[PPT] - t e f t r - s o r - s o X C h X C h F - a F - PowerPoint Presentation

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Regulatory agencies
Health effects and health risks
Regulatory processes:
MCL, MCLG, MRDL, MRDLG, TT, HA, HRL, NL and RL
Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Program (UCM)
Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)
Brief history of drinking water regulations
Microbial rules:
SDWA, SWTR, TCR, GWR, ESWTR, LT1

and LT2 ESWTR

Public notification and reporting

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SLIDE 3

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency), Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water:

Created in 1

970, to regulate environmental contaminants

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) requires EPA to

establish and enforce standards including:

Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) or

treatment techniques (TTs)

Monitoring and reporting requirements

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Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) gave the States the
ption of accepting authority (“primacy”) for the

implementation and enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Regulations:

States must adopt regulations as stringent as the

SDWA regulations within 2 years

Adequate procedures and enforcement

authority

Maintain an inventory of public water systems
Meet SDWA monitoring and reporting

requirements

Must develop an adequate plan to provide safe

drinking water under emergency conditions

etc.

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California:
State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB, or

State Water Board), Division of Drinking Water (DDW):

Transferred from the California Department of Public

Health (CDPH) in J uly 201 4

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Roles and responsibilities of the State’s

Drinking Water Program:

Regulatory oversight of ~7,500 public water systems
Responsible for the administration of the regulations
Develop and enforce the State’s regulations
Take enforcement actions for non-compliance with

laws and regulations

Develop water recycling and emergency services

programs

Help water systems comply with regulations
Administrate the State Revolving Fund (SRF)
Responsible for Operator Certification Program

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Roles and responsibilities of the State’s

Drinking Water Program (cont’d):

Emit permits, and permit amendments for changes

to the system, including revised monitoring and reporting

Prepare Vulnerability Assessments and Monitoring

Frequency Guidelines, every 3 years

Requirements for the existing system
Monitoring amendments and waivers
Review plans and specifications for new facilities

No single comprehensive document received from the State

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OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health Hazard

Assessment, Water Toxicology Section):

State agency responsible for the scientific evaluation of

risks posed by hazardous substances

Focus on chemical contaminants in drinking water

(also responsible for air and soils)

Activities in drinking water:
Develops Public Health Goals (PHGs): Drinking water

standards must be set as close to the PHGs as economically and technologically feasible

Develops health advisories
Develops Notification Levels
Provides toxicological assistance for chemical monitoring

activities for the drinking water supply

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OEHHA (Office of Environmental Health

Hazard Assessment, Water Toxicology Section):

State agency responsible for the scientific evaluation
f risks posed by hazardous substances
Focus on chemical contaminants in drinking water

(also responsible for air and soils)

Activities in drinking water:
Develops Public Health Goals (PHGs): Drinking

water standards must be set as close to the PHGs as economically and technologically feasible

Develops health advisories
Develops Notification Levels
Provides toxicological assistance for chemical

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SLIDE 10

Contaminants to Regulate

Contaminants that may cause health risks:
Federal: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

(NPDWR), with primary standards and enforceable maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), maximum contaminant levels goals (MCLGs), and treatment techniques (TT)

California: Primary Standards (Title 22)
Cosmetic/aesthetic concerns, or technical issues:
Federal: National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations

(NSDWR), with non-enforceable MCLs

California: Secondary Standards, some are enforced,

but not all (Title 22, Chapter 1 5, Article 1 6)

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Health Risks and Health Effects

Health effects resulting from different

exposures:

Acute:

Illness occurs immediately (within days, hours)

e.g., pathogens
Chronic:

Illness occurs after many years of exposure (lifetime)

e.g., cancer-causing agents
Critical periods: Affects sensitive

subpopulations such as pregnant women, children, elderly people

e.g., reproductive and developmental effects

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SLIDE 12

Health Risks

Greatest relative risks based on the

comparative risk framework (Seidel et al., Water

Research Foundation, 201 4):

Microbes: SWTR, LT1

and LT2 ESWTR

Arsenic: From 50 g/ L to 1

0 g/ L in 2001

Brominated DBPs: Stage 1 and Stage 2 DBPRs
Specific contaminants: e.g., nitrate, TCE, PCE
And others (e.g., LCR)
Now also addressing other risks (e.g., security and

preparedness), potentially leading to more complex regulations; Also a trend to regulate contaminants as groups

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SLIDE 13

Regulatory Process – Federal

Contaminants:

Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG): Maximum contaminant level (MCL):

Maximum level at which no

known or anticipated adverse effects occur

With an adequate margin of

safety

Without considering

technology or cost

Not enforceable
Set by U.S. EPA
Maximum permissible

level

As close to MCLG as

possible

Considering technology

and cost

Enforceable
Set by U.S. EPA and State
Disinfectants:
Maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL)
Maximum residual disinfectant level goal (MRDLG)

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Regulatory Processes

To develop Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs):
To determine which contaminants to regulate, and develop

MCLs, MCLGs or TT:

Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring (UCM)
Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)

Federal: California:

Occurrence
Health effects
Removal/control

technologies

Economic feasibility
Comments
Federal regulations
Occurrence in the State
OEHHA PHG and Federal

MCLG

Removal/control

technologies

Economic feasibility
Comments

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Regulatory Process – Federal

Federal and State: Contaminants that do

not have MCLs:

Treatment technique (TT):
When a reliable, economical, technically feasible

method to measure a contaminant’s level of concern cannot be determined

Enforceable water treatment process or

procedure required to be operated at a specified effectiveness for removal of a measurable surrogate contaminant, to ensure effective removal of other contaminants

E.g., turbidity; (Revised) Total Coliform Rule;

Lead and Copper Rule

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SLIDE 16

Regulatory Process – California

MCLs, PHGs, MRDLs, MRDLGs, NLs, RLs
Reporting limits for contaminants that have

MCLs:

Detection Limits for the purpose of Reporting

(DLRs):

Level at which the State is confident about lab

results

Set by the State
Method Detection Limits (MDLs), Reporting

Limits (RLs)

Set by laboratories

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Regulatory Process – California

Notification Levels (NLs):
Health-based advisory levels for chemicals for which there

are no formal regulatory standards (MCLs or TTs)

If exceeded Notify the State, additional monitoring,

and report to customers

Determined by OEHHA, or by the SWRCB and reviewed by

OEHHA; 1 4 contaminants with NLs set by OEHHA:

1

,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), 1 ,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1 ,2,4-TMB), 1 ,3,5-trimethylbenzene (1 ,3,5-TMB), 1 ,4-dioxane, 2-chlorotoluene, carbon disulfide, chlorate, methyl isobutyl ketone, n-propylbenzene (isocumene), naphthalene, sec-butylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), vanadium, etc.

