X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Regulatory Processes c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • To develop Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs): Federal: California: • Federal regulations • Occurrence • Occurrence in the State • Health effects • OEHHA PHG and Federal MCLG • Removal/control technologies • Removal/control technologies • Economic feasibility • Economic feasibility • Comments • Comments • To determine which contaminants to regulate, and develop MCLs, MCLGs or TT: • Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring (UCM) • Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Regulatory Process – Federal t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Federal and State: Contaminants that do not have MCLs: • Treatment technique (TT): • When a reliable, economical, technically feasible method to measure a contaminant’s level of concern cannot be determined • Enforceable water treatment process or procedure required to be operated at a specified effectiveness for removal of a measurable surrogate contaminant, to ensure effective removal of other contaminants • E.g., turbidity; (Revised) Total Coliform Rule; Lead and Copper Rule
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Regulatory Process – California t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • MCLs, PHGs, MRDLs, MRDLGs, NLs, RLs • Reporting limits for contaminants that have MCLs: • Detection Limits for the purpose of Reporting (DLRs): • Level at which the State is confident about lab results • Set by the State • Method Detection Limits (MDLs), Reporting Limits (RLs) • Set by laboratories
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Regulatory Process – California t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Notification Levels (NLs): • Health-based advisory levels for chemicals for which there are no formal regulatory standards (MCLs or TTs) • If exceeded � Notify the State, additional monitoring, and report to customers • Determined by OEHHA, or by the SWRCB and reviewed by OEHHA; 1 4 contaminants with NLs set by OEHHA: • 1 ,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), 1 ,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1 ,2,4-TMB), 1 ,3,5-trimethylbenzene (1 ,3,5-TMB), 1 ,4-dioxane, 2-chlorotoluene, carbon disulfide, chlorate, methyl isobutyl ketone, n-propylbenzene (isocumene), naphthalene, sec-butylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), vanadium, etc.
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Regulatory Process – California t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Notification Levels (NLs) • Response Levels (RLs): • Also health-based advisory levels for chemicals for which there are no formal regulatory standards (MCLs or TTs) • 1 0-1 00x the Notification Level (NL) • If exceeded � Corrective actions • May involve removing the water source from service
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Regulatory Processes c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • To determine which contaminants to regulate, and develop MCLs, MCLGs, TT, HAs, NLs or RLs: • Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring (UCM) • Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Unregulated Contaminant M onitoring c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Not by the State (it was repealed from Title 22), Directly by the U.S. EPA • Established by the 1 996 Amendment of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) • Goals of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring (UCM) Program: • To collect data for contaminants suspected to be present in drinking water, but that do not have health-based standards set under the SDWA • Largely based on the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) • Results are compiled in the National Contaminant Occurrence Database (NCOD)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Unregulated Contaminant M onitoring c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • No more than 30 contaminants every 5 years: • UCMR 1 : September 1 999: • Monitoring 2001 –2005 • 25 chemicals (e.g., MTBE, perchlorate), 1 bacterium • UCMR 2: J anuary 2007: • Monitoring 2007–201 1 • 25 chemicals (e.g., 6 nitrosamines) • UCMR 3: May 201 2: • Monitoring 201 2–201 6 • 28 chemicals, 2 viruses • UCMR 4: Published on December 20, 201 6: • Monitoring J anuary 201 8 to November 2020 • 30 chemicals
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c UCM R 3 – 2013 to 2015 c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • UCMR 3: Tiered monitoring: • Lists of contaminants separated by system size • Contaminants are separated by analytical complexity • S ystems randomly selected to be representative Public water systems PWS serving Monitoring (PWS) serving >1 0,000 <1 0,000 • 1 2 months • Common List 1 : 800 randomly All (~4,200 systems) Assessment analytical selected PWSs Monitoring techniques used by DW labs • 1 2 months All systems serving more than 1 00,000 people • Specialized List 2: 480 randomly (~41 0), and ~320 randomly Screening analytical selected PWSs Survey selected systems serving methods not 1 0,001 to 1 00,000 commonly used May be conducted by a • 1 2 months limited number of PWSs List 3: • Newer analytical (wells located in areas of Pre-Screen methods not Testing karst or fractured commonly used bedrock)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c UCM R 3 – 2013 to 2015 c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o List 1 List 1 (cont’d) List 2 List 3 (6 VOCs, 1 SOC, (6 metals, (hormones) (viruses) 1 oxyhalide) 6 perfluorinated) • 1 ,2,3- • Vanadium • 1 7- � -estradiol • Enteroviruse trichloropropane s • Molybdenum • 1 7- � -ethynyl- • 1 ,3-butadiene estradiol • Noroviruses • Cobalt • Chloromethane • 1 6- � -hydroxyl- • Strontium (methyl chloride) estradiol • Total chromium (estriol) • 1 ,1 -dichloroethane • Chromium 6 • Equilin • Bromomethane • Perfluorooctane- (methyl bromide) sulfonicacid (PFOS) • Estrone • Perfluorooctanoic • Chlorodifluoro- • Testosterone acid (PFOA) methane (HCFC-22) • 4-androstene- • Perfluorononanoic • Bromochlorometha 3,1 7-dione acid (PFNA) ne (halon 1 01 1 ) • Perfluorohexane- • 1 ,4-dioxane sulfonic acid • Chlorate (PFHxS) • Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) • Perfluorobutane- sulfonic acid (PFBS)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c UCM R 3 – Results c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Many positive detections: • 1 ,4-dioxane • Vanadium • Strontium • Chlorate • Chromium 6 • Also 1 ,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), but at concentrations lower than expected • Rarely or not detected: • Perfluoro compounds (e.g., PFOA, PFOS) • Hormones • Pesticides
