Jet pump for backpressure lowering and pressure boosting

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Jet Pump Performance Curves

Pressure Flowrate e Flowrate sure Pressure Flowrate Pressure Press Flowrate

Low Pressure (LP) Discharge

e Flowrate

( )

Pressure Flowrate Pressure Flowrate Pressure

High Pressure (HP)

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Key Factors For Performance

5

COMMERCIAL-IN-CONFIDENCE

4.5 PR=2 PR=3 PR=5 PR=7

Gas Jet Pump/Ejector Performance Curves

• HP/LP pressure ratio

3.5 4

ssure Ratio

PR 7 PR=10 PR=15 PR=20 HP to LP Pressure Ratios Curves

• LP/HP flow ratio
• Discharge/LP pressure ratio

Oth F t

2 5 3

arge to LP Pres

Other Factors;

• Temperature, Z factor,

Molecular weight, Cp/Cv ratio t

2 2.5

Discha

etc.

1 1.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

LP to HP Mass Flow Ratio www.caltec.com

Jet Pump HP Nozzles Performances

110

Jet Pump HP Nozzles Performances

100 110

Nozzle # 1 Design conditions HP Pressure = 84 barg HP Fl t 35MM fd & 53 bbl/d

90 ure (barg)

HP Flow rate = 35MMscfd & 53 bbl/d

70 80 HP Press 60

Nozzle # 2 Design conditions HP Pressure = 62 barg HP Flow rate = 33MMscfd & 45 bbl/d

50 20 25 30 35 40 45 HP Gas Flowrate (MMscfd)

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Jet Pump Performance

11 12

Jet Pump Performance

LP pressures vs. LP intake flowrates at three HP pressures

9 10 11 Jet Pump Required Discharge Pressure = 11.5 barg 7 8 essure (barg) Maximum flow through jet pump before choking 4 5 6 Inlet LP pre Jet Pump design point :

HP = 65.2 MMscfd @ 75barg

Operating curve 1 Operating curve 2

2 3 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

@ g LP = 25.5 MMscfd @ 4 barg Discharge = 11.5 barg

Operating curve 3

Inlet LP flowrate (MMscfd)

HP=65.2 MMscfd @ 75barg HP=57 MMscfd @ 65barg HP=70 MMscfd @ 80barg

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Production Characteristics of Wells : PI-Effect

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Universal Jet Pump/Eductor/Ejector

High Pressure Side (Removable HP Nozzle) Discharge Side (Removable Diffuser)

Patented Universal Design Ejector / Jet Pump

Diffuser Low Pressure Side Nozzle

Removable Nozzle Removable Mixing tube / Diffuser

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Nozzle Diffuser

Example layout

EXAMPLE JET PUMP LAYOUT

(TOP / PLAN VIEW) High Pressure (HP) Gas Jet Pump Discharge Line (TOP / PLAN VIEW) Jet pump orientation where LP comes from side Discharge Silencer LP Optional Acoustic LP Silencer EXAMPLE PROJECT NORTH jacket Low Pressure (LP)

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GAS PRODUCTION APPLICATIONS GAS PRODUCTION APPLICATIONS

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Gas Production Applications pp

• Boost LP gas pressure to a higher value
• Prevent flaring VLP gas
• Eliminate intermediate compressors

p

• De-bottleneck compressors
• Lower pipeline pressure in manifolded system
• Boost production from LP wells

Boost production from LP wells

• Well de-liquification
• Prevent LP wells backout
• Prevent HP gas wells imposing back pressure on LP wells
• Prevent HP gas wells imposing back pressure on LP wells
• Lower separator pressure to increase oil/gas production
• Pipeline liquid build up reduction

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SNS, Inde, UKCS

Solution: Solution: Used HP recycled gas to power jet pump, to draw-in low pressure Shell ll Benefits wells Benefits

• Used 68 MMscfd of gas from LP

Shell wells into the exiting

Export Davy Line Compressor

g facilities.