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Regulatory Process – California

Notification Levels (NLs)
Response Levels (RLs):
Also health-based advisory levels for chemicals

for which there are no formal regulatory standards (MCLs or TTs)

1

0-1 00x the Notification Level (NL)

If exceeded Corrective actions
May involve removing the water source from

service

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Regulatory Processes

To determine which contaminants to

regulate, and develop MCLs, MCLGs, TT, HAs, NLs or RLs:

Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring (UCM)
Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)

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Unregulated Contaminant M onitoring

Not by the State (it was repealed from Title 22),

Directly by the U.S. EPA

Established by the 1

996 Amendment of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

Goals of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring

(UCM) Program:

To collect data for contaminants suspected to be present

in drinking water, but that do not have health-based standards set under the SDWA

Largely based on the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL)
Results are compiled in the National Contaminant

Occurrence Database (NCOD)

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SLIDE 21

Unregulated Contaminant M onitoring

No more than 30 contaminants every 5

years:

UCMR 1

: September 1 999:

Monitoring 2001

–2005

25 chemicals (e.g., MTBE, perchlorate), 1

bacterium

UCMR 2: J

anuary 2007:

Monitoring 2007–201

1

25 chemicals (e.g., 6 nitrosamines)
UCMR 3: May 201

2:

Monitoring 201

2–201 6

28 chemicals, 2 viruses
UCMR 4: Published on December 20, 201

6:

Monitoring J

anuary 201 8 to November 2020

30 chemicals

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SLIDE 22

UCM R 3 – 2013 to 2015

Public water systems (PWS) serving >1 0,000 PWS serving <1 0,000 Monitoring

List 1 : Assessment Monitoring

All (~4,200 systems) 800 randomly selected PWSs

1

2 months

Common

analytical techniques used by DW labs

List 2: Screening Survey

All systems serving more than 1 00,000 people (~41 0), and ~320 randomly selected systems serving 1 0,001 to 1 00,000 480 randomly selected PWSs

1

2 months

Specialized

analytical methods not commonly used

List 3: Pre-Screen Testing

May be conducted by a limited number of PWSs (wells located in areas of karst or fractured bedrock)

1

2 months

Newer analytical

methods not commonly used

UCMR 3: Tiered monitoring:
Lists of contaminants separated by system size
Contaminants are separated by analytical complexity
S

ystems randomly selected to be representative

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SLIDE 23

UCM R 3 – 2013 to 2015

List 1 (6 VOCs, 1 SOC, 1

xyhalide)

List 1 (cont’d) (6 metals, 6 perfluorinated) List 2 (hormones) List 3 (viruses)

1

,2,3- trichloropropane

1

,3-butadiene

Chloromethane

(methyl chloride)

1

,1

dichloroethane
Bromomethane

(methyl bromide)

Chlorodifluoro-

methane (HCFC-22)

Bromochlorometha

ne (halon 1 01 1 )

1

,4-dioxane

Chlorate
Vanadium
Molybdenum
Cobalt
Strontium
Total chromium
Chromium 6
Perfluorooctane-

sulfonicacid (PFOS)

Perfluorooctanoic

acid (PFOA)

Perfluorononanoic

acid (PFNA)

Perfluorohexane-

sulfonic acid (PFHxS)

Perfluoroheptanoic

acid (PFHpA)

Perfluorobutane-

sulfonic acid (PFBS)

1

7--estradiol

1

7--ethynyl- estradiol

1

6--hydroxyl- estradiol (estriol)

Equilin
Estrone
Testosterone
4-androstene-

3,1 7-dione

Enteroviruse

s

Noroviruses

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SLIDE 24

UCM R 3 – Results

Many positive detections:
1

,4-dioxane

Vanadium
Strontium
Chlorate
Chromium 6
Also 1

,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), but at concentrations lower than expected

Rarely or not detected:
Perfluoro compounds (e.g., PFOA, PFOS)
Hormones
Pesticides

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SLIDE 25

UCM R 4 – 2018 to 2020

Cyanotoxins Metals Pesticides Br- HAAs Alcohols Semivolatile chemicals Indicato rs

Total

microcystin

Microcystin-LA
Microcystin-LF
Microcystin-LR
Microcystin-LY
Microcystin-RR
Microcystin-YR
Nodularin
Anatoxin-A
Cylindrosperm
psin
Germaniu

m

Manganese
Alpha-

hexachlorocycl

-hexane
Chlorpyrifos
Dimethipin
Ethoprop
Oxyfluorfen
Profenofos
Tebuconazole
Total

permethrin (cis- & trans-)

Tribufos
HAA5
HAA6B

r

HAA9
1
butanol
2-methoxy-

ethanol

2-propen-1
l
Butylated

hydroxyanisol e

O-toluidine
Quinoline
TOC
Bromide
Tempe-

rature

pH

Entry point to the distribution system Entry point to the distributio n system Entry point to the distribution system In the distribu

tion

system Entry point to the distributio n system Entry point to the distribution system S

urce

water intake

HAA6Br: Bromochloro-, bromodichloro-, dibromo-,

dibromochloro-, monobromo-, tribromo-acetic acids

Published on December 1

6, 201 6

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SLIDE 26

UCM R 4 – 2018 to 2020

Monitoring from J

anuary 201 8 to December 2020

S

ystems targeted:

System Size 1 0 List 1 Cyanotoxins 20 Additional List 1 Chemicals

Small S ystems (25 to 1 0,000 people) 800 randomly selected SW or GWUDI systems A different group of 800 randomly selected SW, GWUDI and GW systems Large Systems (1 0,001 and over) All SW or GWUDI systems All SW, GWUDI and GW systems

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SLIDE 27

UCM R 4 – 2018 to 2020

SW and GWUDI systems that must monitor

cyanotoxins: Must collect 3 samples, but not all samples may need to be analyzed:

If Adda ELISA result (total microcystinsby EPA

Method 546) < 0.3 µg/L (i.e., the reporting limit for total microcystins) Report only Adda ELISA result

If ELISA result 0.3 µg/L:

Report Adda ELISA result Identify and quantify cyanotoxinsby EPA Method 544

Analyze cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a

(EPA Method 545) in all samples

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SLIDE 28

Contaminant Candidate List (CCL)

Priority contaminants that:

1 . Are not regulated by National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR)

2. Are known or anticipated

to occur in public water systems (PWSs)

3. May warrant regulation

under the SDWA

Lists of contaminants are

published every 5 years

USEPA website

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SLIDE 29

Contaminant Candidate List (CCL)

5 contaminants need to be regulated from each

publication (Regulatory Determinations, RD):

Positive RD (i.e., a regulation is needed) if:
Adverse health effects
Occurrence in public water systems (PWS) at a

frequency and concentration of health concerns

Meaningful opportunity to reduce health risks
If positive RD, then EPA has:
24 months to publish a proposed regulation
36 months to publish a final regulation
Negative RD (i.e., a regulation is not needed)
Guidance or health advisory
More research needed