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c UCM R 4 – 2018 to 2020 c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Published on December 1 6, 201 6 Cyanotoxins Metals Pesticides Br- Alcohols Semivolatile Indicato HAAs chemicals rs • Total • Germaniu • Alpha- • HAA5 • 1 -butanol • Butylated • TOC microcystin m hexachlorocycl hydroxyanisol • HAA6B • 2-methoxy- • Bromide o-hexane e • Microcystin-LA • Manganese r ethanol • Tempe- • Chlorpyrifos • O-toluidine • Microcystin-LF • HAA9 • 2-propen-1 - rature • Microcystin-LR • Dimethipin ol • Quinoline • pH • Microcystin-LY • Ethoprop • Microcystin-RR • Oxyfluorfen • Microcystin-YR • Profenofos • Nodularin • Tebuconazole • Anatoxin-A • Total • Cylindrosperm permethrin opsin (cis- & trans-) • Tribufos Entry point to Entry point Entry point to In the Entry point Entry point to S ource the to the the distribu to the the water distribution distributio distribution -tion distributio distribution intake system n system system system n system system • HAA6Br: Bromochloro-, bromodichloro-, dibromo-, dibromochloro-, monobromo-, tribromo-acetic acids
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c UCM R 4 – 2018 to 2020 c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Monitoring from J anuary 201 8 to December 2020 • S ystems targeted: 1 0 List 1 20 Additional List 1 System Size Cyanotoxins Chemicals 800 randomly A different group of Small S ystems selected SW or 800 randomly selected (25 to 1 0,000 GWUDI SW, GWUDI and GW people) systems systems All SW or Large Systems All SW, GWUDI and GWUDI (1 0,001 and over) GW systems systems
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c UCM R 4 – 2018 to 2020 c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • SW and GWUDI systems that must monitor cyanotoxins: Must collect 3 samples, but not all samples may need to be analyzed: • If Adda ELISA result (total microcystinsby EPA Method 546) < 0.3 µg/L (i.e., the reporting limit for total microcystins) � Report only Adda ELISA result • If ELISA result � 0.3 µg/L: � Report Adda ELISA result � Identify and quantify cyanotoxinsby EPA Method 544 • Analyze cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a (EPA Method 545) in all samples
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Priority contaminants that: 1 . Are not regulated by National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) 2. Are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems (PWSs) 3. May warrant regulation under the SDWA • Lists of contaminants are published every 5 years USEPA website
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • � 5 contaminants need to be regulated from each publication (Regulatory Determinations, RD): • Positive RD (i.e., a regulation is needed) if: • Adverse health effects • Occurrence in public water systems (PWS) at a frequency and concentration of health concerns • Meaningful opportunity to reduce health risks • If positive RD, then EPA has: • 24 months to publish a proposed regulation • 36 months to publish a final regulation • Negative RD (i.e., a regulation is not needed) • Guidance or health advisory • More research needed
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • CCL 3 in 2009: • New, more systematic approach • Universe (~7,500 contaminants) � PCCL (Preliminary Candidate Contaminant List) � CCL • 1 1 6 contaminants: • 1 04 chemical groups: pesticides, DBPs, chemicals used in commerce, pathogens, pharmaceuticals, biotoxins • 1 2 microorganisms: protozoa, bacteria, viruses
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • CCL 3 : Regulatory determination (RD) on J anuary 4, 201 6: • Delayed RD for strontium to consider additional data and decide whether there is a meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction by regulating strontium in drinking water • Health reference level (HRL) from 4.2 to 1 .5 mg/L � A large number of impacted wells in California • Negative-RD for dimethoate, 1 ,3-dinitrotoluene, terbufos, and terbufossulfone • Lack of occurrence data • No RD for chlorate and nitrosamines
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • CCL 4: • Announced on November 1 8, 201 6: • Approach: • CCL 3 contaminants carried over • Public nominations for additional contaminants • New data for contaminants with previous negative RD from CCL 1 or CCL 2
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • CCL 4: • 97 chemicals (or groups) and 1 2 microbial contaminants: • Commercial chemicals and pesticides (e.g., 1 ,2,3-TCP, 1 ,4-dioxane, manganese, MtBE, PFOS, PFOA, vanadium) • Biological toxins (cyanotoxins) • DBPs (chlorate, 5 nitrosamines) • Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPS) • Waterborne pathogens ( E. coli O1 57, Helicobacter pylori , Mycobacterium Avium Complex [MAC], Legionella pneumophila , Naegleria fowleri , viruses)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Regulatory Reviews – Federal c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • 6-year review of existing regulations to capture new information on: • Benefits of regulations • Health effects • Occurrence • Treatment techniques • Analytical methods • Costs
