Survey results - Section 1 EXPOSURE TO RISKS EXPOSURE Structure 1. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Survey results - Section 1 EXPOSURE TO RISKS

EXPOSURE – Structure

• 1. Occupation / education
• 2. Access to services
• 3. Earnings & economic liabilities
• 4. Classification of risks
• 5. Impact of risks
• 6. Take away lessons

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXPOSURE – Occupation (Cameroon)

• Total and % people involved in agriculture (HH): 66.67%
• Examples of sector / occupations in agriculture (HH)
• Examples of other occupations: teacher (1), informatics (1), head of

village (1), coop expert (1)

• % of HH who are landowners: 78.95%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONS PERC./ TOT FARMING Agriculture 83.33% Livestock 25.00% Fishery 8.33%

EXPOSURE – Occupation (Cameroon)

• Diversification of employment

73.68% of HH heads have several occupations

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

9.75% 10.99% 20.79% 26.58% 41.55% 7.92% 3.77% 0.40% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATION (FGS)

EXPOSURE – Occupation (Ivory Coast)

• HH involved in agriculture: 93.10%
• Examples of occupations in agriculture: cotton production (14.81%); palm
• il production (12,96%), cacao (3,70%), subsistence farming (9.26%)
• Examples of other occupations: employees (2), retailers (2)
• % of HH who are landowners: 65.52%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

9.26% 3.70% 12.96% 14.81% 5.56% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

TYPES OF FARMING OCCUPATIONS (HH)

subsistence farming cacao

• il palm tree

cotton cashew

EXPOSURE – Occupation (Ivory Coast)

• Diversification of employment:

46.55% of HH have several occupations 77.67% of FGs participants (out of 89 people) have only one occupation SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

40.91% 10.67% 17.53%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

women men total

SEVERAL OCCUPATIONS

EXPOSURE – Occupation (Ivory Coast)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

1.96% 62.75% 31.37% 3.92% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

full-time wage FS self-employed small farmer

• thers

TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT (FG)

EXPOSURE – Occupation (Kenya)

• HH involved in agriculture: 55.56%
• % of HH who are landowners: 72.22%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

55.56% 25.93% 7.41% 11.11% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% farming small business artisans

• thers

TYPES OF OCCUPATION (HH)

farming small business artisans

• thers

EXPOSURE – Occupation (Kenya)

• Diversification of employment:

48.15% of HH have several occupations 50.85% of FGs participants have several occupations

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

20.34% 6.78% 5.93% 27.12% 48.31% 3.39% 5.08% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% full-time wage FS full-time wage IS wage labour self-employed small farmer part-time casual labour unemployed

OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATION

EXPOSURE – Occupation (Malawi)

• HH involved in agriculture: 100%
• % of HH who are landowners: 100%
• Examples of other HH occupations: employees (2), artisan (1)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

18.03% 16.39% 18.03% 13.11% 18.03% 16.39%

FARMING ACTIVITIES

dairy sugarcane horticulture macadamia coffee rice

EXPOSURE – Occupation (Malawi)

• Diversification of employment:

47.54% of HH have several occupations 41.03% of FGs participants have several occupation

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

1.28% 2.56% 1.28% 93.59% 1.28% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% full-time wage FS wage labour self-employed small farmer

• thers

OCCUPATION CLASSIFICATION

EXPOSURE – Education (Cameroon)

• 79.59% of HH members declare to have literacy level
• 21.43% of HH members declare to have high school level (low response

rate)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXPOSURE – Education (Ivory Coast)

• 54.24% of HH members declare to have literacy level (low response rate)
• 18.45% of HH members declare to have high school level (low response

rate)

EXPOSURE – Education (Kenya)

• 78.63% of HH members declare to have literacy level
• 33.06% of HH members declare to have high school level

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXPOSURE – Education (Malawi)

• 53.87% of HH members declare to have literacy level
• 21.18% of HH members declare to have high school level (very low

response rate)

EXPOSURE – Occupation (across)

• FGs participants in the informal sector: vast majority (close to 100%)

considering self-employed, smallholders, casual workers

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

66.67% 93.10% 55.56% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi

HH INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURE

EXPOSURE – Occupation (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 78.95% 65.52% 72.22% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi

LANDOWNERSHIP (HH)

EXPOSURE – Education (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

79.59% 54.24% 78.63% 53.87% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi

LITERACY

EXPOSURE – Access to services (Cameroon)

• Distance to services

HH with more than 1km to nearest health centre: 64.29% HH with more than 1km to nearest school: 41.18%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

16.67% 20.00% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% 21% more than 1 km to health center more than 1 km to school

NO ACCESS TO PRIVATE NOR PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

EXPOSURE – Access to services (Ivory Coast)

• Distance to services

HH with more than 1km to nearest health centre: 51.72% HH with more than 1km to nearest school: 0%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

39.66% 48.28% 39.66% 55.17% 8.62% 3.45% 1.72% 3.45% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% < 1km Heath Centre > 1 km Health Centre < 1km School > 1 km School

ACCESS/ TRANSPORTATION MEAN

public private

EXPOSURE – Access to services (Kenya)

• Distance to services

HH with more than 1km to nearest health centre: 48.00% HH with more than 1km to nearest school: 17.31%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

39.66% 48.28% 39.66% 55.17% 8.62% 3.45% 1.72% 3.45% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% < 1km Heath Centre > 1 km Health Centre < 1km School > 1 km School

ACCESS / TRANSPORTATION MEAN

public private

EXPOSURE – Access to services (Malawi)