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SLIDE 30

Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)

CCL 3 in 2009:
New, more systematic approach
Universe (~7,500 contaminants) PCCL

(Preliminary Candidate Contaminant List) CCL

1

1 6 contaminants:

1

04 chemical groups: pesticides, DBPs, chemicals used in commerce, pathogens, pharmaceuticals, biotoxins

1

2 microorganisms: protozoa, bacteria, viruses

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SLIDE 31

Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)

CCL 3 : Regulatory determination (RD) on

J anuary 4, 201 6:

Delayed RD for strontium to consider additional

data and decide whether there is a meaningful

pportunity for health risk reduction by

regulating strontium in drinking water

Health reference level (HRL) from 4.2 to 1

.5 mg/L A large number of impacted wells in California

Negative-RD for dimethoate, 1

,3-dinitrotoluene, terbufos, and terbufossulfone

Lack of occurrence data
No RD for chlorate and nitrosamines

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SLIDE 32

Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)

CCL 4:
Announced on November 1

8, 201 6:

Approach:
CCL 3 contaminants carried over
Public nominations for additional contaminants
New data for contaminants with previous

negative RD from CCL 1

r CCL 2

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SLIDE 33

Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)

CCL 4:
97 chemicals (or groups) and

1 2 microbial contaminants:

Commercial chemicals and pesticides (e.g., 1

,2,3-TCP, 1 ,4-dioxane, manganese, MtBE, PFOS, PFOA, vanadium)

Biological toxins (cyanotoxins)
DBPs (chlorate, 5 nitrosamines)
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPS)
Waterborne pathogens (E. coli O1

57, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium Avium Complex [MAC], Legionella pneumophila, Naegleria fowleri, viruses)

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SLIDE 34

Regulatory Reviews – Federal

6-year review of existing regulations to capture new

information on:

Benefits of

regulations

Health effects
Occurrence
Treatment

techniques

Analytical

methods

Costs

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SLIDE 35

Regulatory Reviews – Federal

Third 6-year review: Announced on

December 22, 201 6

76 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

(NPDWRs) reviewed

8 NPDWRs are candidates for revision:
Stage 1

and Stage 2 DBPR: Chlorite, THMs, HAAs

Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), Interim

Enhanced SWTR, and Long-Term 1 ESWTR Cryptosporidium, heterotrophic bacteria, Giardia lamblia, Legionella, and viruses

1

2 NPDWRs that did not need a detailed review because of recent, ongoing, or pending regulatory actions Lead, copper, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and 8 carcinogenic VOCs

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SLIDE 36

Regulatory Reviews – California

Unregulated contaminants:
Contaminants without MCLs, e.g., 1

,2,3-TCP

Contaminants with MCLs > PHGs
Recent detection of contaminants with MCLs > PHGs:
23 contaminants identified, including arsenic,

chromium 6, perchlorate, uranium, tetrachloroethylene (or perchloroethylene, PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and 1 ,2-dibromo-3- chloropropane (DBCP)

5-year review of existing regulations:
E.g., Cross Connection Control (Title 1

7)

OEHHA: 5-year review of PHGs

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SLIDE 37

Regulatory Process – Federal

A. Roberson, 201

4, AWWA CA-NV Spring Conference State

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SLIDE 38

Regulatory Process – Federal

Federal regulations

are published in the Federal Register

Include:
MCLs, MCLGs,

MRDLs, MRDLGs, TTs, HAs

Monitoring conditions

(monitoring sites, frequency), and analytical methods

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SLIDE 39

Regulatory Process – California

Drinking water regulations are published in

the California Code of Regulations (“Blue Book”)

Title 22 for MCLs

(primary and secondary), PHGs, DLRs

Title 1

7 for backflow prevention and cross connections

Most recent:

April 1 0, 201 7

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SLIDE 40

California Title 22, Division 4 - Env’t Health

Chapter 1

3: Operator Certification

Chapter 1

4: Water Permits

Chapter 1

5: Domestic Water Quality and Monitoring Regulations

Chapter 1

5.5: Disinfectant Residuals, DBPs, and DBP Precursors

Chapter 1

6: California Waterworks Standards

Chapter 1

7: Surface Water Treatment

Chapter 1

7.5: Lead and Copper

Addendum A: California Ground Water Rule
Addendum B: California Long-Term 2 Enhanced

Surface Water Treatment Rule

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SLIDE 41

California Title 22, Division 4 - Env’t Health

Chapter 1

3: Operator Certification

Chapter 1

4: Water Permits

Chapter 1

5: Domestic Water Quality and Monitoring Regulations

Article 2: General Requirements, Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry

Treatments

Article 3: Primary Standards – Bacteriological Quality
Article 4: Primary Standards – Inorganic Chemicals
Article 4.1

: Fluoridation

Article 5: Radioactivity
Article 5.5: Primary Standards – Organic Chemicals
Article 1

6: Secondary Drinking Water Standards

Article 1

8: Notification of Water Consumers and the Department

Article 1

9: Records, Reporting and Recordkeeping

Article 20: Consumer Confidence Report
Chapter 1

5.5: Disinfectant Residuals, DBPs, and DBP Precursors

Chapter 1

6: California Waterworks Standards

Chapter 1

7: Surface Water Treatment

Chapter 1

7.5: Lead and Copper

Addendum A: California Ground Water Rule
Addendum B: California Long-Term 2 Enhanced SW Treatment

Rule

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SLIDE 42

M CLs, DLRs, PHGs, Secondary Stds, NLs, RLs

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SLIDE 43

Overview of Drinking Water Regulations – Agenda

Regulatory agencies
Health effects and health risks
Regulatory processes:
MCL, MCLG, MRDL, MRDLG, TT, HA, HRL, NL and RL
Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Program (UCM)
Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)
Brief history of drinking water regulations
Microbial rules:
SDWA, SWTR, TCR, GWR, ESWTR, LT1

and LT2 ESWTR

Public notification and reporting

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SLIDE 44

History of Federal Regulations

1

970: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):

To regulate environmental contaminants
1

972: Clean Water Act:

To limit discharge of pollutants in natural

waters (statutory basis of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination S ystem, NPDES)

1

97 4: Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA):

To establish maximum allowable level of

pollutants in drinking water

Focus on drinking water only

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SLIDE 45

Regulations Promulgation Dates

National Primary Drinking Water Regulations December 24, 1 975 National Secondary Drinking Water Regs J uly 1 9, 1 979 Microbial Rules: Total Coliform Rule J une 29, 1 989 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) J une 29, 1 989 Interim Enhanced SWTR December 1 6, 1 998 Filter Backwash and Recycling Rule J une 8, 2001 Long Term 1 Enhanced SWTR J anuary 1 4, 2002 Long Term 2 Enhanced SWTR J anuary 5, 2006 Ground Water Rule November 8, 2006 Revised Total Coliform Rule February 1 3, 201 3