• Production increased by 25%

Jet Pump

Export Bessemer

Separator Line

• Increased intake capacity of

compressor

• De- bottlenecked exiting

Low Pressure Gas Wells

Dp

• De- bottlenecked exiting

compressor

Kilo Subsea Line

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Multi Awards winning solution

SNS, Platform, UK

Solution Using high pressure gas from the well to power the jet pump enabled to draw-in the backed-out low pressure wells Benefits p

• Backpressure on the LP wells reduced by 5

bar giving extra 22 MMscfd of gas (production increased by 110% ).

• Better use of already available energy with

minimum modification to the existing piping.

wnstream s/Pipelines

• Increased the producing life and stability of

the LP wells.

• Delivered the combined flow at the required

To Dow Process Gas Eductor

• n Platform

higher downstream pressure.

High Pressure Wells Low Pressure Wells (initially backedout) www.caltec.com

Chevron, USA (GOM)

Solution ; HP gas from the existing compressor Solution ; HP gas from the existing compressor

• n recycle used to power the jet pump

Benefits

• Lowered arrival pressure at the platform by 200

psi enabling loaded wells to produce consistently

• Higher gas velocities lowered liquids

Higher gas velocities, lowered liquids accumulated in the pipeline, causing a further 140psi drop at the wellhead %

• Production increased by 24% due to wellhead

pressure reduction and lower pipeline loss.

• 2.5 Bscf of otherwise lost reserves recovered.

Export 40MMSCFD 400 psig 200 psig 1250 i Sales

2.5 Bscf of otherwise lost reserves recovered.

• Flow delivered at higher pressure to compressor

suction increased compressor throughput.

Ejector 1250 psig Recycle gas process 7.4 MMSCFD 850 psig Sub sea manifold

GEMINI

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Offshore, Indonesia

Solution Used a jet pump and HP gas from a Used a jet pump and HP gas from a satellite to reduce the operating pressure of the Separator and increase

• il production from platform A

p p Benefits

JET GAS TO

• Good use of available wasted energy
• Lowered separator pressure by 105

JET PUMP HP GAS

LP GAS

GAS TO GATHERING STATION 7 miles Platform B

psi.

• Extra oil production of 400 bbl/d was

hi d ith dditi l i t d

LP GAS

OIL TO PUMPING

Separator

pipeline

achieved with additional associated gas

LP WELLS

SYSTEM Platform A

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Onshore, Holland

Solution Wellcom gas system. The high pressure gas well was used as motive flow to boost pressure p

• f gas from low pressure well.

Benefits

• Closed LP well is back in production which is

p now producing 140,000 Nm3/d using energy from HP well.

• Pressure boost of 130%
• The total production is going directly to HP

compression section, thus allowing the LP compressor to be switched off.

• Additional saving on the fuel gas of the LP

compressor.

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Dual Jet Pump Application

At Gathering Site

High Pressure (HP) Gas Stream cycle line

At Well Site

Existing Gas Jet Pump # 2 Discharge Silencer Discharge Silencer HP Gas Well Gas Jet P #1 LP Silencer Re-c

At Well Site

XX Km

LP Silencer Low Pressure (LP) Gas Stream Existing compressor Silencer Silencer Pump #1 LP Silencer

XX Km

LP Gas Well

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SNS, UK

Solution To cover a wide operating range of RS field, three jet pumps were used in parallel. Each jet pump could be switched on/off depending p p p g upon the demand. High pressure gas from the existing compressor was used to power these jet pumps

Benefits

• The jet pump could be operated between 9 MMscfd to

107 MMscfd thus handling LP flow variations.

High Pressure HP

107 MMscfd thus handling LP flow variations.

• Production increased up to 20% due to wellhead

pressure reduction on RS.

Flow From RS Low Pressure Wells Jet Pump 1 Jet Pump 2 High Pressure HP Discharge Silencer Anti-Surge Flow Control Valve

• On average backpressure reduction of 7 to 8 bar with

additional incremental flowrate of 6 to 8 MMscfd.