• Distance to services

HH with more than 1km to nearest health centre: 68.97% HH with more than 1km to nearest school: 38.33%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

19.67% 32.79% 44.26%

TRANSPORTATION MEAN (HH)

private public by feet 18.03% 44.26% 40.98% 24.59% 9.84% 21.31% 18.03% 13.11% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% < 1km Heath Centre > 1 km Health Centre < 1km School > 1 km School

ACCESS / TRANSPORTATION MEAN

motor

• nly by feet

EXPOSURE – Earnings & economic liabilities (Across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Cameroun Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Malawi HH without regular wage 20% 6.98% 22.86% 25.00% Average HH yearly revenue ($) $ 4081 $ 1771 $ 3013 $ 875 Indebted HH: 64.71% 36.21% 83.33% 31% Average loan taken (HH): 1389.33 $ (min: 24; max:3227) $ 4360 (min: 15; max: 78536) between $14 and $69 Average HH regular expenses: 2505 $ (min: 348; max: 7423) $1334; min: $58; max: $4840.80 $ 2767.58 (min: 59; max: 44765) $505 (min: 50; max: 5561)

EXPOSURE – Earnings & economic liabilities (Cameroon)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

91.38% 63.79% 63.79% 58.62% 18.97% 0% 50% 100%

COTE D’IVOIRE

food house/ farm maintenance regular care and health related schooling transportation

22.22% 9.26% 7.41% 0% 10% 20% 30%

KENYA

food schooling rent of land/house 21.31% 18.03% 6.56% 0% 10% 20% 30%

MALAWI

Food Farm inputs School fees 16.67% 33.33% 16.67% 22.22% 16.67% 16.67% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

MAIN REGULAR EXPENSES: CAMEROUN

farm inputs food health housing & maintenance school transport

EXPOSURE – Classification of risk (Cameroon)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK (HH) % over total risks TOTAL 66.67% drought 27.78% excessive rainfall 5.56% high winds 22.22% deforestation 27.78% pollution 16.67% landslides 5.56% fire 5.56% pests 5.56% ECONOMIC RISK % over total risks TOTAL 83.33% harvest failure / losses 44.44% price fluctuations 50.00% inflation 16.67% unemployment 11.11% financial crisis 22.22% resettlement 5.56% income reduction 5.56% SOCIAL & POLITICAL RISKS % over total risks TOTAL 61.11% crime 16.67% protests 22.22% conflicts 33.33% domestic violence 11.11% terrorism 5.56% HEALTH RISK % over total risks TOTAL 72.22% Illness 55.56% injury 33.33%

• ld-age

22.22% death 31.58% disability 16.67% epidemic diseases 5.56%

EXPOSURE – Classification of risk (Ivory Coast)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS % over total HH TOTAL 72.41% drought 63.79% deforestation 3.45% high winds 3.45% urbanisation 5.17% ECONOMIC RISK % over total risks TOTAL 70.69% inflation 3.45% economic crisis 12.07% price fluctuations 29.31% high inputs cost 10.34% harvest failure 1.72% SOCIAL / POLITICAL RISKS % over total risks TOTAL 44.83% land related conflicts 18.97%

• n farm damages

10.34% general insecurity 12.07% theft 8.62% HEALTH RISKS % over total risks TOTAL 94.83% illness 79.31% death 18.97%

• ld age

6.90%

EXPOSURE – Classification of risk (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS % over total risks TOTAL 81.48% drought 53.70% pollution 22.22% heavy rainfall 12.96% deforestation 11.11% ECONOMIC RISKS % over total risks TOTAL 94.44% crisis & income reduction 42.59% harvest failure 37.04% price fluctuations 35.19% unemployment 29.63% inflation 1.72% SOCIAL / POLITICAL RISKS % over total risks TOTAL 50.00% conflicts and crime 46.30% terrorism 9.26% HEALTH RISKS % over total risks TOTAL 81.48% illness & injuries 72.22% epidemic disease 7.41%

• ld age

7.41%

EXPOSURE – Classification of risk (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS % over environmental risks % over total risks TOTAL 93.44% drought 63.16% 59.02% deforestation 15.79% 14.75% high winds 31.58% 29.51% excessive rainfall 45.61% 42.62% ECONOMIC RISKS % over economic risks % over total risks TOTAL 91.80% inflation 46.43% 42.62% income reduction 41.07% 37.70% price fluctuations 37.50% 34.43% harvest failure 26.79% 24.59% unemployment 12.50% 11.48% SOCIAL / POLITICAL RISKS % over HH facing social and political risks % over total HH TOTAL 54.10% crime 81.82% 44.26% among which cases of theft 39.39% 21.31% food insecurity 9.09% 4.92% domestic violence 6.06% 3.28% lack of land and infrastructures 6.06% 3.28% HEALTH RISKS % over HH facing health risks % over total HH TOTAL 91.80% illness 98.21% 90.16% death 23.21% 21.31% injury 7.14% 6.56%

• ld age

7.14% 6.56% lack of drugs at the health centre 1.79% 1.64%

EXPOSURE – Classification of risk (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

66.67% 72.41% 81.48% 93.44% 83.33% 70.69% 94.44% 91.80% 72.22% 94.83% 81.48% 91.80% 57.89% 44.83% 50.00% 54.10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Cameroon Ivory Coast Kenya Malawi

RISKS FACED (HH)

Environmental and natural risks Economic risks Health risks Social and political risks

EXPOSURE – Classification of risk (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