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Regulatory Reviews – Federal c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Third 6-year review: Announced on December 22, 201 6 • 76 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) reviewed • 8 NPDWRs are candidates for revision: • Stage 1 and Stage 2 DBPR: Chlorite, THMs, HAAs • Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), Interim Enhanced SWTR, and Long-Term 1 ESWTR � Cryptosporidium , heterotrophic bacteria, Giardia lamblia , Legionella , and viruses • 1 2 NPDWRs that did not need a detailed review because of recent, ongoing, or pending regulatory actions � Lead, copper, total coliforms, Escherichia coli , and 8 carcinogenic VOCs
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Regulatory Reviews – California c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Unregulated contaminants: • Contaminants without MCLs, e.g., 1 ,2,3-TCP • Contaminants with MCLs > PHGs • Recent detection of contaminants with MCLs > PHGs: • 23 contaminants identified, including arsenic, chromium 6, perchlorate, uranium, tetrachloroethylene (or perchloroethylene, PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and 1 ,2-dibromo-3- chloropropane (DBCP) • 5-year review of existing regulations: • E.g., Cross Connection Control (Title 1 7) • OEHHA: 5-year review of PHGs
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Regulatory Process – Federal c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o 4, AWWA CA-NV Spring Conference State A. Roberson, 201
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Regulatory Process – Federal c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Federal regulations are published in the Federal Register • Include: • MCLs, MCLGs, MRDLs, MRDLGs, TTs, HAs • Monitoring conditions (monitoring sites, frequency), and analytical methods
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Regulatory Process – California c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Drinking water regulations are published in the California Code of Regulations (“Blue Book”) • Title 22 for MCLs (primary and secondary), PHGs, DLRs • Title 1 7 for backflow prevention and cross connections • Most recent: April 1 0, 201 7
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c California Title 22, Division 4 - Env’t Health c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Chapter 1 3: Operator Certification • Chapter 1 4: Water Permits • Chapter 1 5: Domestic Water Quality and Monitoring Regulations • Chapter 1 5.5: Disinfectant Residuals, DBPs, and DBP Precursors • Chapter 1 6: California Waterworks Standards • Chapter 1 7: Surface Water Treatment • Chapter 1 7.5: Lead and Copper • Addendum A: California Ground Water Rule • Addendum B: California Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e California Title 22, Division 4 - Env’t Health ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Chapter 1 3: Operator Certification • Chapter 1 4: Water Permits • Chapter 1 5: Domestic Water Quality and Monitoring Regulations • Article 2: General Requirements, Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Treatments • Article 3: Primary Standards – Bacteriological Quality • Article 4: Primary Standards – Inorganic Chemicals • Article 4.1 : Fluoridation • Article 5: Radioactivity • Article 5.5: Primary Standards – Organic Chemicals • Article 1 6: Secondary Drinking Water Standards • Article 1 8: Notification of Water Consumers and the Department • Article 1 9: Records, Reporting and Recordkeeping • Article 20: Consumer Confidence Report • Chapter 1 5.5: Disinfectant Residuals, DBPs, and DBP Precursors • Chapter 1 6: California Waterworks Standards • Chapter 1 7: Surface Water Treatment • Chapter 1 7.5: Lead and Copper • Addendum A: California Ground Water Rule • Addendum B: California Long-Term 2 Enhanced SW Treatment Rule
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c M CLs, DLRs, PHGs, Secondary Stds, NLs, RLs c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Overview of Drinking Water Regulations t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o – Agenda • Regulatory agencies • Health effects and health risks • Regulatory processes: • MCL, MCLG, MRDL, MRDLG, TT, HA, HRL, NL and RL • Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Program (UCM) • Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL) • Brief history of drinking water regulations • Microbial rules: • SDWA, SWTR, TCR, GWR, ESWTR, LT1 and LT2 ESWTR • Public notification and reporting
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c History of Federal Regulations c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • 1 970: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): • To regulate environmental contaminants • 1 972: Clean Water Act: • To limit discharge of pollutants in natural waters (statutory basis of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination S ystem, NPDES) • 1 97 4: Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): • To establish maximum allowable level of pollutants in drinking water • Focus on drinking water only
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! History of Federal Regulations W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o Promulgation Regulations Dates National Primary Drinking Water December 24, 1 975 Regulations National Secondary Drinking Water Regs J uly 1 9, 1 979 Microbial Rules: Total Coliform Rule J une 29, 1 989 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) J une 29, 1 989 Interim Enhanced SWTR December 1 6, 1 998 Filter Backwash and Recycling Rule J une 8, 2001 Long Term 1 Enhanced SWTR J anuary 1 4, 2002 Long Term 2 Enhanced SWTR J anuary 5, 2006 Ground Water Rule November 8, 2006 Revised Total Coliform Rule February 1 3, 201 3