• Increased intake capacity of compressors

Low Pressure Wells (LP) Jet Pump 3 LP Silencer LP Flow By- Pass Line Sep & Slug Catcher RS Gas Scrubber and Compressor

• Debottlenecking exiting compression facilities
• Deliver the combined flow at higher pressure at the

compressor suction.

Sep & Slug Catcher Sep & Slug Catcher From ECA1 From ECA2

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Dutch Sector of North Sea

Solution Installed a Universal Gas Jet Pump (UJP) in the l li f th i ti C t l th

UJP

recycle line of the existing Compressor to lower the FWHP of the inlet wells whilst also boost FWHP pressure.

COMPRESSOR RECYCLE VALVE EXPOR T

Benefits

• Total gas production increased by 91MMscfd

JP’ h bl i t l ll d ti t b

• JP’s changeable internals allows production to be

maximised as wellhead pressures decline.

• Replaced requirement for compressor re-wheeling,

p q p g, saving capital and accelerating the benefit

• Requirement for 1st stage compressor was

eliminated saving the client £10m capital cost eliminated saving the client £10m capital cost

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SNS, UK

Solution

Remove the 1st stage compressor by Remove the 1 stage compressor by utilising the available energy from recycle gas from the HP compressor

Benefits

• Save fuel gas by removing LP

compressor

Export line

• Make use of available recycle gas
• Saving a compressor for use elsewhere

g p

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Offshore, Indonesia

To Pipelines 2nd Stage Gas Compressor

Solution: Using re‐cycle gas from compressor to de bottleneck 1st

LP Gas Wells Re-cycle Line 1st Stage Gas Compressor

Jet Pump 1

compressor to de‐bottleneck 1st stage compressor Benefits

Jet Pump 2

Benefits

• Gas from 3rd stage used to boost pressure of

some of the gas from 1st stage to that of 2nd stage

• System gas handling capacity increased
• System gas handling capacity increased
• Inlet pressure of 1st stage maintained
• Eliminated re‐wheeling the compressor

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Middle East : Compressor replacement

Solution ; Solution ;

High pressure gas from the 1st stage separator was used to power the jet pump

Benefits ;

• 2 MMscfd at 1bara captured , and

delivered at the suction pressure of 2nd stage compressor 2nd stage compressor.

• Used energy that is available

Installed jet pump after compressor removal Existing compressors

• 1st stage compressor was removed

from service. It simplified system

• peration & reduced maintenance

costs

1st 3rd 4th

Jet Pump

2nd Route 2nd

costs.

• Gas no longer burned to power this

compressor,

1st Stage 2nd Stage 3rd

stag e

4th Stage

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Well Revival on‐shore, Italy

Source of HP flow; HP gas well Source of HP flow; HP gas well Benefits; Gain in gas production by 23 000 sm3/d (0 812MMscfd)For 23,000 sm3/d (0.812MMscfd)For almost two years

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On-Shore, Alaska, USA

Solution Solution Used HP gas from long-string to off- load the well via surface jet pump Benefits

• Used available wasted energy to

load the well via surface jet pump

• ff-load the well.
• Total production from well jumped

t 7 MM fd f 2 5 MM fd

Gas Jet Pump HP Gas

to 7 MMscfd from 2.5 MMscfd. Production increased by 180%. Liquid loading cycle was reduced

p LP Wet gas HP Gas

• Liquid loading cycle was reduced,

hence more sustain production

• gain. Additional gas was produced

from casing

Dual Completion Wellhead

from casing.

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North Sea, UK

Solution Installed a Jet Pump (JP) using HP gas as motive force Installed a Jet Pump (JP) using HP gas as motive force from Export compressor at 150barg. Benefits

• Flaring from this source eliminated – 15mmscfd to zero
• Recovered gas boosted and exported also used as fuel
• Recovered gas boosted and exported also used as fuel

gas.

• Achieved both commercial and environmental objectives.