39.73% 55.34% 26.27% 50% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi

AFFECTED BY NATURAL DISASTERS (FG)

33.83% 39.81% 70.34% 70.51% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi

HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE FAMILY (FG)

EXPOSURE – Impact of risk (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

35.61% 46.60% 5.08% 10.26% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

BELONGINGS LOST

Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi 22.89% 36.89% 27.97% 6.41% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

MONEY LOST

Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi

EXPOSURE – Impact of risk (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

n/a $522.45 $433.36 $1,165.58 $521.18 $312.85 $596.32 $487.66 $0 $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000 $1,200 $1,400 Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi

HEALTH PROBLEMS/ DEATH RELATED COSTS

health death

EXPOSURE – Impact of risk (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

72.22% 7.69% 53.85% 28.89% 37.50% 3.77% 22.73% 5.26% 29.41% 28.57% 21.05% 50.00% 61.54% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi

UNCOVERED COSTS

health costs education fees food costs work injuries

EXPOSURE – Impact of risk - Cameroon

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Category examples of risks type of expenditure ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL Caterpillar invasions on crops due to climate change pesticides floodings renovation of agricultural equipment & purchase of water pumps ECONOMIC low quality inputs reduced incomes, new inputs SOCIAL AND POLITICAL agro-pastoral conflicts causing devastation of crops new inputs HEALTH use of chemicals medical treatments excessive work causing injuries or death health costs

EXPOSURE – Impact of risk (Ivory Coast)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Risks related expenditures examples of risks examples of consequences ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL drought and consequent harvest losses app 500000 FCFA of losses ($810.92) (Yéfougnipinin) ECONOMIC damaged crops more than 15 ha of crops were lost ($7298.24 of losses) (Nanievogo) SOCIAL AND POLITICAL Theft theft of equipment in the fields has caused bad yields and administrative procedures (Coop society Femme,Paix et Dévéloppement Social) Conflicts Conflicts with livestock farmers due to damages to crops (Société Coopérative Wobingninan de Kasséré) HEALTH injury had to pay 180000 for hospitalization, surgery and drugs ($291.93) (coop Binkadi)

EXPOSURE – Impact of risk (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

risk related expenditures examples of risks Examples of consequences ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL drought * family food budget increased as they have to buy almost everything in the shops * food insecurity: families cannot grow enough food to last the family through the season

• most food is bought

* death of livestock due to drought: many animals starved to death. Others died while being relocated to Tanzania for grazing. ECONOMIC * loss of production = loss of income SOCIAL AND POLITICAL relocation * a member had to bear high cost of relocating to new house and schools for children * a member had to relocate business and loss business income for some time Domestic violence Treatment HEALTH illness Unaffordable hospital bills

EXPOSURE – Impact of risk (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

risks related expenditures examples of risks examples of csqs ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL drought

• food insecurity

QUOTE: "drought [forced us] to buy food for the household. [We spent] $372.03 for maize only." (Hara rice cooperative society ltd)

• loan repayment failure

strong winds loss of property ECONOMIC inflation increased farm inputs costs SOCIAL AND POLITICAL theft livestock losses income reduction domestic violence illness and reallocation costs HEALTH illness hospital fees drugs death of productive family member income reduction

EXPOSURE – Take away…

• Literacy and access to basic education can be challenging
• Vast majority of HH are self-employed; smallholders; informal workers (high % of

landowners)

• Economic vulnerability: very low % of regular wages (min 7% in Cote d’Ivoire to max 25% in

Malawi; high % of indebtedness (83% in Kenya)

• People unemployed / in the informal sectors / casual workers etc. (what needs?)
• Consider people with reduced access to services (what risks/needs)
• Specificity of risk is important: women (health); type of productive activities; types of

employment

• Contextuality of risk: natural disasters, climate change, extreme weather events
• Consider idiosyncratic / covariant risks (affecting all community / cooperative)
• Most recurrent risks: health; environmental related to agriculture; (macro) economic

(inflation, prices, crisis)  Lead to a variety of unexpected costs (assets, inputs, cures, etc.)

• High % of uncovered costs (health; food; education)
• Necessary to compare: average revenues / average debts / average losses (livelihood balance)

/ uncovered costs  types of SP; entity of benefits; timing

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Many thanks

For more information on FAO’s work: Igor.vinci@fao.org http://www.fao.org/social-protection/en/

Survey results - Section 2 COPING WITH RISKS

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Structure

• 1. Preparation to risk
• 2. Response to risk
• 3. Individual vs. collective coping mechanisms
• 4. Knowledge of risk-coping collective schemes
• 5. Knowledge of insurance
• 6. Knowledge of contingency funds
• 7. Take home lessons

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Structure

• 1. Preparation to risk

What measures would you choose to prepare to possible risks? Among this, what are the main purposes of savings? What are their advantages and disadvantages?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Preparation to risk (Cameroon)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection PREFERENCES on PREPARATION MEASURES (FGs participants) % insurance (health, risk, life) 42.11% saving 31.58% njangi finance 5.26% pest mgmt / biosecurity 10.53% health prevention 5.26% water storage 10.53% study climate patterns 10.53% enclosures 5.26% vaccinations 5.26%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Preparation to risk (Cameroon)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

PURPOSES OF SAVINGS % FGs Illness 60.00% Injuries 26.67% Death 26.67% Education 33.33% Damages due to CC 6.67% Buy assets / Investment 46.67% Assistance to parents 6.67% General emergencies 40.00% Risk prevention 13.33% Cope with finance losses 6.67% To obtain loans 13.33%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Preparation to risk (Ivory Coast)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

96.00% 12.00% 2.56% 69.23% 23.08% 1.94% 75.73% 20.39% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% insurance (health, death) savings loans

PREPARATION MEASURES (FGS PARTCIPANTS)

women men total

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

PURPOSE OF SAVINGS % FGs To protect the family from unforseen developments (emergencies) 64.29% To protect family in case of death or illness 7.14% To have projects and make them become real (investment) 42.86% To ameliorate living standards/ expand activities 14.29% To secure a good future to children (education) 21.43%

COPING – Preparation to risk (Ivory Coast)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection WAYS TO PREPARE TO RISK WOMEN MEN % FGS RESP.

