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TCP/IP Networks Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti December 17, 2010 Dr. - PDF document

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TCP/IP Networks Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti December 17, 2010 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 1 / 87 Outline TCP/IP IP ARP ICMP TCP/UDP Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 2 / 87

  1. TCP/IP Networks Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti December 17, 2010 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 1 / 87 Outline TCP/IP IP ARP ICMP TCP/UDP Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 2 / 87

  2. History ARPANET 1969: 4 workstations, Backbone (50 Kbps) ARPA ”Advanced Research Project Agency”, DoD (1957) DARPA ”The Defense Advanced Research Project Agency” (1973) NCP ”Network Control Protocol” TCP/IP 1973 Vint Cerf (Stanford), Bob Khan (DARPA) 1974, first use of the ”Internet” word in their paper ”Transmission Control Protocol” Use of TCP/IP in ARPANET in 1976 ARPANET (1984) MILNET, ARPANET(Internet) Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 3 / 87 Internet Organizations IAB : Internet Architecture Broad (1983) Design, Engineering, and Management of Internet IETF : Internet Engineering Task Force (1986) Technical Development of Internet Working Groups Example: ospf (Open Shortest Path First IGP) Managed by IESG: Internet Engineering Steering Group IRTF : Internet Research Task Force (1986) Research and long-term development of Internet Research Groups Managed by IRSG: Internet Research Steering Group Example: Routing Research Group Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 4 / 87

  3. Internet Organizations ISOC: Internet Society (1992) Internet Promotion Contains IAB, IETF, and IRTF W3C: World Wide Web Consortium (1994) Tim Berners-Lee CERN DARPA, European Commission ICANN: The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (1998) Successor of IANA: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority It is the highest international authority for all questions related to domain names, addresses, and protocols. Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 5 / 87 Internet Organizations IAB IESG IRSG IETF IRTF ISOC Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 6 / 87

  4. Standards RFC : Request For Comments RFC 2328 RFC Internet Draft RFC Prototype Experimental Informational Historic Standard Proposed Standard 1 Draft Standard 2 Internet Standard 3 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 7 / 87 TCP/IP Model Application Presentation Application Session Transport Transport Network Network Data-Link Data-Link Physical Physical TCP/IP Model OSI Model Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 8 / 87

  5. TCP/IP Stack FTP TELNET SMTP HTTP SNMP Application BGP RIP TCP UDP Transport ICMP OSPF IP ARP Network Data-Link Physical Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 9 / 87 IP Protocol Internet Protocol RFC 791 Network Layer Interconnection of networks Ethernet Token Bus Token Ring Hardware is hidden by the Network layer some exceptions like MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 10 / 87

  6. Functions provided by the IP layer Addressing Routing Forwarding Fragmentation and Reassembly Error Notification Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 11 / 87 IP Sending and Receiving of packets No retransmissions IP does not provide a reliable forwarding service Packets may be: lost dropped duplicated delayed corrupted delivered out of order Best effort service Network does his best effort to forward packets Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 12 / 87

  7. IP Addressing An IP address is represented on 32 bits (4 bytes) Every equipment has an IP address which identifies it in a unique manner on the network IP Address Representation Dotted-Decimal Representation 4 decimal numbers separated by decimal point Value between 0 and 255 for each number Example 10000011000100011100000100000001 10000011.00010001.11000001.00000001 131.17.193.1 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 13 / 87 Addressing With 32 bits, we can have 232 different IP addresses Addressing space is divided in many classes An address is divided in two parts The first part represents the address of the network connected to the host (workstation) The second part represents the address of the host (workstation) on the network Hosts connected to the same network have the same network address (first part of the address is the same for all these hosts) Mask 32 bits Allows the distinction between the network part and the host part of the address (1 if the bit belongs to the net-id, 0 otherwise) Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 14 / 87