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e History of Federal Regulations ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o Regulations Promulgation Dates Disinfection Byproduct Rules: Total Trihalomethane Rule 1 979 Information Collection Rule May 1 4, 1 996 Stage 1 Disinfectants and DBP Rule (D/DBP Rule) December 1 6, 1 998 S tage 2 D/DBP Rule J anuary 4, 2006 Regulations for Organic and Inorganic Chemicals: Lead and Copper Rule J une 7, 1 991 Radionuclide Rule December 7, 2000 Arsenic Rule J anuary 22, 2001 Phase I or Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) Rule J uly 8, 1 987 Phase II or SOC and Inorganic Chemicals Rule J anuary 30, 1 991 Phase V Drinking Water Regulations J uly 1 7, 1 992
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e History of State Regulations (Recent) ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o Regulations Effective Date Radionuclide J une 1 1 , 2006 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts J une 1 7, 2006 September 27, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels 2006 Perchlorate October 1 8, 2007 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule J anuary 1 2, 2008 Arsenic (Revision) November 28, 2008 Point of Use Treatment December 21 , 201 0 Ground Water Rule August 1 8, 201 1 Point of Entry Treatment September 22, 201 1 Disinfectant Residual, DBPs, and DBP Precursors J une 21 , 201 2 Long Term 1 and 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment J uly 1 , 201 3 Rules Groundwater Replenishment Using Recycled Water J une 1 8, 201 4 Hexavalent Chromium J uly 1 , 201 4 Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry Treatment Emergency April 1 , 201 6
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Federal: Published in December 1 97 4 • Main law that ensures the quality of drinking water in USA • Goals: • Drinking water only • Defines public water systems �� 1 5 connections or 25 persons) • Set monitoring requirements • Establish maximum allowable levels of pollutants (MCLs) • Originally focused on treatme nt
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • 1 986 Amendment: Additional contaminants • 1 996 Amendment: • Source water protection and assessment programs • Special considerations to small water systems • Operator certification • Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (SRF) • Consumer information, including Customer Confidence Reports (CCR) • States and Indian Tribes were offered primary enforcement responsibility (“primacy”) in their State • Review of each regulation every 6 years, and monitoring program for unregulated contaminants
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Federal: Published in 1 989 • California: Effective in 1 991 ; similar requirements Surface Water Treatment – Title 22, Chapter 1 7 • Goal: To prevent waterborne diseases caused by viruses, bacteria (indicated by heterotrophic plate counts, HPCs), Legionella and Giardia lamblia • Applies to all public water systems that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water (GWUDI)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Key requirements: • Treatment techniques for turbidity and microbiological contaminants in lieu of MCLs • Filtration (turbidity performance standards); Filtration avoidance possible under certain conditions • Removal/inactivation by combined processes including treatment techniques and disinfection of: • >99.9% (3 logs) for Giardia (MCLG of 0) • >99.99% (4 logs) for viruses (MCLG of 0) • Disinfectant residual entering the distribution system �� 0.2 mg/L free chlorine, � 0.5 mg/L combined chlorine, etc. ), or HPC � 500 CFU/mL in the system
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Total Coliform Rule – “Current” c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Federal: Current rule was published in 1 989 California: Primary Standards – Bacteriological Quality; Title 22, Chapter 1 5, Article 3 • Applies to all public water systems (PWS), including transient systems • Address potential acute health effects • Objectives: • Determine the integrity of the distribution system • Evaluate the effectiveness of treatment • Signal the possible presence of fecal contaminations
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Total Coliform Rule – “Current” c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Microbial indicators: • Total coliforms (TC) • Fecal coliforms (FC), or Escherichia coli for all TC+ • Public Notifications for all violations of MCLs, or monitoring/reporting requirements • Sampling requirements: • Number of samples based on system size and type • Sampling frequency based on system size and type • Reduced monitoring options
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Total Coliform Rule – “Current” t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Develop a routine sample siting plan • Collect x samples per week/month (based on system size and type) at sites that are representative of all water sources, all pressure zones, and all tanks; Analyze coliforms and chlorine residual • Additional samplings are required after: These results are not • Construction or repair of wells included in • Main installation or repair compliance calculations; • Construction, repair, or Reported as “special maintenance of storage tanks samples” • Any system pressure loss to < 5 psi • Update Plan at least every 1 0 years and any time it is no longer representative
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Total Coliform Rule – “Current” t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • If a routine, repeat or replacement sample is positive for total coliform (TC+): • Lab should automatically analyze the samples for fecal coliforms (FC) or Escherichia coli (E. coli) • Repeat sampling within the same 24-hour period: • At the site of TC+ • 1 sample upstream within 5 service connections • 1 sample downstream within 5 service connections • (If GW user, sample the source(s) that were used) • (If only � 1 sample per month, then collect � 4 samples for each TC+) • Calculate % TC+