Adopt different farming techniques 18.60% 31.03% 22.03% Better storage of food and water 34.88% 34.48% 29.66% Savings (and loans) 34.88% 29.31% 27.12% Insurance 11.63% 29.31% 18.64% Use of NHIF (National Hospital Insurance Fund) 18.60% 12.07% 12.71% Business diversification 46.67%

COPING – Preparation to risk (Kenya)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

PURPOSE OF SAVINGS FGS Illness 35.71% Food 28.57% Education 42.86% Access to funds when needs arise and/or in times of crisis 35.71% Invest for future benefits/ development 35.71% Be able to take loans (guarantee) 42.86%

COPING – Preparation to risk (Kenya)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

WAYS TO PREPARE TO RISK WOMEN MEN % FGS PART.

Improving farming methods 15.63% 6.41% Saving 37.50% 82.61% 64.10% Subsistence farming

33.00%

Expanding economic activities 15.63% 21.74% 19.23% Enhancing security & transparency 6.25% 19.57% 14.10% Education 6.25% 19.57% 14.10% Pest management 3.13% 30.43% 19.23% Good dietary habits 9.38% 13.04% 11.54% Livestock keeping 28.13% 8.70% 16.67% Environmental conservation 6.25% 19.57% 14.10%

COPING – Preparation to risk (Malawi)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

PURPOSE OF SAVINGS % FGS General risk management 33.33% Paying school fees 66.67% To be used in case of illness and/or death 66.67% Food purchase 50.00% Gain interest and/or buy assets 50.00%

COPING – Preparation to risk (Malawi)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Preparation to risk (Across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

DISADVANTAGES OF SAVINGS

• Scarcity of finances
• Weak in case of death of saver
• Unfit for big problems
• No returns
• Lack of knowedge on payment systems
• Reduce life quality
• Mismanagement and misuse (transparency)
• Problems of inflation/ price fluctuation
• Bank charges
• Theft (security)
• Lack access to saving banks

ADVANTAGES OF SAVINGS

• promptness of resources
• autonomy
• no frustration in emergency
• might generate employmnent
• voluntary
• Can stand as collateral for loans (Kenya)
• Reduces stress / gives sense of security
• Support in old age (form of pensions)
• Opportunity to earn interest (Malawi)
• Accessibility and security of village savings banks

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Structure

• 2. Response to risk

What measure do you adopt to respond to risks? Among this, what are the difficulties associated with loans? And what the difficulties associated to other types of responses to risk?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Response to risk (Cameroon)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

35.71% 50.00% 42.86% 42.86% 71.43% 71.43% 92.86% 14.29%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

RISK RESPONSE (FGS)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COPING – Response to risk (Cote d’Ivoire)

88.00% 16.00% 60.00% 4.00% 1.28% 15.38% 62.82% 48.72% 65.38% 0.97% 11.65% 68.93% 40.78% 64.08% 0.97%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Reduce other expenses Selling assets/livestock Asking for family’s help Asking for friends’ help Taking a loan Other (buy from wholesaler)

RISK RESPONSE (FG)

WOMEN MEN TOTAL

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COPING – Response to risk (Kenya)

WAYS TO RESPOND TO RISK % WOMEN % MEN % YOUTH TOTAL put children to work 6,98% 20,69% 41,18% 18,64% Reduce other expenses (Specify) 51,16% 77,59% 58,82% 65,25% Selling assets/livestock 27,91% 58,62% 41,18% 44,92% Taking an extra job 41,86% 56,90% 70,59% 53,39% Asking for family’s help 46,51% 70,69% 100,00% 66,10% Asking for friends’ help 41,86% 63,79% 58,82% 55,08% Taking a loan 88,37% 91,38% 64,71% 86,44% Other (eg: leave the area, fundraising) 11,63% 3,45% 5,93%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COPING – Response to risk (Malawi)

3.13% 37.50% 15.63% 3.13% 50.00% 50.00% 78.13% 17.39% 26.09% 41.30% 8.70% 26.09% 17.39% 43.48% 11.54% 30.77% 30.77% 6.41% 35.90% 30.77% 57.69% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Put children to work Reduce other expenses Selling assets Taking an extra job Asking for family's help Asking for friends' help Taking a loan

RISK RESPONSE (FG)

WOMEN MEN TOTAL

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COPING – Response to risk (across)

Difficulties associated with loans

• Lack of collaterals / guarantees
• High interest rates
• Small amounts for short duration
• Impossibility to pay back (especially before harvest)
• “Difficulties in paying back the amount borrowed can lead to a state of constant

anxiety and to psychological problems"

• Legal issues if unable to pay
• Lack of service providers in rural areas
• Abiding by rules of microcredit organizations (e.g. no group credit) (COOPRANORD –

Cote d’Ivoire)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COPING – Response to risk (across)

