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Feb 22, 2024 209 likes •675 views

trt ts t t tt t tt sts r

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SLIDE 1

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ✷✵✶✽✲✵✷✲✷✷

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 2

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 3

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❲❤❛t ✐s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s❄

❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♥s✇❡rs ❜② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳✳✳ ✶✳ ❆ ✈❡r② ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛t✐✈❡ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✿ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥② t♦♦❧ ❜❡②♦♥❞ ♣❡♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❛♣❡r ✷✳ ❨♦✉✭❄✮✿ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ t♦♦❧s ✸✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥t✐st✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡✴♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ✇✐t❤ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ❢r♦♠ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s ✹✳ ■♥❞✉str② ✫ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t✿ ❆ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❝♦sts ❜② ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✲r❡❧❛t❡❞ t❛s❦s

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 4

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❲❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s ✭♥♦t✮ ❞♦ ❢♦r ②♦✉❄

◮ ❨♦✉ ❂ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st ✉s✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts ◮ ■♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✿

◮ ✇♦r❞ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t ◮ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ◮ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ◮ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 5

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

▼❡t❤♦❞s

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 6

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❲❤❛t ✐s ✇♦r❞ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t❄

◮ ❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥✿ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ✭tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t✮ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡s ◮ ❲❡ ✇❛♥t tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥ts ❛t t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❧❡✈❡❧ ... it rained fire and brimstone from heaven ... ... da regnete es Feuer und Schwefel vom Himmel ...

NULL ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 7

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

■❇▼ ♠♦❞❡❧s✿ t❤❡♦r②

◮ P♦♣✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ✇♦r❞ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t✱ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ◮ ❲❤❡♥ ❞♦ t❤❡② ✇♦r❦❄

◮ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t❡①t✿ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ≈ ✶✵✵ ✵✵✵ ✇♦r❞s✱ ♠♦r❡ ✐s ❜❡tt❡r ◮ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✿ ❧❡①✐❝♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣② ♠❛tt❡r ♠♦st ◮ ❧✐t❡r❛❧ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ◮ ❜❡st ❝❛s❡✿ ≈ ✶✲✺✪ ❡rr♦rs ◮ ♦✉r t❛s❦s✿ ≈ ✺✵✪ ❡rr♦rs

❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s

♦♥❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✭❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✮ ❡❛❝❤ ✇♦r❞ ❢♦r♠ ❤❛s ❛ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 8

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

■❇▼ ♠♦❞❡❧s✿ t❤❡♦r②

◮ P♦♣✉❧❛r ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ✇♦r❞ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t✱ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ◮ ❲❤❡♥ ❞♦ t❤❡② ✇♦r❦❄

◮ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t❡①t✿ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ≈ ✶✵✵ ✵✵✵ ✇♦r❞s✱ ♠♦r❡ ✐s ❜❡tt❡r ◮ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✿ ❧❡①✐❝♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣② ♠❛tt❡r ♠♦st ◮ ❧✐t❡r❛❧ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ◮ ❜❡st ❝❛s❡✿ ≈ ✶✲✺✪ ❡rr♦rs ◮ ♦✉r t❛s❦s✿ ≈ ✺✵✪ ❡rr♦rs

◮ ❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s

◮ ♦♥❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✭❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✮ ◮ ❡❛❝❤ ✇♦r❞ ❢♦r♠ ❤❛s ❛ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 9

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

■❇▼ ♠♦❞❡❧s✿ t❤❡♦r②

E F P(F|E) ❤♦✉s❡ ❤✉s ✶✵✵✪ ♠♦✉s❡ ♠✉s ✶✵✵✪ s❛② sä❣❛ ✷✵✪ sä❣❡r ✽✵✪ ❤❡ ❤❛♥ ✶✵✵✪ s❤❡ ❤♦♥ ✶✵✵✪ P(F|E) ♠✉st ❜❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❞❛t❛✦ ❊❛s② ✇✐t❤ ✶✲t♦✲✶ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥② ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♣❡r ✇♦r❞ ❢♦r♠✳ ❇✉t ✐♥ r❡❛❧✐t②✳✳✳