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Total Coliform Rule – “Current” t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • MCL violation if: • If >5% of samples are TC+ for systems that collect � 40 samples/month, OR � 2 samples are TC+ for systems that collect <40 samples/month � Tier 2 PN • A repeat sample is FC+ or E. coli + � Tier 1 PN • Following a FC+ or E. coli +, a repeat sample is TC+ � Tier 1 PN • If MCL violation: • Inform the State within 24 hours of reception of results • Notify retailers, if any, within 24 hours of reception of results • Notify customers (Tier 1 or Tier 2)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Total Coliform Rule – “Current” c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Assessments or corrective actions: • Federal: None • California: Assessment required if “ significant rise in bacterial counts ” (coliform bacteria) • For systems collecting � 40 samples/month: TC+ followed by � 2 TC+ repeat samples • FC+ or E. coli + • MCL exceedance, i.e.: • >x% of samples are TC+ • A repeat sample is positive for FC or E. coli • Following a FC+ or E. coli +, a repeat sample is TC+
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised Total Coliform Rule t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Federal: • Revised rule published in February 201 3 • Minor corrections published in February 201 4 (effective in April 201 4) • State: • Compliance for all water systems: April 1 , 201 6 • Goal for California adoption ? • Interim period: • Continue to comply with the California “Current” TCR, i.e., TC MCL still in effect • Comply with the Federal Revised TCR (> April 1 , 201 6), i.e., Assessments and corrective actions of R-TCR in effect
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised Total Coliform Rule t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Objective: • “Improve public health protection through the reduction of potential pathways of entry for fecal contamination and other pathogens into the distribution system” • Goals: Current TCR Revised TCR • Determine the integrity of the • Determine the integrity of the distribution system distribution system • Evaluate the effectiveness of • Evaluate the effectiveness of treatment treatment • Signal the possible presence • Look for microbial of fecal contaminations contamination
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised Total Coliform Rule t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Main changes: • Fecal coliforms no longer accepted as indicator of contamination; Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) only • TC+ sample becomes a trigger for assessment and corrective action, no longer an MCL violation: • Fewer public notifications overall • Help preserve customers’ trust • “Find and fix” : Assessments and corrective actions for MCL exceedances • Provisions for seasonal systems to monitor and certify the completion of a state-approved start-up procedures
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Sample Siting Plan t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • California’s existing Sample Siting Plan should comply with the Revised TCR • Sites required per time period (week, month): • Depends on system type and population served • Must represent all water sources, pressure zones, and reservoirs/tanks (rotations are possible) • Include routine and repeat sample sites • Include routine sample schedule and rotation plan • Include triggered source monitoring and assessment source monitoring sampling need ed to comply with the Ground Water Rule
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Routine Sampling t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o Routine M onitoring PWS Type Source Type Population Service Connections Current CA TCR Federal rTCR CA rTCR Proposed CWS � 401* S W >1000 (a) : * Population Based: Population or SC Based Population or SC Based (a) : 2 samples/ month - � 401* 2 - 480 GWUDI >1000 2 samples/ month - 120 samples/ wk samples/ month 120 samples/ wk � 401* Only GW >1000 S W 25 - 1000 15 - 400* 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month GWUDI 25 - 1000 15 - 400* 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month Only GW 25 - 1000 15 - 400* 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month NTNC S W >1000 Population Based: 2 Population Based:2 Population Based: 2 - GWUDI >1000 samples/ month - 120 samples/ month - 120 480 samples/ month samples/ wk samples/ wk Only GW >1000 S W 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month GWUDI 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month Only GW 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ qtr 1 sample/ month Not applicable TNC S W >1000 Population Based: Population Based: 2 Population Based: 2 GWUDI >1000 samples/ month - 120 2 - 480 samples/ month - 120 samples/ wk samples/ wk samples/ month Only GW >1000 S W 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month GWUDI 25 - 1000 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month 1 sample/ month Only GW 25 - 1000 1 sample/ qtr 1 sample/ qtr 1 sample/ qtr (a) Whichever results in a greater number of routine samples. (b) Only for those months when the system serves � 1000 population. * No. of service connections not applicable to community water systems under Federal rTCR Seasonal systems: Routine sampling based on population during the months when system is operational
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Routine Sampling t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o Minimum number of total coliform routine samples: Monthly Population Minimum Number of Service Connections Served Samples 25 to 1 000 1 5 to 400 1 per month 1 ,001 to 2,500 401 to 890 2 per month 2,501 to 3,300 891 to 1 ,1 80 3 per month 3,301 to 4,1 00 1 ,1 81 to 1 ,460 4 per month 4,1 01 to 4,900 1 ,461 to 1 ,750 5 per month 4,901 to 5,800 1 ,751 to 2,1 00 6 per month 5,801 to 6,700 2,1 01 to 2,400 7 per month Etc. Etc. Etc.