Other difficulties Fundraising and/ or asking for help (from family and friends)

• Can only work for people with some income and willing to provide

support

• Amounts are usually not adequate
• Low reputation

Children involved in labour

• “Child labour is wrong / abusive”
• “Children do not realize their dreams”

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Preparation and response (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 31.58% 92.86% 75.73% 64.08% 27.12% 86.44% 64.10% 57.69%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

savings taking a loan prepare respond

PREFERENCES: SAVINGS & LOANS (FGS PART./ FGS)

Cameroon Ivory Coast Kenya Malawi

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Structure

• 3. Individual vs. collective coping mechanisms

What measures do you adopt to cope with risk individually? Do you prefer to cope with risks alone? Do you have access to a collective scheme that can support in times of crisis?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

INDIVIDUAL COPING MECHANISMS (% HH) CAMEROON IVORY COAST KENYA MALAWI Use of savings 88.24% 94.83% 85.19% 59.02% Sale of crop stock 70.59% 60.34% 48.15% 72.13% Sale of land 5.88% 1.72% 11.11% 3.28% Sale of livestock 35.29% 39.66% 57.41% 78.69% Sale of equipment 17.65% 1.72% 18.52% 4.92% Sale of personal belongings 23.53% 5.17% 14.81% 8.20% Additional job taken 58.82% 6.90% 22.22% 34.43% Family loan 76.47% 46.55% 27.78% 32.79% Loan from moneylender 58.82% 15.52% 22.22% 24.59% Loan from cooperative 58.82% 27.59% 72.22% 36.07%

COPING – Individual coping mechanisms (Across)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Individual coping mechanisms (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection Cameroun Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Malawi

% HH DECLARING TO COPE WITH RISK ALONE 18.75% 87.93% 35.19%

63.93%

% HH DECLARING ACCESS TO COLLECTIVE SCHEME 82,35% 17,24% 64,81% 49,18%

Other examples of individual responses (observed by leaders):

• Income diversification
• NR mgmgt: biosecurity, water storage
• Vaccinations (Kenya)
• Plantation pawning (Kenya)
• Improve skills (training, extension services)
• Avoiding risky ventures (Malawi)
• Overestimating food needs (Malawi)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Individual coping mechanisms (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

!! 70% to 100% of FGs participants declare that collective responses might be more effective

Advantages

• Collective action is stronger: "It is good…because it will make large numbers be safe” (Maiziwa

Taita - kenya).

• “Facilitate access to aid from government and NGOs” (Cameroun); “Gives a good image of the

coop and its members” (Cote d’Ivoire)

• It is cheaper  reduces costs
• It enhances solidarity / social bonds (Cote d’Ivoire)
• It will make some families gain more knowledge from the knowledgables (Maiziwa Taita – kenya)

(Knowledge exchange)

• It distributes the risks (Malawi)

Disadvantages

• Harder and slower to plan
• Can create conflicts and misunderstandings

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Structure

• 4. Knowledge of collective risk-coping schemes

Are you aware of other collective risk-coping schemes (including public)?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

AWARENESS OF EXISTING COPING MECHANISMS (HH) % HH EXAMPLES Government schemes 58.82% Input subsidies (seeds, fertilizers) & Cash transfers Technical assistance to coops Pension Minader, minepia, minprof NGO support schemes 52.94% Farming equipment, subsidies Trainings (GIZ) Cooperative schemes 82.35% Farming equipment, subsidies (Occasional) assistance and insurance Loans Regional coop service GIC including unions of GIC of women farmers Community association schemes 35.29% (Occasional) assistance Loans Mutuelle de santé Group solidarity 76.47% Family & friends

COPING – Knowledge of collective schemes (Cameroon)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

AWARENESS OF EXISTING COPING MECHANISMS % HH EXAMPLES Government schemes NGO support schemes

8.62%

Social assistance Technical support Material support Capacity building Cooperative schemes 22.41% Mutuelle de santé Tontine (Savane) Assistance in case of need (Yagnigui de dianra) Community association schemes 37.93% Tontine Village association Religious community Group solidarity 84.48% Youth association Family & neighbors support Solidarity

COPING – Knowledge of collective schemes (Cote d’Ivoire)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Knowledge of collective schemes (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

AWARENESS OF EXISTING COPING MECHANISMS % HH EXAMPLES Government schemes 33.33%

• WEF - women enterprise fund
• NHIF, Pension scheme and other SP services
• Free schooling, Soft loans, Subsidized inputs, infrastructures

NGO support schemes 3.70%

• World vision, Compassion international, Food for the hungry
• Trainings, financial support to people in need, support for health,

water & sanitation Cooperative schemes 64.81%

• prevention mechanisms against price fluctuation
• L&S
• benevolence
• inputs advances

Community association schemes 48.15%

• Women group, Church, Micro finance, Merry go round/ self help

groups Group solidarity (family, friends, neighbors) 68.52% • Family merry go round

• Neighbors

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COPING – Knowledge of collective schemes (Malawi)

ACCESS TO GROUP COPING MECHANISMS (HH) % HH EXAMPLES Government schemes 28.81% FISP: farm input subsidies program Flood relief (food, tents) Cash transfers Employment in public works NGO support schemes 20.69% Provision of farm inputs, food and medicines Cooperative schemes 47.54% Loans Funeral scheme Food relief Donation of farm inputs Community association schemes 32.79% Reafforestation VSL (especially women VSL) Village assistance Water user association Group solidarity 47.54% FBO (faith based organization) Support from family, friends and neighbours: cash, common activities (tree planting), psychological

