Bi Biol ology ogy and Con and Contro trol of L l of Leaf eaf- - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Bi Biol

• logy
• gy and Con

and Contro trol of L l of Leaf eaf- Su Suck cking ing, , St Stem em-Inf Infest esting ing, and , and Ro Root

• t-Fe

Feedi eding Inse ng Insect ct and and Mit Mites es Pes Pests ts of

• f P

Pec ecan an

Scouting aphids will tell if and when to spray

• For example, the aphid

counts in 27 year-old ‘Desirable’ trees with conventional fungicide and fertilizer applications since planting indicated that

– yellow aphids needed to be treated in 3 of the past 7 years and – black pecan aphids needed to be controlled in 5 of 7 years.

• Otherwise, the natural

enemies controlled the aphids without the need for an insecticide application.

2006 2006-12 12 Aph phid Po d Popu pulat ation

• ns – Tift

ft Co.

• .

20 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180

Aph phids ds pe per sh r shoo

• ot

"y "yel ellow low ap aphi hids" ds" blac ack k pe pecan an ap aphi hid Yel ellow

• w ap

aphi hid a d action

• n thr

hres esho hold ld – 55 ap aphi hids ds pe per sh r shoo

• ot

Blac ack k ap aphi hid a d action

• n thr

hres esho hold d – 5.5 .5 ap aphi hids ds pe per sh r shoo

• ot

2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 20 2009 09 2 201 010 2011 2011 2012 2012

Mid-Summer Yellow Pecan Aphid Abundance in Insecticide-Treated and Nontreated Pecan Trees.

1 2 3 4 5

3d 3d 7d 7d 14d 14d 21d 21d 28d 28d

Aphids ds per sh shoot

Non

• ntr

treate eated Assai ail l 30 SG SG 8 oz

• z/ac

acre re Be Belea eaf f 2.0 .0oz

• z/acre

/acre Be Belea eaf f 2.4 .4 oz

• z/ac

acre re Be Belea eaf f 2.8 .8 oz

• z/ac

acre re

Mid-Summer Blackmargined Aphid Abundance in Insecticide-Treated and Nontreated Pecan Trees.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3d 3d 7d 7d 14d 14d 21d 21d 28d 28d

Aphids ds per sh shoot

Che heck Assai ail l 30 SG SG 8 oz

• z/ac

acre re Be Belea eaf f 2.0 .0oz

• z/acre

/acre Be Belea eaf f 2.4 .4 oz

• z/ac

acre re Be Belea eaf f 2.8 .8 oz

• z/ac

acre re

2 4 6 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16

che heck Ass ssai ail l 30SG SG 8 oz

• z/ac

ac Be Beleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2 oz

• z/ac

ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.4 .4 oz

• z/ac

ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.8 .8 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 1.4 .43 3 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.1 .14 4 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.8 .85 5 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 14 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 17 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 21 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 1.9 .9 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 2.5 .54 4 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 3.1 .17 7 oz

• z/ac

ac # Aph phids ds pe per r 5 lea eaf sa sampl ple

3 3 days ys pos

• st-tr

treatment eatment

ye yellow

• w pec

ecan an ap aphid id bl blac ack k pec ecan an ap aphid id bl blac ackmargined kmargined

2 4 6 8 10 10 12 12

che heck Ass ssai ail l 30SG SG 8 oz

• z/ac

ac Be Beleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2 oz

• z/ac

ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.4 .4 oz

• z/ac

ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.8 .8 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 1.4 .43 3 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.1 .14 4 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.8 .85 5 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 14 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 17 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 21 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 1.9 .9 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 2.5 .54 4 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 3.1 .17 7 oz

• z/ac

ac # Aph phids ds pe per r 5 lea eaf sa sampl ple

7 7 days ys pos

• st-tr

treatment eatment

ye yellow

• w pec

ecan an ap aphid id bl blac ack k pec ecan an ap aphid id bl blac ackmargined kmargined