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 10

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

■❇▼ ♠♦❞❡❧s✿ t❤❡♦r②

E F P(F|E) ❤♦✉s❡ t❛❧♦ ✷✵✪ t❛❧♦♥ ✷✵✪ t❛❧♦ss❛ ✶✵✪ t❛❧♦❧❧❛ ✶✵✪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❤❡ ❤ä♥ ✶✵✵✪ s❤❡ ❤ä♥ ✶✵✵✪ P(F|E) ♠✉st ❜❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❞❛t❛✦ ❊❛s② ✇✐t❤ ✶✲t♦✲✶ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥② ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♣❡r ✇♦r❞ ❢♦r♠✳ ❇✉t ✐♥ r❡❛❧✐t②✳✳✳

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 11

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

■❇▼ ♠♦❞❡❧s✿ t❤❡♦r②

◮ ❆❧s♦ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ✇♦r❞ ♦r❞❡r s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ◮ ❚❤✐s r❡❞✉❝❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t

♠② ❤♦✈❡r❝r❛❢t ✐s ❢✉❧❧ ♦❢ ❡❡❧s ♠✐♥ s✈ä✈❛r❡ är ❢✉❧❧ ♠❡❞ å❧❛r

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 12

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

■❇▼ ♠♦❞❡❧s✿ t❤❡♦r②

❆❞✈❛♥❝✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ♠❡❛♥s ❛❞✈❛♥❝✐♥❣ n ✇♦r❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙✇❡❞✐s❤ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✳✳✳ n ✲✸ ✲✷ ✲✶ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ P(n) ✶✪ ✷✪ ✼✪ ✺✪ ✼✵✪ ✶✵✪ ✺✪ ♠② ❤♦✈❡r❝r❛❢t ✐s ❢✉❧❧ ♦❢ ❡❡❧s ♠✐♥ s✈ä✈❛r❡ är ❢✉❧❧ ♠❡❞ å❧❛r ✭✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶✮ s✈ä✈❛r❡♥ ♠✐♥ är ❢✉❧❧ ♠❡❞ å❧❛r ✭✲✶ ✷ ✶ ✶ ✶✮

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 13

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

■❇▼ ♠♦❞❡❧s✿ t♦♦❧s

◮ ●■❩❆✰✰ ✭♦❧❞✱ s❧♦✇✱ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡✮ ◮ ❢❛st❴❛❧✐❣♥ ✭♥❡✇✱ ❢❛st✱ ❧❡ss ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡✮

❤tt♣s✿✴✴❣✐t❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴❝❧❛❜✴❢❛st❴❛❧✐❣♥

◮ ❡❢♠❛r❛❧✴❡✢♦♠❛❧ ✭♥❡✇❡r✱ ❢❛st❡r✱ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡✮

❤tt♣s✿✴✴❣✐t❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴r♦❜❡rt♦st❧✐♥❣✴❡❢❧♦♠❛❧

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 14

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

▼♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

◮ ❋❛✐r② t❛❧❡ ❞r❡❛♠ ✇♦r❧❞✿

❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ✐♥t❡r❧✐♥❡❛r ❣❧♦ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s

◮ ❘❡❛❧✐t②✿

❲❡ ❝❛♥✬t ❡✈❡♥ ❞♦ ♠♦r♣❤❡♠❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆ ❜✐t ❜❡tt❡r ❢♦r ✇❡❧❧✲❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✿

❃✾✵✪ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❢♦r ✭✐♥✢❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧✮ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ t❛❣❣✐♥❣ ✭❈♦◆▲▲ ✷✵✶✼ ❙❚✱ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✹✶ ❧❛r❣❡st ❯❉ tr❡❡❜❛♥❦s✮ ❚❤❛t ✐s✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠♦r♣❤❡♠❡s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❋❡✇ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❝❛r❡ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 15

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

▼♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

◮ ❋❛✐r② t❛❧❡ ❞r❡❛♠ ✇♦r❧❞✿

❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ✐♥t❡r❧✐♥❡❛r ❣❧♦ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s