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Structure

• 5. Knowledge of insurance

Do you know what insurance means? What risks can be covered through insurance?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COPING – Insurance (Cameroon)

HH KNOWLEDGE OF INSURANCE % HH Insurance knowledge 52.94% EXAMPLES OF RISKS THAT CAN BE COVERED BY AN INSURANCE (FG)

ENV fire ECO resettlement harvest failure price fluctuation inflation Unemplyment / lost of job SOC conflicts HEA illness/ diseases injnury disability

• ld age

Death

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COPING – Insurance (Ivory Coast)

FAMILIES KNOWLEDGE OF INSURANCE % HH Insurance knowledge 86.21% EXAMPLES OF RISKS THAT CAN BE COVERED BY AN INSURANCE % FGS Risks affecting the plantation 6.25% Assets (car, moto) 6.25% Illness/ diseases 100.00% Accident 18.75% Disability 18.75% Old age Death/ life insurance 43.75% Epidemic diseases 6.25%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection FAMILIES KNOWLEDGE OF INSURANCE % HH Insurance knowledge 83.33%

COPING – Insurance (Kenya)

EXAMPLES OF RISKS THAT CAN BE COVERED BY AN INSURANCE % FGS Natural disasters 40.00% Economic risks mainly harvest failure 60.00% Health risks/ death 60.00% Property 6.67% Loans 6.67%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection FAMILIES KNOWLEDGE OF INSURANCE PERCENTAGE OF HH insurance knowledge 70.49%

COPING – Insurance (Malawi)

EXAMPLES OF RISKS THAT CAN BE COVERED BY AN INSURANCE FG most cited Environmental and natural High winds Livestock/crop Drought Floods Economic Money loss/ financial crisis Price fluctuation Property Crime/ conflicts Health Illness/ diseases death

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Insurance (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

25.81% 100.00% 74.42% 59.38% 37.07% 75.64% 82.76% 67.39% 100.00% 81.55% 82.20% 64.10% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Cameroon Ivory Coast kenya Malawi

INSURANCE KNOWLEDGE (FGS)

women men youth total

Cameroun Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Malawi

INSURANCE KNOWLEDGE (HH) 52.94% 86.21% 83.33% 70.49%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Structure

• 6. Knowledge of contingency funds

Do you know the meaning of contingency fund? What organization can offer such product? What risks can be covered through contingency funds?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Contingency funds

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection EXAMPLES OF RISKS THAT CAN BE COVERED BY CONTINGENCY FUNDS ENV fire drought deforestation

22.62% 15.78% 28.95% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% TOTAL WOMEN MEN

CONTINGENCY FUNDS KNOWLEDGE

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Contingency funds (Ivory Coast)

• % of f/m/total people declaring they know contingency funds (FGs): only 2
• resp. (2.56% of FGs part.) (men)
• Risks that can be covered by contingency funds (FGs): only 1 FGs

answered: natural disasters

• Providers offering contingency funds (FGs): no data

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Contingency funds (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

41.86% 51.72% 100.00% 55.08% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% women men youth total

CONTINGENCY FUNDS KNOWLEDGE (FGS)

EXAMPLES OF RISKS THAT CAN BE COVERED BY CONTINGENCY FUNDS EXAMPLES Economic Financial crisis Health related Old age, disability, illness

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Contingency funds (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

25.00% 39.13% 33.33% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% women men total

CONTINGENCY FUNDS KNOWLEDGE (FGS)

EXAMPLES OF RISKS THAT CAN BE COVERED BY CONTINGENCY FUNDS Environmental & natural Drought Health Illness/ diseases / disabilities Death

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Insurance and contingency funds (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

15.78% 41.86% 25.00% 28.95% 2.56% 51.72% 39.13% 100.00% 22.62% 2.56% 55.08% 33.33% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Cameroon Ivory Coast kenya Malawi

CONTINGENCY FUNDS KNOWLEDGE (FGS PART.)

women men youth total

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Insurance and contingency funds (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection MAIN PROVIDERS Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi

Insurance Contingency funds Insurance Contingency funds Insurance Contingency funds Insurance Contingency funds Government Government Private companies Cooperative Cooperative Cooperative Private companies International

• rganizations

Government Government Community based

• rganizations

Government NGOs NGOs Cooperative/ member based

• rganizations

Private companies

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Take away…

PREPARATION TO RISK

• Preparation strategies exist but are limited  savings are widely used

(between 60 and 80% HH); men and women % are very different according to country

• Other preferred options include diversification of income and Farm/NR

mgmt

• insurance preference as preparation measure is low (apart from

Cameroun)

• Awareness of the purposes of savings: response to shocks + fostering

income generating activities

• Main issues: finances; awareness; response to intense shocks

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Take away…

RESPONSE TO RISK

• Loans are widely used: between 72 and 100% HH
• Detrimental strategies not widely used but robust evidence of their use

in specific cases: ex. in Kenya 20% put children to work; 45% sell their assets; in Cameroun also many HH declared to put children to work

• Members often recur to family’s (between 35 and 71%) or friends’ help

INDIVIDUAL / COLLECTIVE RESPONSE

• Preferences for collective coping usually high access to collective

schemes

• Good awareness of the advantages of collective mechanisms  E.g.

economies of scale; visibility / partnerships; social relations

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Take away…

AWARENESS OF OTHER COLLECTIVE COPING MECHANISMS

• Mostly informal and locally/community based

INSURANCE

• High % of awareness of the meaning of insurance and insurance products (apart from

Cameroun around 30%) and risks that can be covered with it (they depend on context: e.g. environmental risks).