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Sample Siting Plan t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Procedure to follow in case of TC+ and E. coli + • Additional samplings are required after: • Construction or repair of wells • Main installation or repair • Construction, repair, or maintenance of storage tanks • Any system pressure loss to < 5 psi • May not be listed in the Revised TCR because it is already addressed elsewhere in Title 22 (? )
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Sample Siting Plan t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • First plan required within 3 months after the Revised TCR effective date • Revise plan: • At least once every 1 0 years • Within 30 days when the water system or SWRCB determines that it is no longer representative • Within 30 days when the water system determines that sampling sites or procedure need to be revised • If failure to conduct routine sample monitoring: • Notify SWRCB within 1 0 days • Tier 3 Public Notification
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Current & Revised TCR – Sample Analysis t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Routine and “other” samples reported as Presence/Absence (P/A) or coliform density • Repeat samples reported as coliform density (? ) • Measure disinfectant residual at the same site and time as routine and repeat samples
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Current & Revised TCR – Sample Analysis t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Invalidation is possible: • With written notice from the lab if the lab did not follow the prescribed analytical method • Repeat samples are TC+ at same site, but TC- at upstream/downstream sites • Must collect a “ replacement sample ”from the same location within 24 hours of being notified • Document which samples were invalidated, why they were invalidated, who authorized the invalidation; and when replacement samples were collected
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Current & Revised TCR – Violations t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • If TC+: • Analyze same sample for E. coli (not fecal coliforms) • Collect repeat samples within 24 hours, or contact the SWRCB (extension is possible): • At the site of TC+; 1 sample upstream within 5 service connections; 1 sample downstream within 5 service connections • (If GW user, sample the source(s) that were used) • (3 samples in 3 days at the same site if 1 connection) • (Alternative sites possible if stated in the Sample Siting Plan and accepted by the SWRCB) • Measure disinfectant residual at each site • Contact the SWRCB within 1 0 days • Repeat sampling until no coliforms are detected or Treatment Technique Trigger is exceeded
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Current & Revised TCR – Violations t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • “ Significant rise in bacterial counts ” if: • For systems collecting � 40 samples/month: TC+ followed by � 2 TC+ repeat samples • Fecal coliform + or E. coli + samples • TC of > 23 MPN/1 00 mL or 23 CFU/ 1 00 mL (? ) • Actions to undertake in case of a “s ignificant rise in bacterial counts ” : • Notify SWRCB by the end of the day • Tier 1 Public Notification upon notification from the SWRCB • Conduct investigation, identify corrective actions with timeline of implementation, and report to SWRCB
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Current & Revised TCR – Violations t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • “S ignificant rise in bacterial counts ” cannot occur unless there is a source/pathway/mechanism of contamination:
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Current & Revised TCR – Violations t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Actions to undertake (i.e., investigation) in case of a “s ignificant rise in bacterial counts ” : • Current operating procedures and records • Any interruptions in the treatment process • S ystem pressure loss to less than 5 psi • Vandalism and/or unauthorized access to facilities • Evidence indicating bacteriological contamination of facilities • Analytical results of additional samples collected, including source samples; and • Community illness suspected of being waterborne
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Current & Revised TCR – Violations t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • “Coliform Treatment Technique Triggers” (“Total Coliform MCL Exceedance” under Current TCR) if: • <40 samples/month: � 2 samples are TC+ in a calendar month • � 40 samples/month: >5% of samples are TC+ in a calendar month • Failure to collect repeat samples after TC+ • Based on all routine, repeat and replacement samples (does not include special and quarterly samples at wellheads) • Actions to undertake if Coliform TT Trigger : • Notify SWRCB by the end of next business day • Conduct Level 1 Assessment as soon as possible • Tier 2 Public Notification
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Violations t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • E. coli MCL Exceedance if: • Following a TC+, a repeat sample is positive for E. coli ( Acute Total Coliform MCL Exceedance ) • Following an E. coli positive sample, a repeat sample is TC+ ( Acute Total Coliform MCL Exceedance ) • Following an E. coli positive routine sample, failure to collect all required repeat samples • Failure to test for E. coli when a repeat sample is TC+ • Actions to undertake if E. coli MCL Exceedance: • Notify SWRCB immediately (by the end of the day) • Tier 1 Public Notification • Conduct Level 2 Assessment
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Tier 1 Violation and PN t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • E. coli MCL Exceedance: • Following a TC+, a repeat sample is E. coli + • Following an E. coli + sample, a repeat sample is TC+ • Following an E. coli + routine sample, failure to collect all required repeat samples • Failure to test for E. coli when a repeat sample is TC+ • “ Significant rise in bacterial counts ” : • For systems collecting � 40 samples/month: TC+ followed by � 2 TC+ repeat samples • Fecal coliform + or E. coli + samples • TC of > 23 MPN/1 00 mL or 23 CFU/ 1 00 mL (? )
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Tier 1 Violation and PN t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Notify SWRCB by the end of the business day • Notify customers within 24 hours: • By television, radio, newspapers, posting in public places, or personally deliver to customers • Conduct Level 1 Assessment