◮ ❘❡❛❧✐t②✿

❲❡ ❝❛♥✬t ❡✈❡♥ ❞♦ ♠♦r♣❤❡♠❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

◮ ❆ ❜✐t ❜❡tt❡r ❢♦r ✇❡❧❧✲❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✿

◮ ❃✾✵✪ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❢♦r ✭✐♥✢❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧✮ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ t❛❣❣✐♥❣

✭❈♦◆▲▲ ✷✵✶✼ ❙❚✱ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✹✶ ❧❛r❣❡st ❯❉ tr❡❡❜❛♥❦s✮

◮ ❚❤❛t ✐s✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠♦r♣❤❡♠❡s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ◮ ❋❡✇ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❝❛r❡ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 16

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❙②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

◮ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ❜r♦✉❣❤t ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ♣r♦❣r❡ss r❡❝❡♥t❧②✿

◮ ♣❛rts ♦❢ s♣❡❡❝❤✱ ♠♦r♣❤❡♠❡s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② tr❡❡s ◮ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❡♥❢♦r❝❡❞✦ ✳✳✳♠♦st❧②✮ ◮ ❚♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥t✐sts ❤❛♣♣②✿

❝♦r❡ ♦❢ ❝r♦ss✲❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s

◮ ❚♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❧✐♥❣✉✐sts ❤❛♣♣②✿

❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝ s✉❜❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s ✇❤❡♥ ♥❡❡❞❡❞

◮ ❛♥♥♦t❛t❡❞ t❡①ts ✐♥ ✻✵ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣✳✳✳

◮ ❃✽✵✪ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ✭▲❆❙✮ ♣❛rs✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡

✭❈♦◆▲▲ ✷✵✶✼ ❙❚✱ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✹✶ ❧❛r❣❡st ❯❉ tr❡❡❜❛♥❦s✮

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 17

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s❢❡r

◮ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥ts✿

◮ ❛♥♥♦t❛t❡❞ t❡①t ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ◮ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✭s✮ ✐♥t♦ ②♦✉r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✭s✮ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st

❉✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡❝✐♣❡s✿

✶✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ tr❛♥s❢❡r✿ ✉s❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ♠✉❧t✐❧✐♥❣✉❛❧ ✇♦r❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ✭❝❧✉st❡rs✴✈❡❝t♦rs✮✱ t❤❡♥ ✉s❡ ❛ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✲❛❣♥♦st✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛t ♠♦st ❛ ❢❡✇ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t♦ t✉♥❡ ✷✳ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ✉s❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts t♦ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✭s✮ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 18

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❆♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s❢❡r

◮ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥ts✿

◮ ❛♥♥♦t❛t❡❞ t❡①t ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ◮ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✭s✮ ✐♥t♦ ②♦✉r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✭s✮ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st

◮ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡❝✐♣❡s✿

✶✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ tr❛♥s❢❡r✿ ✉s❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ♠✉❧t✐❧✐♥❣✉❛❧ ✇♦r❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ✭❝❧✉st❡rs✴✈❡❝t♦rs✮✱ t❤❡♥ ✉s❡ ❛ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✲❛❣♥♦st✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛t ♠♦st ❛ ❢❡✇ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t♦ t✉♥❡ ✷✳ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ✉s❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts t♦ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✭s✮ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 19

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 20

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts

❋✐rst✿ ❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧✦ ✭❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❡❧s❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♥❣ ♠❛ss✐✈❡❧② ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❝♦r♣♦r❛✮

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 21

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

Pr♦❥❡❝t ✶✿ ❝♦❧❡①✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

◮ ✏❊❛s②✑ ✭✐♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✮ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts ◮ ❉✐✣❝✉❧t ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ ♥♦✐s② ✇♦r❞ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥ts ◮ ❈❛♥ t❤✐s ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛r❡❛❧ ♣❛tt❡r♥s❄