History of Federal Regulations

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SLIDE 46

Regulations Promulgation Dates Disinfection Byproduct Rules: Total Trihalomethane Rule 1 979 Information Collection Rule May 1 4, 1 996 Stage 1 Disinfectants and DBP Rule (D/DBP Rule) December 1 6, 1 998 S tage 2 D/DBP Rule J anuary 4, 2006 Regulations for Organic and Inorganic Chemicals: Lead and Copper Rule J une 7, 1 991 Radionuclide Rule December 7, 2000 Arsenic Rule J anuary 22, 2001 Phase I or Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) Rule J uly 8, 1 987 Phase II or SOC and Inorganic Chemicals Rule J anuary 30, 1 991 Phase V Drinking Water Regulations J uly 1 7, 1 992

History of Federal Regulations

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SLIDE 47

Regulations Effective Date

Radionuclide J une 1 1 , 2006 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts J une 1 7, 2006 Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels September 27, 2006 Perchlorate October 1 8, 2007 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule J anuary 1 2, 2008 Arsenic (Revision) November 28, 2008 Point of Use Treatment December 21 , 201 Ground Water Rule August 1 8, 201 1 Point of Entry Treatment September 22, 201 1 Disinfectant Residual, DBPs, and DBP Precursors J une 21 , 201 2 Long Term 1 and 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rules J uly 1 , 201 3 Groundwater Replenishment Using Recycled Water J une 1 8, 201 4 Hexavalent Chromium J uly 1 , 201 4 Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry Treatment Emergency April 1 , 201 6

History of State Regulations (Recent)

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SLIDE 48

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

Federal: Published in December 1

97 4

Main law that ensures the quality of

drinking water in USA

Goals:
Drinking water only
Defines public water systems

1 5 connections or 25 persons)

Set monitoring requirements
Establish maximum allowable

levels of pollutants (MCLs)

Originally focused on treatment

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SLIDE 49

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

1

986 Amendment: Additional contaminants

1

996 Amendment:

Source water protection and assessment programs
Special considerations to small water systems
Operator certification
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (SRF)
Consumer information, including Customer Confidence

Reports (CCR)

States and Indian Tribes were offered primary

enforcement responsibility (“primacy”) in their State

Review of each regulation every 6 years, and monitoring

program for unregulated contaminants

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SLIDE 50

Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)

Federal: Published in 1

989

California: Effective in 1

991 ; similar requirements Surface Water Treatment – Title 22, Chapter 1 7

Goal: To prevent waterborne diseases

caused by viruses, bacteria (indicated by heterotrophic plate counts, HPCs), Legionella and Giardia lamblia

Applies to all public water systems that use

surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water (GWUDI)

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SLIDE 51

Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)

Key requirements:
Treatment techniques for turbidity and microbiological

contaminants in lieu of MCLs

Filtration (turbidity performance standards);

Filtration avoidance possible under certain conditions

Removal/inactivation by combined processes including

treatment techniques and disinfection of:

>99.9% (3 logs) for Giardia (MCLG of 0)
>99.99% (4 logs) for viruses (MCLG of 0)
Disinfectant residual entering the distribution system

0.2 mg/L free chlorine, 0.5 mg/L combined chlorine, etc.), or HPC 500 CFU/mL in the system

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SLIDE 52

Total Coliform Rule – “Current”

Federal: Current rule was published in 1

989 California: Primary Standards – Bacteriological Quality; Title 22, Chapter 1 5, Article 3

Applies to all public water systems (PWS),

including transient systems

Address potential acute health effects
Objectives:
Determine the integrity of the distribution system
Evaluate the effectiveness of treatment
Signal the possible presence of fecal contaminations

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SLIDE 53

Total Coliform Rule – “Current”

Microbial indicators:
Total coliforms (TC)
Fecal coliforms (FC), or

Escherichia coli for all TC+

Public Notifications for all violations of MCLs,
r monitoring/reporting requirements
Sampling requirements:
Number of samples based on system size and type
Sampling frequency based on system size and type
Reduced monitoring options

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SLIDE 54

Total Coliform Rule – “Current”

Develop a routine sample siting plan
Collect x samples per week/month (based on

system size and type) at sites that are representative

f all water sources, all pressure zones, and all

tanks; Analyze coliforms and chlorine residual

Additional samplings are required after:
Construction or repair of wells
Main installation or repair
Construction, repair, or

maintenance of storage tanks

Any system pressure loss to < 5 psi
Update Plan at least every 1

0 years and any time it is no longer representative

These results are not included in compliance calculations; Reported as “special samples”

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SLIDE 55

Total Coliform Rule – “Current”

If a routine, repeat or replacement sample is

positive for total coliform (TC+):

Lab should automatically analyze the samples for fecal

coliforms (FC) or Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Repeat sampling within the same 24-hour period:
At the site of TC+
1

sample upstream within 5 service connections

1

sample downstream within 5 service connections

(If GW user, sample the source(s) that were used)
(If only 1

sample per month, then collect 4 samples for each TC+)

Calculate % TC+

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Total Coliform Rule – “Current”

MCL violation if:
If >5% of samples are TC+ for systems that collect

40 samples/month, OR 2 samples are TC+ for systems that collect <40 samples/month Tier 2 PN

A repeat sample is FC+ or E. coli + Tier 1

PN

Following a FC+ or E. coli +, a repeat sample is TC+

Tier 1 PN

If MCL violation:
Inform the State within 24 hours of reception of results
Notify retailers, if any, within 24 hours of reception
f results
Notify customers (Tier 1
r Tier 2)

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Total Coliform Rule – “Current”

Assessments or corrective actions:
Federal: None
California: Assessment required if

“significant rise in bacterial counts” (coliform bacteria)

For systems collecting 40 samples/month:

TC+ followed by 2 TC+ repeat samples

FC+ or E. coli +
MCL exceedance, i.e.:
>x% of samples are TC+
A repeat sample is positive for FC or E. coli
Following a FC+ or E. coli +, a repeat sample is TC+

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SLIDE 58

Revised Total Coliform Rule

Federal:
Revised rule published in February 201

3

Minor corrections published in February 201

4 (effective in April 201 4)

State:
Compliance for all water systems: April 1

, 201 6

Goal for California adoption ?
Interim period:
Continue to comply with the California “Current” TCR,

i.e., TC MCL still in effect

Comply with the Federal Revised TCR (> April 1

, 201 6), i.e., Assessments and corrective actions of R-TCR in effect

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SLIDE 59

Revised Total Coliform Rule

Objective:
“Improve public health protection through the reduction of

potential pathways of entry for fecal contamination and other pathogens into the distribution system”