• Health-related risks appear as the primary cover that insurance can provide; followed

by risks related to agriculture affecting income generation

• Mostly, private providers are cited, along with government schemes where available.

Low awareness of micro-finance organizations (scattered cases of coops insurance and mutuelles) CONTINGENCY FUNDS

• Much lower % of awareness and understanding of contingency funds. Needs covered

do not differ much from insurance (despite the function is assistance)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Many thanks

For more information on FAO’s work: http://www.fao.org/social-protection/en/

Survey results - Section 3 RISKS COVERAGE

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Structure

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

• 1. Main cooperative services
• 2. Cooperative social protection services
• 3. Aspects of inclusion (contributions, S&L, inclusion mechanisms for the

poorest)

• 4. Access to insurance
• 5. Access to other SP services (public, private, community, solidarity)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop services (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COOPS ACTIVITIES (LEA) MAIN SECONDARY Crops production (Cassava, coffee, beans fruit, vegetable, corn, cocoa, plantains, staple products) 14 5 Transformation / processing 2 2 Raising livestock (cows, pigs, chicken goat) 2 7 Meat production 1 Marketing 7 2 Fishery 1 1 Purchase and distribution of inputs 2 1 Trainings 3 Financial services 1 Unspecified services 1 AGRICULTURE (PRODUCTION, TRANSFORMATI ON, PURCHASES, MARKETING) FINANCE (LOANS, SAVINGS) SOCIAL (CONTINGENCY FUNDS, INSURANCE, OTHER SOCIAL SERVICES) 19 1

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop SP services (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COOPERATIVES' SP SERVICES (LEADERS AND FGS) COOP FUNCTIONING Insurance (4 COOPS) UCCAO Insurance for members of board of directors and general assembly ($164 for illness; $246 to family for death) SOCOPALEM Insurance on crops, livestock, death ($10/y) Agrohub Health insurance and education insurance through Njangi Insurance scheme SANAGA Insurance (health, crop) ($16) Contingency funds (3 COOPS) SOCOPALEM All members cheap in 10,000. These funds are used to support the schools (with equipment etc) (child education) Agrohub Contingency funds through Njangi inclusive finance (5 COOPS) UCCAO UCCAO: social assistance: in-kind soft loans (seeds, pesticides, and agricultural materials) Agrohub Agro-hub: "Njangi Finance": savings and loans PROAGROBA PROAGROBA: savings account generating some interests for the coop HiinYavili HiinYavili: inclusive finance such as savings and loans SANAGA SANAGA: savings Link to other providers (2 COOPS) Batouri Mutuelle SOCAF Tontine

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop services (Ivory Coast)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COOPS ACTIVITIES MAIN SECONDARY Production and commercialization (cotton, cashew, corn, coffee, cocoa, palm oil, other food crops and vegetables) 20 5 Training and support 8 Renting vehicles for produce transportation 1 Soft loans 1 Havea marketing 1 Social assistance 2

AGRICULTURE (PRODUCTION, TRANSFORMATIO N, PURCHASES, MARKETING) FINANCE (LOANS, SAVINGS) SOCIAL (CONTINGENCY FUNDS, INSURANCE, OTHER SOCIAL SERVICES) 20 1 2

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop SP services (Ivory Coast)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Cooperatives' SP services Functioning Solidarity fund (4 coops) E.G. In the case of coopalm each family contribute with 7500 fcfa/ month Social assistance (occasional) Donations (usually in cash) in time of disasters and/ or in case of death Advances for paying school fees (1 COOP) Mutuelle de santé (4 coops) 6 HH refered to the mutuelle de santé that had been developed through CIDR (jointly with the coops) Some coops make common subscription to Mutuelle’s health insurance

• Observations: 3 lea mentioned that in the past their coops had a mutelle de santé but

because of lack of funds they had to stop

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop services (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Coops activities Main Secondary Dairy farming 4 1 Coffe production 2 Plant nursury & agri inputs 3 Microfinance & money transfers 8 7 Extension services + trainings & awareness 3 SP services (health and pensions) 1 Agriculture (production, transformation, purchases, marketing) Finance (loans, savings) Social (contingency funds, insurance, other social services) 7 9 1

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop SP services (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection COOPERATIVES' SP SERVICES FUNCTIONING

Loans insurance (5 COOPS) Coop insures with reputable insurance organization and upon death of a member, insurance pays up loan balance Medical and life insurance (3 COOPS) Only limited to some members Pension (1 COOP) Social assistance/ benevolent fund (4 COOPS) Benevolent fund also used to take insurance cover

• n loans in case of death; funeral schemes; other

types of transfers In kind transfers and credit advances (2 COOPS) Often agri/ veterinary inputs Inclusive finance (5 COOPS) E.g.: Loans for education

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop services (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COOPERATIVE COOPERATIVES ' MAIN ACTIVITIES SECONDARY ACTIVITIES Bvumbe dairy farmers cooperative society Dairy milk production

• Buying and selling cow feeds
• Lending money to members
• Providing cows medical care

Phata sugarcane outgrowers cooperative Sugarcane production

• Fish farming
• Other crops

Ngolowindo/horticulture cooperative society Horticulture (irrigated farming)

• Other crops

Chickwatula macadamia cooperative ltd Macadamia nuts production and marketing • Other crops Phoka coffee growers coop society ltd Coffee marketing