❧❡❢t✿ ◆❡✇ ❚❡st❛♠❡♥t✱ r✐❣❤t✿ ❆❙❏P

tree-fire: 23 languages/varieties tree-fire: 64 languages/varieties

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 22

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

Pr♦❥❡❝t ✷✿ ✇♦r❞ ♦r❞❡r

◮ ▼♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s✐♥❝❡ ✇❡ r❡❧② ♦♥ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ◮ ■ ✉s❡ s♣❛rs❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭✐✳❡✳ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ♦♥❧② ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s

✇❤❡r❡ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧② ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✮

◮ ■♥ ❜r✐❡❢✿

✶✳ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ✭❡①❝❡♣t P❘❖■❊▲✮ ❇✐❜❧❡s ✐♥ ❯❉ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✿ ≈ ✷✺✵ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ≈ ✺✵ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ✷✳ ❲♦r❞ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✷✺✵ × ✶✸✺✵ ♣❛✐rs ✸✳ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♣❛✐r ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✶✸✺✵ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s✿

◮ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❛✐r ✐s ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✷✺✵

❛♥♥♦t❛t❡❞ t❡①ts

◮ ✐❢ ✷✺✪ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❛❣r❡❡ ♦♥ ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❛❝❝❡♣t ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 23

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

◆♦✇✱ ✇❤❛t ❞♦ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡❄

◮ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ❛ ❜✉♥❝❤ ♦❢ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ❧✐♥❦s ✭♥♦t tr❡❡s✦✮

◮ ❛❞❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛t ♣♦s✳ ✹ ♠♦❞✐✜❡s ♥♦✉♥ ❛t ♣♦s✳ ✺ ◮ ♥♦✉♥ ❛t ♣♦s✳ ✾ ✐s ❞✐r❡❝t ♦❜❥❡❝t ♦❢ ✈❡r❜ ❛t ♣♦s✳ ✷ ◮ ✳✳✳

◮ ❚r✐✈✐❛❧ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t ❡✳❣✳ t❤❡ ❖❱✴❱❖ r❛t✐♦ ◮ ❍♦✇ ❞♦❡s t❤✐s ❧♦♦❦❄

❤tt♣✿✴✴♠✉♠✐♥✳❧✐♥❣✳s✉✳s❡✴t♠♣✴❝❧✉st❡rs✳♣❞❢

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 24

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

Object-Verb (blue) and Verb-Object (red)

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 25

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 OV dominant free order VO dominant 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 Number of languages

Object-Verb

WALS says VO WALS says None WALS says OV ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 26

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

Free (red) or strict (blue) word order

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 27

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Object-Verb-ratios.txt 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Adjective-Noun-ratios.txt ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 28

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Object-Verb-ratios.txt 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Adposition-Noun-ratios.txt ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 29

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Object-Verb-ratios.txt 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Subject-Verb-ratios.txt ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 30

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Object-Verb preference of language A 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Object-Verb preference of language B Austronesian Atlantic-Congo Indo-European Mayan Turkic Otomanguean Uto-Aztecan Tupian Tucanoan Afro-Asiatic ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 31

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

▼♦r❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s r❛✐s❡❞

◮ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✇♦r❞ ♦r❞❡r ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛t t❤❡ t♦❦❡♥ ❧❡✈❡❧

◮ ❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ st❡♣ s✐③❡s❄ ◮ ❲❤❛t ❛❜♦✉t ❝♦♥t❛❝t s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s❄

◮ ❲❤❛t ♦t❤❡r t②♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞❄

❆t ✇❤❛t ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝②❄

◮ ◆❡①t t❡st ❝❛s❡✿ ●r❛♠❜❛♥❦

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 32

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 33

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❍♦✇ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❞♦ ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞❄

◮ ❍♦✇ ❢❛r ❝❛♥ ②♦✉ ❣❡t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts❄

■ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s

♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ✇♦r❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t♦❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

▼✉❧t✐❧✐♥❣✉❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✿ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ♥❡①t ✇♦r❞ ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ■❉ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ t❤r♦✇ ❛ ❜✉♥❝❤ ✭❧✐❦❡ ❛ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞✮ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ♦♥ ✐t ❘❡s✉❧t✿ ♦♥❡ ✈❡❝t♦r ♣❡r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳✳✳