  8. Addressing 0XXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class A 10XXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class B 110XXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class C 1110XXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class D 11110XXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class E Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 15 / 87 Addressing: Class A 0XXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class A Net-id Host-id Net-id: 8 bits 2 7 − 2 = 126 class A networks 1 . . . 126 (0 and 127 reserved) Host-id: 24 bits 2 24 − 2 = 16777214 hosts Example: 12.5.2.3 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 16 / 87

  9. Addressing: Class B 10XXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class B Net-id Host-id Net-id: 16 bits 2 14 = 16384 class B networks 128 . . . 191 Host-id: 16 bits 2 16 − 2 = 65534 hosts Example: 130.20.6.1 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 17 / 87 Addressing: Class C 110XXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class C Net-id Host-id Net-id: 24 bits 2 21 = 2097152 class C networks 192 . . . 223 Host-id: 16 bits 2 8 − 2 = 254 hosts Example: 195.16.26.17 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 18 / 87

  10. Private Addressing Private Address: is an IP address that cannot be used to interconnect a host to Internet Private addresses: Class A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 Examples 10.1.3.2 172.16.8.17 192.168.20.39 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 19 / 87 Loop-back and Multicast Addresses 127.0.0.1 Loop-back address Inter-process communication on the same host Test the protocol stack without having a network connection Packets sent to this address will be directly sent to the local host Class D: Multicast addresses 224.0.0.5: All OSPF Routers on the same LAN Class E: reserved for future use Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 20 / 87

  11. Specific Addresses 0.0.0.0 An IP address used by a host when it does not know its IP address (This host) 0.A.A.A, 0.0.B.B, 0.0.0.C When the network-id is equal to 0, this indicates the network that is directly connected to the host (This host on this network) 0.5.3.4, 0.0.75.3, 0.0.0.13 255.255.255.255 Broadcast Address on the LAN A.255.255.255, B.B.255.255, C.C.C.255 Broadcast Address on a distant network (A.0.0.0, B.B.0.0, C.0.0.0) 12.255.255.255, 130.24.255.255, 195.15.63.255 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 21 / 87 IP Subnet Hosts on the same network must have the same network address Class A: 16.12.85.1 and 16.18.74.12 are on the same IP network Class B: 131.16.74.8 and 131.16.5.5 are on the same IP network Class C: 194.3.5.4 and 194.3.5.6 are on the same IP network A class A network may contain up to 16777214 hosts A class B network may contain up to 65534 hosts To simplify the management of class A and B networks, the concept of subnet was introduced. Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 22 / 87

  12. IP Subnet We can split a class A IP network to 256 different class B subnets (actually 254 class B subnets) We use the 8 most significant bits of the host-id to address the subnet 16.0.0.0: class A network 16.1.0.0: first subnet 16.2.0.0: second subnet . . . 16.254.0.0: 254th subnet 0XXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class A Net-id Subnet-id Host-id Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 23 / 87 IP Subnet We can split a class B IP network to 256 different class B subnets (actually 254 class C subnets) We use the 8 most significant bits of the host-id to address the subnet 131.23.0.0: class B network 131.23.1.0: first subnet 131.23.2.0: second subnet . . . 131.23.254.0: 254th subnet 10XXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX . XXXXXXXX Class B Net-id Subnet-id Host-id Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 24 / 87

  13. Mask We need a supplementary mechanism to distinguish between the network-id (network and subnet) and the host-id Before, it is sufficient to determine the class of the address to distinguish between the network-id part and the host-id part Network Mask: distinguish between the net-id (network and subnet) and the host-id 32 bits (same size as an IP address) Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 25 / 87 Mask How we compute the network mask? For each bit of order i (i = 0..31) of the IP address, Affect to the bit i of the mask the value 1 if the bit of order i is in the net-id (network and subnet) part 0 if the bit of order i is in the host-id part Network mask is represented in the same manner as an IP address Example: 255.255.0.0 Dr. Miled M. Tezeghdanti () TCP/IP Networks December 17, 2010 26 / 87

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