Jet Pump HP Gas

1st Stage

Export / Fuel Gas To flare

2nd / 3rd Stage

Wells

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Flare Gas Recovery with Liquid, Nigeria

Solution Using high pressure spare oil pump as the motive source for

B fit

the jet pump to draw in the low pressure flare gas

Benefits

• Flare gas pressure is boosted by 4 bar.

Using 17 000 b/d of oil / water at 60 bar Using 17,000 b/d of oil / water at 60 bar

• No flaring

High Pressure Liquid

Jet Pump

Intermediate

• Recovered 0.7 MMscfd of flare gas
• Use existing spare oil and water pumps.

x stage

Low Pressure Wells

Flare LP Gas

Pressure

• The total production delivered at the

separator inlet pressure.

g Separator

Oil To Process System Or Pumping System

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Hi h P (HP)

Extra Production gain with Wellcom System and Gaslift

Wellcom System

High Pressure (HP) source [Gas or liquid} Gaslift injection system Well production S f Wellhead To downstream process Surface Production via Tubing Well

l Flowrate

Wellcom system & Gaslift injection Additional production Lift gas

Produced Oil

Gaslift injection

P Gaslift Injection Flowrate

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Offshore Malaysia :

Prevent New HP Well Restricting Production From LP Wells + Well Revival Prevent New HP Well Restricting Production From LP Wells + Well Revival

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Well Revival Using Test Separator

Well Revival Gas Jet Pump

HP Gas

Well Revival Liquid Jet Pump

HP Liquid LP Wells Test Header

M Gas

Production Header

Test Separator

M

Liquid

REVIV AL APPLIES TO BOTH GAS AND OIL WELLS S O O G S O S

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OIL PRODUCTION APPLICATIONS

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EFFECT OF LIQUIDS PRESENT IN LP GAS

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Actual Field Performance of Multiphase Jet Pump

GVF OF THE LP FLOW GVF OF THE LP FLOW N=(DP-LP)/ (HP-DP)

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WELLCOM SYSTEM

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On-Shore, Italy

Solution Using high pressure oil well and oil pump as the motive source for the Wellcom multiphase system the backpressure on the low pressures oil wells was reduced. Benefits

• A massive backpressure reduction on

the well of up to 11 bar was achieved. the well of up to 11 bar was achieved.

• Simple to operate with no rotating

parts

• Net extra oil gain of 350 bbl/d with

additional 1.5 MMscfd of gas was achieved.

• The total production was delivered at

the export pipeline pressure of 55 barg

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barg.

Multi Awards winning solution

Off-Shore, Malaysia

Wellcom oil system ; multiphase HP wells were used to bring in closed low pressure il ll

Jet Pump

• il wells.

Benefits

I-SEP p

• Used available energy from HP well
• 20% pressure boost for LP wells.

TO PROCESS JET PUMP FROM HP WELL GAS

• Increased production by over 35%

( 150 b/d )

I-SEP

SYSTEM JET PUMP

COMMINGLER

LIQUID

( 150 b/d )

• Improved flow regime in well bore,

stabilising production.

FROM LP WELL

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Record of flowing bottomhole pressure before and after installing the jet pump system and after installing the jet pump system

1200 1050 1100 1150

Flowing bottomhole pressure (FBHP) Dp at wellhead=17.4 psi

900 950 1000 1050 800 850 900

 FBHP Dp =140 psi

700 750 6:0… 6:5… 7:5… 8:5… 9:4… 0:4… 1:4… 2:3… 3:3… 4:3… 5:3… 6:2… 7:2… 8:2… 9:1… 0:1… 1:1… 2:0… 3:0… 0:2… 1:1… 2:1… 3:1… 4:0… 5:0… 6:0… 7:0… 7:5…

FBHP Dp 140 psi

06 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 07

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Multiphase Boosting: Malaysia

Solution

Gas Jet Pump Optional

By borrowing some of the available high pressure export gas as the motive source for the Wellcom multiphase system, the backpressure on the low pressure oil wells was reduced and the discharge pressure increased.