2 4 6 8 10 10

che heck As Assa sail il 30SG SG 8 oz

• z/ac

ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2 oz

• z/ac

ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.4 .4 oz

• z/ac

ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.8 .8 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 1.4 .43 3 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.1 .14 4 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.8 .85 5 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 14 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 17 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 21 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 1.9 .9 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 2.5 .54 4 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 3.1 .17 7 oz

• z/ac

ac # Aph phids ds pe per r 5 lea eaf sa sampl ple

14 14 days ys pos

• st-tr

treatment eatment

ye yellow

• w pec

ecan an ap aphid id bl blac ack k pec ecan an ap aphid id bl blac ackmargined kmargined

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

che heck Ass ssai ail l 30SG SG 8 oz

• z/ac

ac Be Beleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2 oz

• z/ac

ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.4 .4 oz

• z/ac

ac Bel eleaf eaf 50 SG SG 2.8 .8 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 1.4 .43 3 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.1 .14 4 oz

• z/ac

ac Su Sulfoxaflor foxaflor SC SC 2.8 .85 5 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 14 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 17 oz

• z/ac

ac Apt pta a SC SC 21 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 1.9 .9 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 2.5 .54 4 oz

• z/ac

ac Py Pyri rifluq fluquinazon uinazon SC SC 3.1 .17 7 oz

• z/ac

ac # Aph phids ds pe per r 5 lea eaf sa sampl ple

21 21 days ys pos

• st-tr

treatment eatment

ye yellow

• w pec

ecan an ap aphid id bl blac ack k pec ecan an ap aphid id bl blac ackmargined kmargined

Pecan Leaf Scorch Mite

Western Predatory Mite

• This mite is reared and

sold by commercial insectaries for biological control.

• Tests in pecan orchards

indicate that it will control pecan leaf scorch mite.

WPM Release Leads to an Increase in Predator Abundance

Pecan Leaf Scorch Mite Control during Same Season in Pecan Trees After the Release of Phytoseiid Predators – Tift Co., 2012

• 10
• 10

40 40 90 90 140 140 190 190 240 240 290 290 20-A

• Aug-1
• 12

20-S

• Sep-12

20-O

• Oct

ct-1

• 12

# Scorch ch Mites per 5 leaves

Gal alendr ndromus occide dental alis Phytoseiulis pe persimilis Nont ntreat ated

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10

di dicofol cofol sh shake ake bl blast ast no none ne Mi Mite tes s pe per leaf r leaf

Shake vs Blast Release Methods

sc scorch

• rch mi

mite tes s sc scorch

• rch mi

mite te egg eggs pr preda edatory tory mi mite tes

Oligonychus mite

0.0 .0 5.0 .0 10.0 .0 15.0 .0 20.0 .0 25.0 .0 30.0 .0 Non

• ntr

treated eated Acra ramite mite 4SC SC 12 oz

• z

Po Port rtal al 32 oz

• z

Nex exter ter 8 oz

• z

Number mber pe per le r leaf af Treatm tmen ent t – amt. of fo form/ acre Ph Phyt ytoseii

• seiids

ds Sy Syrp rphi hid d lar arva vae Pe Pecan an lea eaf sc scor

• rch

h mite Ol Oligonychus gonychus sp sp. Abundance of predators and phytophagous mites in miticide treated pecan trees, Lowndesboro, AL, USA. 2012 Oligonychus sp. and injury

Obscure Scale, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) [Hemiptera: Diaspididae]

Natural control reduces the population levels

Dec ec.– Feb Feb Dor

• rmant

ant Ma Marc rch h – Ma May Sc Scal ales es Ma Mature re Fe Feed ed on

• n pl

plan ant t sa sap June ne Ma Males es em emer erge ge Eggs ggs Pr Prod

• duced

ced July Eggs ggs Pr Prod

• duced

ced Cra rawl wlers ers Emer erge ge Mi Mid d July y – Dec ec. . Sc Scal ales es Se Settle le an and d mat ature ure on

• n limbs

bs Fe Feed ed on

• n pl

plan ant t sa sap

1 2 3

1.