Goals:

Current TCR Revised TCR

Determine the integrity of the

distribution system

Evaluate the effectiveness of

treatment

Signal the possible presence
f fecal contaminations
Determine the integrity of the

distribution system

Evaluate the effectiveness of

treatment

Look for microbial

contamination

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SLIDE 60

Revised Total Coliform Rule

Main changes:
Fecal coliforms no longer accepted as indicator of

contamination; Escherichia coli (E. coli) only

TC+ sample becomes a trigger for assessment and

corrective action, no longer an MCL violation:

Fewer public notifications overall
Help preserve customers’ trust
“Find and fix”: Assessments and corrective actions

for MCL exceedances

Provisions for seasonal systems to monitor and

certify the completion of a state-approved start-up procedures

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SLIDE 61

Revised TCR – Sample Siting Plan

California’s existing Sample Siting Plan should

comply with the Revised TCR

Sites required per time period (week, month):
Depends on system type and population served
Must represent all water sources, pressure zones,

and reservoirs/tanks (rotations are possible)

Include routine and repeat sample sites
Include routine sample schedule and rotation plan
Include triggered source monitoring and assessment

source monitoring sampling needed to comply with the Ground Water Rule

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SLIDE 62

Revised TCR – Routine Sampling

Population Service Connections Current CA TCR Federal rTCR CA rTCR Proposed S W >1000

401*

GWUDI >1000

401*

Only GW >1000

401*

S W 25 - 1000 15 - 400* 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month GWUDI 25 - 1000 15 - 400* 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month Only GW 25 - 1000 15 - 400* 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month S W >1000 GWUDI >1000 Only GW >1000 S W 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month GWUDI 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month Only GW 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ qtr 1 sample/ month S W >1000 GWUDI >1000 Only GW >1000 S W 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month GWUDI 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month Only GW 25 - 1000 1 sample/ qtr 1 sample/ qtr 1 sample/ qtr

(a) Whichever results in a greater number of routine samples. (b) Only for those months when the system serves 1000 population. * No. of service connections not applicable to community water systems under Federal rTCR

Routine M onitoring TNC NTNC CWS * Population Based: 2 - 480 samples/ month

Population Based: 2 - 480 samples/ month

Population or SC Based

(a):

2 samples/ month - 120 samples/ wk

Population Based: 2 samples/ month - 120 samples/ wk Population Based: 2 samples/ month - 120 samples/ wk

Not applicable

Population or SC Based

(a): 2 samples/ month -

120 samples/ wk PWS Type Source Type

Population Based:2 samples/ month - 120 samples/ wk Population Based: 2 samples/ month - 120 samples/ wk

Seasonal systems: Routine sampling based on population during the months when system is operational

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 63

Revised TCR – Routine Sampling

Minimum number of total coliform routine samples:

Monthly Population Served Service Connections Minimum Number of Samples 25 to 1 000 1 5 to 400 1 per month 1 ,001 to 2,500 401 to 890 2 per month 2,501 to 3,300 891 to 1 ,1 80 3 per month 3,301 to 4,1 00 1 ,1 81 to 1 ,460 4 per month 4,1 01 to 4,900 1 ,461 to 1 ,750 5 per month 4,901 to 5,800 1 ,751 to 2,1 00 6 per month 5,801 to 6,700 2,1 01 to 2,400 7 per month Etc. Etc. Etc.

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 64

Revised TCR – Sample Siting Plan

Procedure to follow in case of TC+ and E.

coli +

Additional samplings are required after:
Construction or repair of wells
Main installation or repair
Construction, repair, or maintenance of storage

tanks

Any system pressure loss to < 5 psi
May not be listed in the Revised TCR because it

is already addressed elsewhere in Title 22 (? )

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

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m

SLIDE 65

Revised TCR – Sample Siting Plan

First plan required within 3 months after the

Revised TCR effective date

Revise plan:
At least once every 1

0 years

Within 30 days when the water system or SWRCB

determines that it is no longer representative

Within 30 days when the water system determines that

sampling sites or procedure need to be revised

If failure to conduct routine sample monitoring:
Notify SWRCB within 1

0 days

Tier 3 Public Notification

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 66

Current & Revised TCR – Sample Analysis

Routine and “other” samples reported as

Presence/Absence (P/A) or coliform density

Repeat samples reported as coliform density

(? )

Measure disinfectant residual at the same

site and time as routine and repeat samples

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 67

Current & Revised TCR – Sample Analysis

Invalidation is possible:
With written notice from the lab if the lab did

not follow the prescribed analytical method

Repeat samples are TC+ at same site, but TC- at

upstream/downstream sites

Must collect a “replacement sample”from the

same location within 24 hours of being notified

Document which samples were invalidated, why

they were invalidated, who authorized the invalidation; and when replacement samples were collected

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

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m

SLIDE 68

Current & Revised TCR – Violations

If TC+:
Analyze same sample for E. coli (not fecal coliforms)
Collect repeat samples within 24 hours, or contact the

SWRCB (extension is possible):

At the site of TC+;

1 sample upstream within 5 service connections; 1 sample downstream within 5 service connections

(If GW user, sample the source(s) that were used)
(3 samples in 3 days at the same site if 1

connection)

(Alternative sites possible if stated in the Sample

Siting Plan and accepted by the SWRCB)

Measure disinfectant residual at each site
Contact the SWRCB within 1

0 days

Repeat sampling until no coliforms are detected or

Treatment Technique Trigger is exceeded

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 69

Current & Revised TCR – Violations

“Significant rise in bacterial counts” if:
For systems collecting 40 samples/month:

TC+ followed by 2 TC+ repeat samples

Fecal coliform + or E. coli + samples
TC of > 23 MPN/1

00 mL or 23 CFU/ 1 00 mL (? )

Actions to undertake in case of a “significant rise in

bacterial counts” :

Notify SWRCB by the end of the day
Tier 1

Public Notification upon notification from the SWRCB

Conduct investigation, identify corrective actions with

timeline of implementation, and report to SWRCB

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 70

Current & Revised TCR – Violations

“Significant rise in bacterial counts” cannot
ccur unless there is a

source/pathway/mechanism of contamination:

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 71

Current & Revised TCR – Violations

Actions to undertake (i.e., investigation) in case of

a “significant rise in bacterial counts” :

Current operating procedures and records
Any interruptions in the treatment process
S

ystem pressure loss to less than 5 psi

Vandalism and/or unauthorized access to facilities
Evidence indicating bacteriological contamination of

facilities

Analytical results of additional samples collected,

including source samples; and

Community illness suspected of being waterborne

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 72

Current & Revised TCR – Violations

“Coliform Treatment Technique Triggers”(“Total

Coliform MCL Exceedance” under Current TCR) if:

<40 samples/month: 2 samples are TC+ in a calendar

month

40 samples/month: >5% of samples are TC+ in a calendar

month

Failure to collect repeat samples after TC+
Based on all routine, repeat and replacement samples

(does not include special and quarterly samples at wellheads)

Actions to undertake if Coliform TT Trigger:
Notify SWRCB by the end of next business day
Conduct Level 1

Assessment as soon as possible

Tier 2 Public Notification

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 73

Revised TCR – Violations

E. coli MCL Exceedance if:
Following a TC+, a repeat sample is positive for E. coli

(Acute Total Coliform MCL Exceedance)

Following an E. coli positive sample, a repeat sample is TC+

(Acute Total Coliform MCL Exceedance)

Following an E. coli positive routine sample, failure to

collect all required repeat samples

Failure to test for E. coli when a repeat sample is TC+
Actions to undertake if E. coli MCL Exceedance:
Notify SWRCB immediately (by the end of the day)
Tier 1

Public Notification

Conduct Level 2 Assessment

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 74

Revised TCR – Tier 1 Violation and PN

E. coli MCL Exceedance:
Following a TC+, a repeat sample is E. coli +
Following an E. coli + sample, a repeat sample is TC+
Following an E. coli + routine sample, failure to collect all

required repeat samples

Failure to test for E. coli when a repeat sample is TC+
“Significant rise in bacterial counts”

:

For systems collecting 40 samples/month:

TC+ followed by 2 TC+ repeat samples

Fecal coliform + or E. coli + samples
TC of > 23 MPN/1

00 mL or 23 CFU/ 1 00 mL (? )

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 75

Revised TCR – Tier 1 Violation and PN

Notify SWRCB by the end of the business day
Notify customers within 24 hours:
By television, radio, newspapers, posting in

public places, or personally deliver to customers

Conduct Level 1

Assessment

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 76

Revised TCR – Tier 2 Violation and PN

Coliform Treatment Technique Trigger, or

Total Coliform MCL Exceedance;

<40 samples/month: 2 samples are TC+ in a

calendar month

40 samples/month: >5% of samples are TC+ in a

calendar month

Failure to collect repeat samples after TC+
Notify SWRCB within 24 hours
Conduct a Level 1

Assessment

Notify customers within 30 days:
By media, posting, or through the mail

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 77

Revised TCR – Tier 3 Violation and PN

Reporting violations:
Failure to test the same sample for E. coli

following the detection of a TC+ routine sample

Failure to collect repeat or replacement samples
Failure to complete Assessment or Corrective

Actions within set timeline

Failure to notify the SWRCB within 1

0 days after learning of a monitoring violation, including routine monitoring

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 78

Revised TCR – Tier 3 Violation and PN

Notify SWRCB within 1

0 days

Notify customers within 1

year:

By posting, mail, direct delivery, or in the

Customer Confidence Report (CCR, if the violation was within the 1 2-month period covered by CCR)

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 79

R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions

“Find and fix”: Two levels of assessments

and corrective actions triggered by a TC+ sample (“Treatment Technique Trigger”):

To find:
Possible presence of sanitary defects, i.e., where

microbial contaminants could enter into the distribution system, or that indicates a (imminent) failure of an existing barrier

Possible presence of defects in distribution

system coliform monitoring

Reasons that triggered the assessment (when

possible)

Level 1

and Level 2 Assessments

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

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m

SLIDE 80

R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions

Level 1

:

Self assessment by water system
“Evaluation to identify the possible presence of sanitary

defects, defects in distribution system coliform monitoring practices, and (when possible) the likely reason that the system triggered the assessment”

Level 2:
Assessment by primacy agency
“Evaluation, that provides a more detailed examination of the

system (including the system’s monitoring and operational practices) than does a Level 1 assessment through the use of more comprehensive investigation and review of available information, additional internal and external resources, and

ther relevant practices”

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 81

R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions

Level 1 : Self assessment Level 2: Third-party Assessment

Triggers

“TC MCL Exceedance”, i.e.,

S ystems that collect 40 samples/month: >5% TC+ OR S ystems that collect <40 samples/month: 2 TC+

Failure to collect repeat

samples after TC+

“

Acute TC MCL Exceedance” “E. coli MCL Exceedance”

Second Level 1

Assessment within a 1 2-month period (except if the problem was identified and corrected following the first Level 1 Assessment)

Actions

30 days to conduct and submit

assessment report

Identify sanitary defects
Determine corrective

actions and timetable

Notify SWRCB 5 business days

after completing each corrective actions

30 days to conduct and submit

assessment report

Identify sanitary defects
Determine corrective

actions and timetable

Notify SWRCB 5 business days

after completing each corrective actions

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 82

R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions

“Find”:
Review and identify inadequacies

in sample sites, evaluate sampling protocol and processing

Look for atypical events that could affect water quality, or

indicate that water quality was impaired

Evaluate changes in distribution system maintenance and
peration that could impact water quality
Evaluate source(s) and treatment
Evaluate existing water quality data
Forms are available on SWRCB’s website

(http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/d rinkingwater/rtcr.shtml)

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 83

R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions

“Fix”:
Describe defects found, corrective actions performed, and a

timeline for the planned corrective actions

Forms available on SWRCB website

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 84

R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions

“Fix”:
SWRCB will review and comment on

assessment; If the fix is simple, go ahead!

Notify SWRCB within 5 business days after

completing the scheduled corrective actions

Failure to submit the assessment form or

assessment report is a Tier 2 Violation and Public Notification

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 85

Revised TCR – Seasonal S ystems

Seasonal system startup:
Startup Plan due 3 months after effective date:
Inspection of water system components
Disinfection and flushing procedures
Bacteriological and chlorine residual sampling plan
Use of certified operators for startup procedures
Alternatives and exemptions are possible if the

distribution system remains pressurized, or equivalent public health protection is provided and approved

Get SWRCB approval before serving water:
Get approval of startup procedure
Submit bacteriological and disinfectant results

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 86

Revised TCR – Seasonal S ystems

Tier 3 Public Notification if:
Failure to notify SWRCB prior to startup
Failure to submit startup sampling results
Seasonal system shut down:
Notify SWRCB within 1

0 days after system closure and prior to operation

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 87

Revised TCR – Reporting

All results (coliforms and disinfectant residuals)

must be reported to the SWRCB by the 1 0th day of the following month:

400 connections: No monthly report required
> 400 connections: Water systems must submit monthly

summary report to SWRCB

< 1

0,000 connections or < 33,000 people: Lab must submit all resultsdirectly to the SWRCB

1

0,000 connections or 33,000 people: Lab must submit all positive routine and all repeat samples directly to the SWRCB