Gas Jet Pump Commingler LP Gas LP Separation Gas Compressor HP Gas To Downstream Process/ Manifold

Benefits

• A backpressure reduction A boost in the pressure of 8

LP Liquid Separation System Liquid Booster Pump

A backpressure reduction, A boost in the pressure of 8 barg was achieved.

• Simple to operate, using existing and available HP gas.

This was installed on two installations

LP Wells Liquid Booster Pump

This was installed on two installations.

• Additional production was achieved by lowering the back

pressure on the wells ,but maintaining the discharge at the required value. This also prolonged the life of the the required value. This also prolonged the life of the wells considerably by allowing the wells to continue to produce at the required delivery pressure.

• Production increased by 24% and 34% respectively.

Production increased by 24% and 34% respectively.

• Net extra oil gain of 700 bbl/d with additional 2.5 MMscfd
• f gas was achieved.

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• Low power consumption compared to alternative

solutions.

Wellcom Boost System Using Two Jet Pumps

Gas Jet Pump Optional Commingler HP Gas Gas Jet Pump Optional Commingler HP Gas Commingler Gas Compressor HP Gas Commingler Gas Compressor HP Gas To Pipelines LP Gas LP Separation System To Pipelines LP Gas LP Separation System LP Liquid Pump LP Liquid Pump LP Wells LP Wells HP Injection Water Liquid Jet Pump HP Injection Water Liquid Jet Pump

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Dual Wellcom Boosting System

TABLE 1: COMPARING THE PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE AND DUAL WELLCOM SYSTEMS

Case High Pressure (HP) Low Pressure (LP)

Discharge Pressure Pressure Pressure barg

Liquid flowrate m3/h Gas flowrate sm3/d

GVF

(%)

Pressure barg

Liquid flowrate m3/h Gas flowrate sm3/d GVF (%) barg A 70 100 423069 75 30 40 221662 90 34 B-1 70 423069 100 30 221662 100 40 B-2 70 100 30 40 45 Case A: Single WELLCOM system Case B-1 & B-2: Dual WELLCOM system gas & liquid jet pumps

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What if There is No HP Source?

Discharge Inlet Flow rate Pressure Flow rate Pressure Discharge Pressure Inlet Pressure Outlet Pressure Hydraulic Shaft Power HP LP Liquid Pump Inlet GVF rate [bbl/d] Pressure [barg] rate MMscfd Pressure [barg] Pressure [barg] Pressure [barg] Pressure [barg] P [bar] Hydraulic Power [kW] Shaft Power [kW] 70% 5000 155 0.66 10 40 10 155 145 133 222 50% 5000 120 0.29 10 40 10 120 110 101 169 30% 5000 105 0 13 10 40 10 105 95 87 146 30% 5000 105 0.13 10 40 10 105 95 87 146 10% 5000 96 0.033 10 40 10 96 86 79 132 70% 5000 40 0.66 10 13 10 40 30 28 46 50% 5000 40 0.29 10 15.5 10 40 30 28 46 30% 5000 0 13 10 17 3 10 40 30 28 30% 5000 40 0.13 10 17.3 10 40 30 28 46 10% 5000 40 0.033 10 18.8 10 40 30 28 46

LP Gas + Liquid I-SEP / HI-SEP Multiphase Liquid Jet Pump www.caltec.com

Production Boosting with Jet Pumps

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F th l li f

How to Identify Jet Pump Applications Locations

• At the Wellhead
• At the manifold
• At the transportation line
• From the re-cycle line of

compressor

• Downstream of compressor
• At the transportation line
• At pipes connections ( e.g.Tee)
• At the by-pass line

p

• Between compressor stages
• Upstream of a pump

y p

• Upstream, inlet of a separator
• Downstream, at the outlets of a

t ( d ti /T t)

• Location is in most cases dictated

by site conditions separator (production/Test)

• Upstream of compressor suction

line

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Additional Examples of Jet Pump Applications