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Tier 2 Violation and PN t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Coliform Treatment Technique Trigger, or Total Coliform MCL Exceedance; • <40 samples/month: � 2 samples are TC+ in a calendar month • � 40 samples/month: >5% of samples are TC+ in a calendar month • Failure to collect repeat samples after TC+ • Notify SWRCB within 24 hours • Conduct a Level 1 Assessment • Notify customers within 30 days: • By media, posting, or through the mail
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Tier 3 Violation and PN t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Reporting violations: • Failure to test the same sample for E. coli following the detection of a TC+ routine sample • Failure to collect repeat or replacement samples • Failure to complete Assessment or Corrective Actions within set timeline • Failure to notify the SWRCB within 1 0 days after learning of a monitoring violation, including routine monitoring
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Tier 3 Violation and PN t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Notify SWRCB within 1 0 days • Notify customers within 1 year: • By posting, mail, direct delivery, or in the Customer Confidence Report (CCR, if the violation was within the 1 2-month period covered by CCR)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • “Find and fix” : Two levels of assessments and corrective actions triggered by a TC+ sample ( “Treatment Technique Trigger” ): • To find: • Possible presence of sanitary defects, i.e., where microbial contaminants could enter into the distribution system, or that indicates a (imminent) failure of an existing barrier • Possible presence of defects in distribution system coliform monitoring • Reasons that triggered the assessment (when possible) • Level 1 and Level 2 Assessments
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions t t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Level 1 : • Self assessment by water system • “Evaluation to identify the possible presence of sanitary defects, defects in distribution system coliform monitoring practices, and (when possible) the likely reason that the system triggered the assessment ” • Level 2: • Assessment by primacy agency • “ Evaluation, that provides a more detailed examination of the system (including the system’s monitoring and operational practices) than does a Level 1 assessment through the use of more comprehensive investigation and review of available information, additional internal and external resources, and other relevant practices ”
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions t t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o Level 1 : Level 2: Third-party Self assessment Assessment Triggers • “TC MCL Exceedance” , i.e., • “ Acute TC MCL Exceedance” S ystems that collect “E. coli MCL Exceedance” � 40 samples/month: >5% TC+ • Second Level 1 Assessment OR within a 1 2-month period S ystems that collect (except if the problem was <40 samples/month: � 2 TC+ identified and corrected • Failure to collect repeat following the first Level 1 samples after TC+ Assessment) Actions • 30 days to conduct and submit • 30 days to conduct and submit assessment report assessment report • Identify sanitary defects • Identify sanitary defects • Determine corrective • Determine corrective actions and timetable actions and timetable • Notify SWRCB � 5 business days • Notify SWRCB � 5 business days after completing each after completing each corrective actions corrective actions
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • “Find” : • Review and identify inadequacies in sample sites, evaluate sampling protocol and processing • Look for atypical events that could affect water quality, or indicate that water quality was impaired • Evaluate changes in distribution system maintenance and operation that could impact water quality • Evaluate source(s) and treatment • Evaluate existing water quality data • Forms are available on SWRCB’s website (http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/d rinkingwater/rtcr.shtml)
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • “ Fix” : • Describe defects found, corrective actions performed, and a timeline for the planned corrective actions • Forms available on SWRCB website
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o R-TCR – Assessment and Corrective Actions t t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • “Fix” : • SWRCB will review and comment on assessment; If the fix is simple, go ahead! • Notify SWRCB within 5 business days after completing the scheduled corrective actions • Failure to submit the assessment form or assessment report is a Tier 2 Violation and Public Notification
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Seasonal S ystems t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Seasonal system startup: • Startup Plan due 3 months after effective date: • Inspection of water system components • Disinfection and flushing procedures • Bacteriological and chlorine residual sampling plan • Use of certified operators for startup procedures • Alternatives and exemptions are possible if the distribution system remains pressurized, or equivalent public health protection is provided and approved • Get SWRCB approval before serving water: • Get approval of startup procedure • Submit bacteriological and disinfectant results
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Seasonal S ystems t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Tier 3 Public Notification if: • Failure to notify SWRCB prior to startup • Failure to submit startup sampling results • Seasonal system shut down: • Notify SWRCB within 1 0 days after system closure and prior to operation
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Revised TCR – Reporting t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • All results (coliforms and disinfectant residuals) must be reported to the SWRCB by the 0 th day of the following month: 1 • � 400 connections: No monthly report required • > 400 connections: Water systems must submit monthly summary report to SWRCB • < 1 0,000 connections or < 33,000 people: Lab must submit all resultsdirectly to the SWRCB • � 1 0,000 connections or � 33,000 people: Lab must submit all positive routine and all repeat samples directly to the SWRCB • Lab must report TC+, E. coli + and invalidated samples � 24 hours to water systems, or contact SWRCB; Water systems must have someone available 24/7