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 34

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❍♦✇ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❞♦ ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞❄

◮ ❍♦✇ ❢❛r ❝❛♥ ②♦✉ ❣❡t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts❄ ◮ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s

◮ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ✇♦r❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t ◮ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t♦❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

▼✉❧t✐❧✐♥❣✉❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✿ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ♥❡①t ✇♦r❞ ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ■❉ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ t❤r♦✇ ❛ ❜✉♥❝❤ ✭❧✐❦❡ ❛ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞✮ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ♦♥ ✐t ❘❡s✉❧t✿ ♦♥❡ ✈❡❝t♦r ♣❡r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳✳✳

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 35

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❍♦✇ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❞♦ ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞❄

◮ ❍♦✇ ❢❛r ❝❛♥ ②♦✉ ❣❡t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts❄ ◮ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s

◮ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ✇♦r❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t ◮ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t♦❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

◮ ▼✉❧t✐❧✐♥❣✉❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✿ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ♥❡①t ✇♦r❞ ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t

❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ■❉

◮ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ t❤r♦✇ ❛ ❜✉♥❝❤ ✭❧✐❦❡ ❛ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞✮ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ♦♥ ✐t

❘❡s✉❧t✿ ♦♥❡ ✈❡❝t♦r ♣❡r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳✳✳

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

slide-36
SLIDE 36

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❍♦✇ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❞♦ ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞❄

◮ ❍♦✇ ❢❛r ❝❛♥ ②♦✉ ❣❡t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t❡①ts❄ ◮ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s

◮ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ✇♦r❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t ◮ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t♦❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

◮ ▼✉❧t✐❧✐♥❣✉❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✿ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ♥❡①t ✇♦r❞ ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t

❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ■❉

◮ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ t❤r♦✇ ❛ ❜✉♥❝❤ ✭❧✐❦❡ ❛ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞✮ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ♦♥ ✐t ◮ ❘❡s✉❧t✿ ♦♥❡ ✈❡❝t♦r ♣❡r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳✳✳

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 37

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 kmr rmo rmy cym hin hns aln pol ces slv hrv srp gle fao isl dan swe afr nld nds pdt deu bar swg eng fry lit lat

  • ss

ron ita fra cat por spa ell grc bul ukr chu rus

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

slide-38
SLIDE 38

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 English

  • M. English

Faroese Icelandic Swedish Danish Nynorsk Bokmål Afrikaans Dutch German Frisian

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 39

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ✐s ❛❧❧ ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞

◮ ❲❤❛t ✐❢ ✇❡ ♦♥❧② ❢❡❡❞ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ❞❛t❛❄ ◮ ❚❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ■❉ ✐♥st❡❛❞ r❡✢❡❝ts t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ◮ ❖t❤❡rs ✭❘❛❜✐♥♦✈✐❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✼✮ ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥ s✐♠✐❧❛r t❤✐♥❣s

✉s✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ♠❡t❤♦❞s

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

slide-40
SLIDE 40

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ LV SL SK DA SV PL PT ES FR IT EN DE NL LT CS RO 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 41

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❚❤❡ ❊♥❞

◗✉❡st✐♦♥s❄

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 42

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❇♦♥✉s

Adjective-Noun (blue) and Noun-Adjective (red)

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

slide-43
SLIDE 43

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❇♦♥✉s

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 AdjN dominant free order NAdj dominant 20 40 60 80 Number of languages

Adjective-Noun

WALS says NAdj WALS says None WALS says AdjN ❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 44

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❇♦♥✉s

Subject-Verb (blue) and Verb-Subject (red)

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄

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SLIDE 45

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ❋✉♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡

❇♦♥✉s

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 SV dominant free order VS dominant 50 100 150 200 250 300 Number of languages

Subject-Verb

WALS says VS WALS says None WALS says SV

❘♦❜❡rt Öst❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s✿ ♠❛❣✐❝ ♦r ❤✉♠❜✉❣❄