Jet Pump Gas Jet Pump High Pressure Gas

1 t S

Jet Pump Gas Compressor HP Gas Gas to process / pipeline Gas Jet Pump Low Pressure Gas High Pressure Gas Discharge Gas

1st Stage Separator 2nd / 3rd Stage Separator

LP Wells To flare To pipeline/export Re-cycle Line High Pressure Gas Low Pressure Wells LP Gas Jet Pump Intermediate Pressure Gas Gas Eductor HP Gas Discharge Gas Silencer Gas Compressor LP Gas X Stage Separator Oil To Process Gas Compressor Separator LP Gas Silencer System Or Pumping System Liquid to downstream process/liquid pump Wells Manifold www.caltec.com

How to Identify Jet Pump Application

HP Well

1

HP Well

2

LP Wells LP Wells

Lowering the whole mainfold pressure with HP well Assisting weaker LP wells with with HP well

HP Well

3

HP Well

4

LP Wells LP Wells

Lowering the whole line pressure with compressor re-cycle Lowering LP manifold pressure with compressor re-cycle, And by-passing the HP well

Note: Above illustrations are valid for gas and multiphase (oil) jet pump applications. The intermediate separators/KOV/pumps/valves are ignored here. www.caltec.com The intermediate separators/KOV/pumps/valves are ignored here.

HP Well HP Well

How to Identify Jet Pump Application.. cont

LP HP Well LP LP Wells

5

LP Wells

6

D b ttl ki 1st St ith t De-bottlenecking 1st Stage compressor with next stage compressor re-cycle (taking part of the gas) Removing 1st Stage compressor with next stage compressor re-cycle

HP Well

7

HP Well

8

LP Wells LP Wells

I i d ti LP ll ith HP ll l i i li Increasing production on LP wells with HP well, lowering pipeline pressure with compressor while providing required compressor suction pressure De-bottlenecking compressor Some LP+HP wells by-pass

Note: Above illustrations are valid for gas and multiphase (oil) jet pump applications. The intermediate separators/KOV/pumps/valves are ignored here. www.caltec.com The intermediate separators/KOV/pumps/valves are ignored here.

Some Other Points !

• Instrumentations
• Control
• Noise
• Vibrations
• Low Temperatures

p

• Erosion
• Start-up/Shut Down

p

• Safety
• Erosion/Handling Sand (Material Selection)

g ( )

• Maintenance

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Typical Instrumentation for a Jet Pump

Discharge Jet Pump P T P T HP Gas Vent Flow Discharge Silencer Drain LP Silencer P T

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Some Control approaches pp

HP MP Gas HP LP MP Gas A

PT

LP Gas LP B C Gas Separator PT Gas Liquid

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In-line Silencers

In-line acoustic silencers

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Pressure rating ANSI 1500#

Jet Pump Systems

Material LTCS NACE CTP sizes (Jp-6) HP 3”, LP 4”, Discharge 6”

Jet Pump Skid

~ 1.5 m ~ 4 m ~ 2.4 m

Silencers Skid

~ 1.5 m ~ 3 5 m ~ 2.4 m

CTP sizes (Jp-10) HP 6”, LP 8”, Discharge 10” CTP sizes (Jp-16) HP 8”, LP 12”, Discharge 16”

Discharge Silencer V t 3.5 m Vent Jet Pump Discharge Silencer HP Gas Vent Drain CTP Tie-in Point (CTP) Vent LP Gas LP Silencer Drain CTP Point (CTP) Drip Pan www.caltec.com

CLOSING REMARKS

• Simplicity and cost effectiveness make surface jet

pump solutions very attractive & economical in most cases

• An effective use of surplus and normally wasted

energy to assist the existing production energy to assist the existing production

• Minimum maintenance requirement.
• Pipeline code design
• Pipeline code design
• Short payback period
• Installing tie-in points during shut downs simplifies

Installing tie in points during shut downs simplifies installation when needed

• Rental option justifies very short operation life
• Deferring Capex such as compressor upgrading

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