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Federal: November 2006 California: Effective in August 201 1 • Title 22, Addendum A • Similar requirements • Goal: To provide increased protection against pathogens in systems that use groundwater • Applies to: • All groundwater systems, including consecutive systems • “ Any systems that mix groundwater and surface water, if the groundwater is added directly to the distribution system without or after treatment” • GWR uses TCR monitoring to trigger requirements that are specific to groundwater users
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Four requirements: • Triggered source water monitoring and assessment • Compliance monitoring (assessment source water monitoring) • Periodic sanitary surveys • Corrective actions
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Triggered source (raw) water monitoring and assessment: (1 ) For systems that do not provide 4- log virus removal; AND (2) When a TC+ is identified: • Collect sample from each GW source in use at the time the TC+ sample was collected, before treatment, within 24 hours (or contact the SWRCB) • Analyze for the presence of a fecal indicator (e.g., E. coli , enterococci, or coliphage) • If multiple wells, representative sites can be used, if approved by the SWRCB • If a fecal indicator-positive source water sample is found and no corrective actions are required by the SWRCB, collect 5 additional source water samples from the same source within 24 hours • Sample GW sources if a retailer has a TC+
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Source (raw) water sampling, before treatment:
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Compliance monitoring for chemical disinfection or other treatment (membrane, UV, etc.): • If 99.99% (4-log) inactivation/removal of viruses is not provided: • Source (raw) water monitoring for fecal indicators ( E. coli , enterococci, or coliphage), if requested by the SWRCB • If 99.99% (4-log) inactivation/removal of viruses is provided: • Conduct source water monitoring once, or as determined by SWRCB • Compliance monitoring to demonstrate treatment effectiveness (e.g., disinfectant residual, engineering, operational, or other as requested by the SWRCB )
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Periodic sanitary surveys: • To evaluate critical elements, and identify significant deficiencies • GW systems that conduct source water monitoring: Every 3 years GW systems that provide 4-log treatment: Every 5 years • 8 critical elements to examine: • Source, treatment, distribution system, finished water storage, pumps, monitoring/reporting/ data verification, system management and operation, and operator compliance with State requirements
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Corrective actions or treatment techniques: • For systems with significant deficiencies, or fecal indicator positive sample • Significant deficiencies: e.g., defects in design, operation, or maintenance, or a failure or malfunction of the sources, treatment, storage, or distribution system that the S tate determines to be causing, or have potential for causing, the introduction of contamination into the water • Actions must be identified � 30 days of being notified of significant deficiency, and completed � 1 20 days: • Correct all significant deficiencies • Provide an alternate source of water • Eliminate the source of contamination • Provide treatment that achieves 4-log virus removal • Inform the public
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Change in relation to the Revised TCR: • Sample Siting Plan needs to include triggered source monitoring and assessment source monitoring needed to comply with the GWR
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Violations and Public Notifications: • Tier 1 if a positive fecal indicator ( Escherichia coli , enterococci, or coliphage) is detected in the source (raw) water • Tier 2 (Treatment Technique, TT, violation) if: • Corrective actions are not undertaken � 1 20 days, or • � 4-log virus removal is not maintained before or at the first customer • Tier 3 if fail to meet compliance monitoring requirements for source water
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Ground Water Rule (GWR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Reporting to State: • Within 24 hours if minimum residual disinfectant is not maintained • Within 30 days after completing any corrective action • If does not conduct source water monitoring
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t Overview of Drinking Water Regulations t k k w m w m c c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o – Agenda • Regulatory agencies • Health effects and health risks • Regulatory processes: • MCL, MCLG, MRDL, MRDLG, TT, HA, HRL, NL and RL • Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Program (UCM) • Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL) • Brief history of drinking water regulations • Microbial rules: • SDWA, SWTR, TCR, GWR, ESWTR, LT1 and LT2 ESWTR • Public notification and reporting
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c M icrobial and DBP Regulations c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Microbial/DBP dilemma: • Maximize microbial inactivation to protect against waterborne diseases using disinfectants • Minimize disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation
X C h X C h F - a F - a n n D g D g P e P e ! ! W W O O N N y y u u b b o o t t k k w m w m c Information Collection Rule (ICR) c i i w l o w l o C C w c w c . . . e . e t t r r r r a a a a c w c w k k e f t e f t r - s o r - s o • Federal: Published in May 1 996 • Data collection effort by large water systems • Goal: To support the development of future regulations on microbial contaminants (ESWTR), disinfectants and DBPs (DBP Rules) • To provide information on: • DBPs that form when disinfectants used for microbial control react with chemicals present in source water • Pathogens, including Cryptosporidium • Engineering data to control these contaminants • 1 8 months • California: Crypto Action Plan among others
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