Lab must report TC+, E. coli + and invalidated samples 24

hours to water systems, or contact SWRCB; Water systems must have someone available 24/7

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 88

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Federal: November 2006

California: Effective in August 201 1

Title 22, Addendum A
Similar requirements
Goal: To provide increased protection against

pathogens in systems that use groundwater

Applies to:
All groundwater systems, including consecutive systems
“

Any systems that mix groundwater and surface water, if the groundwater is added directly to the distribution system without or after treatment”

GWR uses TCR monitoring to trigger requirements

that are specific to groundwater users

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 89

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Four requirements:
Triggered source water monitoring and

assessment

Compliance monitoring (assessment source

water monitoring)

Periodic sanitary surveys
Corrective actions

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 90

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Triggered source (raw) water monitoring and

assessment: (1 ) For systems that do not provide 4- log virus removal; AND (2) When a TC+ is identified:

Collect sample from each GW source in use at the time the

TC+ sample was collected, before treatment, within 24 hours (or contact the SWRCB)

Analyze for the presence of a fecal indicator

(e.g., E. coli, enterococci, or coliphage)

If multiple wells, representative sites can be used,

if approved by the SWRCB

If a fecal indicator-positive source water sample is found

and no corrective actions are required by the SWRCB, collect 5 additional source water samples from the same source within 24 hours

Sample GW sources if a retailer has a TC+

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 91

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Source (raw) water sampling, before treatment:

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 92

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Compliance monitoring for chemical disinfection
r other treatment (membrane, UV, etc.):
If 99.99% (4-log) inactivation/removal of viruses is not

provided:

Source (raw) water monitoring for fecal indicators

(E. coli, enterococci, or coliphage), if requested by the SWRCB

If 99.99% (4-log) inactivation/removal of viruses is

provided:

Conduct source water monitoring once, or as

determined by SWRCB

Compliance monitoring to demonstrate treatment

effectiveness (e.g., disinfectant residual, engineering,

perational, or other as requested by the SWRCB)

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 93

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Periodic sanitary surveys:
To evaluate critical elements, and identify

significant deficiencies

GW systems that conduct source water

monitoring: Every 3 years GW systems that provide 4-log treatment: Every 5 years

8 critical elements to examine:
Source, treatment, distribution system,

finished water storage, pumps, monitoring/reporting/ data verification, system management and operation, and

perator compliance with State requirements

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

SLIDE 94

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Corrective actions or treatment techniques:
For systems with significant deficiencies, or fecal indicator

positive sample

Significant deficiencies: e.g., defects in design, operation, or

maintenance, or a failure or malfunction of the sources, treatment, storage, or distribution system that the S tate determines to be causing, or have potential for causing, the introduction of contamination into the water

Actions must be identified 30 days of being notified of

significant deficiency, and completed 1 20 days:

Correct all significant deficiencies
Provide an alternate source of water
Eliminate the source of contamination
Provide treatment that achieves 4-log virus removal
Inform the public

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

C h a n g e w w w . t r a c k e r

s
f

t w a r e . c

m

C l i c k t

b

u y N O W ! P D F

X

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SLIDE 95

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Change in relation to the Revised TCR:
Sample Siting Plan needs to include triggered

source monitoring and assessment source monitoring needed to comply with the GWR

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SLIDE 96

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Violations and Public Notifications:
Tier 1

if a positive fecal indicator (Escherichia coli, enterococci, or coliphage) is detected in the source (raw) water

Tier 2 (Treatment Technique, TT, violation) if:
Corrective actions are not undertaken 1

20 days,

r
4-log virus removal is not maintained before or

at the first customer

Tier 3 if fail to meet compliance monitoring

requirements for source water

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SLIDE 97

Ground Water Rule (GWR)

Reporting to State:
Within 24 hours if minimum residual disinfectant is not

maintained

Within 30 days after completing any corrective action
If does not conduct source water monitoring

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SLIDE 98

Overview of Drinking Water Regulations – Agenda

Regulatory agencies
Health effects and health risks
Regulatory processes:
MCL, MCLG, MRDL, MRDLG, TT, HA, HRL, NL and RL
Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Program (UCM)
Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)
Brief history of drinking water regulations
Microbial rules:
SDWA, SWTR, TCR, GWR, ESWTR, LT1

and LT2 ESWTR

Public notification and reporting

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SLIDE 99

M icrobial and DBP Regulations

Microbial/DBP dilemma:
Maximize microbial inactivation to protect

against waterborne diseases using disinfectants

Minimize disinfection byproduct (DBP)

formation

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SLIDE 100

Information Collection Rule (ICR)

Federal: Published in May 1

996

Data collection effort by large water systems
Goal: To support the development of future

regulations on microbial contaminants (ESWTR), disinfectants and DBPs (DBP Rules)

To provide information on:
DBPs that form when disinfectants used for microbial

control react with chemicals present in source water

Pathogens, including Cryptosporidium
Engineering data to control these contaminants
1

8 months

California: Crypto Action Plan among others

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SLIDE 101

M icrobial and DBP Regulations

Federal EPA: Enhanced Surface Water Treatment

Rules to improve the control of pathogens, and Disinfection Byproducts Rules (DBPRs) to balance DBP risks:

Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule,

Stage 1 Disinfectants and DBP Rule; Both published in December 1 998

Long-term 1

Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule; Published in J anuary 2002

Long-term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule,

Stage 2 Disinfectants and DBP Rule; Both published in J anuary 2006

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SLIDE 102

Interim Enhanced SWTR

Federal: Published December 1

998 California IESWTR: Effective in J anuary 2008

Applies to large SW systems (1

0,000 people)

Goal: To improve control of microbial pathogens
Key requirements:
Cryptosporidium 2-log reduction, MCLG of 0
More stringent turbidity performance standards in

individual filters (combined filters in SWTR):

California: Additional turbidity monitoring
Disinfection profiling and benchmarking
Sanitary surveys
Cover finished water reservoirs

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SLIDE 103

Long-Term 1 and Long-Term 2 ESWTRs

Federal: Published in 2002 and 2006

California LT1 & LT2 ESWTR: Effective J uly 201 3; Title 22 – Addendum B; Similar requirements

Long Term 1

Enhanced SWTR, J anuary 2002:

Applies the IESWTR to all SW systems and GWUDI
Goal: To improve control of microbial pathogens
Long Term 2 Enhanced SWTR, J

anuary 2006:

Applies to all SW systems and GWUDI
Goal: To provide additional protection against Crypto
Greater management of watersheds and Crypto removal

based on “bin” classifications of source water, with a Microbial Toolbox of treatment and management options

Provisions for unfiltered systems

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SLIDE 104

Long-Term 2 ESWTR

Source water sampling required to

determine bin classification:

S ystemsthat serve… Must begin 1

st round

f source water

monitoring no later than… Must begin 2nd round

f source water

monitoring no later than… 1 00,000 people October 1 , 2006 April 1 , 201 5 50,000 to 99,999 people April 1 , 2007 October 1 , 201 5 1 0,000 to 49,999 people April 1 , 2008 October 1 , 201 6 <1 0,000 people, and monitor for E. coli October 1 , 2008 October 1 , 201 7 <1 0,000 people, and monitor for Crypto April 1 , 201 April 1 , 201 9

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SLIDE 105

Long-Term 2 ESWTR

Second source water sampling for

determination of “bin classification” for filtered water systems,

r mean Crypto level for unfiltered systems:
Same parameters, frequency, duration as first

round

Bin re-classification may occur based on results
btained during the second sampling round

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SLIDE 106

Stage 1 and Stage 2 DBPRs

Federal: Published in Dec. 1

998 and J

an. 2006

California: Title 22, Chapter 1 5.5

Stage 1

effective in J une 2006, similar requirements Stage 2 effective in J une 201 2, similar requirements

Applies to all community water systems and

non-transient non-community systems that:

Stage 1

: Add a chemical disinfectant during treatment Stage 2: Add a primary or residual disinfectant other than UV; OR

Stage 1

: Provide water containing a chemical disinfectant Stage 2: Deliver water that has been disinfected by a primary or residual disinfectant other than UV

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SLIDE 107

Stage 1 and Stage 2 DBPRs

MCLs for THM4, HAA5, bromate and chlorite, and

MRDLs for free chlorine, monochloramine and chlorine dioxide, are the same for both rules DBP or Disinfectant MCL or MRDL DLR

THM4 0.080 mg/L 1 µg/L (each species) HAA5 (ClAA, Cl2AA, Cl3AA, BrAA, Br2AA) 0.060 mg/L 2 µg/L for ClAA, 1 µg/L for other species Bromate 0.01 0 mg/L 1

r 5 µg/L,

depend on method used Chlorite 1 .0 mg/L 0.020 mg/L Free chlorine 4.0 mg/L Cl2 Chloramines 4.0 mg/L Cl2 Chlorine dioxide 0.8 mg/L ClO2

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SLIDE 108

Stages 1 and Stage 2 DBPRs

Stage 1

: Running Annual Averages (RAAs) of quarterly DBP samples Stage 2: Locational Running Annual Averages (LRAAs, averages at each sampling site)

Initial Distribution S

ystem Evaluation (IDSE): Data collection effort to identify distribution system sites with higher DBP concentrations

Stage 1

: Removal of DBP precursors based on source water TOC and alkalinity, using enhanced coagulation

Stage 2: Addresses consecutive systems that were

poorly addressed by the Stage 1 DBPR

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SLIDE 109

Free and Combined Chlorine – Regulations

Disinfectant residual measured at the same time

and sites than TCR samples

Minimum residual set by the Primary Standards,

Bacteriological Quality, i.e., SWTR and (Revised) TCR:

Entry points: Disinfectant “shall not be <0.2 mg/L

for > 4 hours in any 24-hour period”

In the distribution system:
Disinfectant “cannot be undetectable in >5% of

samples in a month for any 2 consecutive months”

“HPC 500 CFU/mL is deemed to have detectable

residual disinfectant”

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SLIDE 110

Free and Combined Chlorine – Regulations

Maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL) set by

the Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfectants and DBP Rules:

4.0 mg/L Cl2 for free chlorine; MRDLG of 4.0 mg/L Cl2

4.0 mg/L Cl2 for chloramines; MRDLG of 4.0 mg/L Cl2

Running Annual Average (RAA) of quarterly averages
MRDL exceedances are possible to protect public health

against specific microbial contaminations

e.g., distribution line breaks, storm run-off events,

source water contaminations, natural disasters, cross-connections

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SLIDE 111

Overview of Drinking Water Regulations – Agenda

Regulatory agencies
Health effects and health risks
Regulatory processes:
MCL, MCLG, MRDL, MRDLG, TT, HA, HRL, NL and RL
Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Program (UCM)
Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)
Brief history of drinking water regulations
Microbial rules:
SDWA, SWTR, TCR, GWR, ESWTR, LT1

and LT2 ESWTR

Public notification and reporting

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SLIDE 112

Public Notification Rule

Federal:
Original: In the Safe Drinking Water Act (1

97 4)

Revised rule published in May 2000
Amendment published in J

uly 2006

California:
Title 22, Chapter 1

5, Articles 1 8, 1 9 and 20 (others)

Goal:
To ensure that consumers will always know if

there is a problem with their drinking water

How to inform customers if regulatory

requirements are not met

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SLIDE 113

Public Notification Rule

Violations and public notifications:

Violation PublicNotification Tier MCL violation with potential immediate health effects Tier 1 (Immediately to all customers within 24 hours) Treatment Technique violation Tier 2 (All customers within 30 days) Monitoring and reporting violations Tier 3 (All customers within 1 year)

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SLIDE 114

Public Notification Rule

Tier 1

violation: Immediate notice:

Where there is the potential for human health

to be immediately impacted

e.g., detection of fecal or E. coli, or failure to test

for fecal contamination after a TC+ is found; exceedance of nitrate, nitrite, turbidity, or chlorine dioxide; waterborne outbreak

Notify customers within 24 hours
By television, radio, newspapers, posting in

public places, or personally deliver to customers

Tier 2 violation: As soon as possible
Tier 3 violation: Annual notice

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SLIDE 115

Public Notification Rule and Reporting

Consumer confidence report (CCR):
By J

uly 1

f the following year
Electronic delivery allowed
Additional language proposed in relation to the

Revised TCR (e.g., health effects, assessments)

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SLIDE 116

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SLIDE 117

Overview of Regulations – Summary

Title 22 – Primary & secondary drinking water

standards; Title 1 7 – Backflow prevention & cross connection

Regulations are developed by the Federal,

but implemented by the State (SWRCB)

Federal: CCL UCMR (occurrence) + Health effects

+ Technology + Economic feasibility + Comments from industry MCL

California: Federal Regulations +/or OEHHA’s PHGs

+ Occurrence + Technology + Economic feasibility + Comments from industry MCL

Conflicting regulations (e.g., microbial and DBPs),

Simultaneous compliance issues

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SLIDE 118

Overview of Regulations – Reference

USEPA, Office of Ground Water and Drinking

Water: http://water.epa.gov/drink/index.cfm

State Water Resources Control Board, Division of

Drinking Water Programs: http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/drinkingwater/index.sht ml

California Code of Regulation, Title 1

7 and Title 22, September 29, 201 6

OEHHA, Water Toxicology Section,

http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water.html

AWWA, Legislation and Regulation, www.awwa.org/

legislation-regulation/regulations.aspx

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