• 1. Su

Supe peri rior

• r do

dorm rman ant oi

• il

sp spra ray y in n Fe Feb.; .; 2.

• 2. Con
• nta

tact ct sp spra ray y of

• f

chl hlor

• rpy

pyrif rifos

• s ag

agai ains nst t em emer ergi ging ng cra rawl wlers; ers; 3.

• 3. Sy

Syst stemic emic sp spra ray y of

• f Ass

ssai ail

• r
• r Mo

Move vent nto

• ag

agai ains nst t se settl ttled ed sc scal ales. es.

Dormant oil spray suffocates the scales

2% Dormant Oil Spray

Immature Female Scale Immature Male Scale

La Lab b Resu esults ts

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Males Females Total # live ve sc scal ales es in n 500 sc scal ale e sa sampl ple Nontreated 2% Oil

Systemic insecticides control settled scales in the summer

No Nontre ntreat ated ed Tre reat ated ed

base of

Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Larvae leave the roots and form a cell in the soil where they metamorphose to the pupa and adult stages

Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Prionus larva in pecan root

Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Injury to Healthy Root

Source of photo: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Are the trees infested?

Look for symptoms of an infestation Crown gall infestations

Normal Pecan Orchard - July

Affected trees have sparse foliage

Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.net

Mendes, GA Trees died after cutback

Pheromone Structure

• P. californicus

Pheromone Methyl 3,5-dimethyldodecanoate

Source of photos: Idaho State Univ Extension and pherobase.com

Pheromone Attracts Males to Females

Source of photos: J. A. Payne, UGA website – www.bugwood.org

Trap the insects

Pheromone baited trap Light trap

Mitchell Co. What species are attracted?

Identify the beetles

Broadnecked root borer Segments on the antennae triangular shaped Tilehorned root borer Segments on the antennae look like

• verlapping tiles

Prionus catch at Tifton and Cordele

Prionus Root Borer Control

Trunk sprays Traps

How long do the pheromone lures last for P. imbricornis?

20 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 1wk wk 2wk wk 3wk wk 4wk wk 5wk wk 6wk wk 7wk wk Numbe mber r of

• f bee

eetle les s tra rapp pped/4 ed/4 tra raps ps We Week eks s af after er 1st

st tra

raps ps se set ou

• ut (Ma

May y 18) 18-May 8-Jun 20-Jun

How long do the pheromone lures last for P. laticollis?

5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 1wk wk 2wk wk 3wk wk 4wk wk 5wk wk 6wk wk 7wk wk Numbe mber r of

• f bee

eetle les s tra rapp pped/4 ed/4 tra raps ps We Week eks s af after er 1st

st tra

raps ps se set ou

• ut (Ma

May y 18) 18-May 8-Jun 20-Jun

Cordele ring of traps

Perry orchard - 3 mg vs 1 mg

Goals for 2013 – What to Spray and When to Spray?

• What is the efficacy of

soil-applied insecticides?

• How long will the

insecticide kill beetles?

• What is the lowest

application rate that is effective?

• What are the statewide

emergence patterns?

Fitzgerald Monitoring Site

Fitzgerald, GA Prionus Trap Catch 2012

5 10 15 20 25 30 Male Beetles per 2 traps Sampling date

Trap Catch ( 2 traps)

Acknowledgement

• Thanks to the Georgia Agricultural

Commodity Commission for Pecans and the Georgia Department of Agriculture Specialty Grants Program for funding this research.

• Thanks to Insecticide Industry Partners:

Nichino, Dow, UPI, Gowan, OroAgri and bayer for supplying additional funds and materials for the efficacy trials.

• Thanks to Cooperating Georgia Pecan

Growers at Hudson, Cannon, Lane, and Wade Farms and Nilo Plantation for supplying