• Beekeeping

Hara rice cooperative society ltd Rice production and marketing

• Loans

AGRICULTURE (PRODUCTION , TRANSFORMA TION, PURCHASES, MARKETING) FINANCE (LOANS, SAVINGS) SOCIAL (CONTINGENC Y FUNDS, INSURANCE, OTHER SOCIAL SERVICES) 6 2 1

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop SP services (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

NAME COOPERATIVES’ SP SERVICES FUNCTIONING Bvumbe dairy farmers cooperative society

• Funeral fund
• Participating to VSL
• Covers coffin for husband and wife and in case of death of a child the

family gets a compensation. There is a social welfare committee which provides leadership and makes decisions related to this social welfare scheme. Ngolowindo/h

• rticulture

cooperative society

• Title deed on the land
• Funeral fund
• Pest and disease control

Phoka coffee growers coop society ltd

• Soft loans
• Advanced payments
• Assistance in time of natural

disaster and other emergencies Hara rice cooperative society ltd

• Support to school feeding

program

• Help improving children learning
• Reduce absenteeism
• One way of advertising the coop

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop services (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 19 20 7 6 1 1 9 2 2 1 1 5 10 15 20 25 Cameroun Cote d'Ivoire Kenya Malawi

COOPERATIVES SERVICES

Agricultural services Financial services Social services

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Coop services (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 4 2 8 3 4 6 3 2 1 5 1 2 2 4 5 10 15 20 Cameroun Cote d'Ivoire Kenya Malawi

COOPERATIVE SP SERVICES

Insurance Contingency funds Savings with interests and soft loans Other forms of risk mgmt

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Inclusion within coops (Across)

FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS (we have figures)  Ownership!!

• One time entry fee
• Minimum capital share to buy
• (Normally) annual contributions

Other :

• Audits
• Trainings Mechanized labour; maintenance of equipment; phytosanitary treatment
• Trainings
• Fees on services (e.g. collective purchase/sales)
• Contribution to common projects (infrastructure)
• “Solidarity”: social funds, insurance
• Debts / interests (financial services)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Cameroun Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Malawi 15,70 USD 6,62 USD 7,86 USD 1.80 USD

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Inclusion within coops (Across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

ASPECTS OF INCLUSION REGARDING COOPERATIVES SP SERVICES

Cameroun Cote d’Ivoire Kenya (f/m/y) Malawi (f/m)

Members involved in the design of the scheme 21% 45% 66% 100% Members covered by the scheme 15% 55% 74% 43,48% / 75,86% Members satisfied of the scheme 9% 20% 66% 34,78% / 58,62%

% HH DECLARING ACCESS TO COLLECTIVE SCHEME Cameroun Cote d’Ivoire Kenya Malawi

82,35% 17,24% 64,81% 49,18%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Inclusion within coops (Across)

ACCESSIBILITY TO NON-MEMBERS (examples from Kenya)

• Kasinga Factory, Biashara & Nyala covers subscriber, spouse and children in their insurance / inclusive

finance schemes

• Mudete Factory opens benevolent fund to non-members that are willing to subscribe

IMPACTS

• Positive impacts under many domains: stable livelihood and incomes; new economic activities;
• Spill over outcomes such as better education, health; access to food.
• Some coops report that commons schemes have increased solidarity and bonds among the group

members Société Coopérative Yagnigui de Dianra: “it helps from a psychological point of view, knowing that you can get support”

• Positive impacts both short term (response to emergencies) and long term (stable livelihoods).

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Inclusion within coops (Across)

ISSUES

• small capacity of members to contribute; small financial turnover (financial services)
• Limited capacity to re-pay debts
• limited collective resources to cover for severe shocks and co-variant risks (affecting

the whole group)

• Lack of awareness regarding the importance of preventing and responding to risks,

and relative measures.

• In some cases, services are limited to the board, or a small number of members

(UCCAO in Cameroun)

• Frauds, transparency of members and leaders, which could be solved by applying fines

and selecting new leaders

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection HH THAT ALREADY TOOK A LOAN Total: 17 % HH: 94,44% Average loan taken Average $ min max $1,346.76 $25.35 $5916.54 average interest rate 9.81% cases of inclusive rate rate < 5% 5 Duration 1 month 4 years

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

14.29% 14.29% 21.43% 14.29% 35.71% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% purchase of farm inputs or farm purchase of land starting or scale up a business paying school fees Medical treatment

REASONS FOR LOANS (HH)

Loan Providers (HH) % HH Tontine / community banks 23.53% Microfinance institutions 23.53% coop 11.76% tradditional bank 29.41% Informal (neighbors, friends, family) 17.65%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans (Ivory Coast)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

HH that already took a loan Total: 21 % HH: 36,21% $ Min Max Average loan taken 795 32 16,038 average interest rate 5.00% cases of inclusive rate (rate < 5%) 8 61.54% Average duration (in months) 11.2

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans (Ivory Coast)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Providers (HH) % COOPTEC (micro credits for coop) 19.05% Cooperative 38.10% Family and friends 14.29% Informal money lender 4.76% Bank 9.52% Fafci 4.76% Cotton prod society 9.52%

42.86% 4.76% 4.76% 14.29% 14.29% 19.05% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% finance agri activities pay the coop finance other associational…

• rganize funerals

pay school fees medical care

Reasons for loans (HH)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection HH that already took a loan Tot 45 Perc 83,33% Min $ MIN MAX Average loan taken $5993 $39 $98,219 Average interest rate 9.14% Cases of inclusive rate (rate < 5%) ?? Average duration (months) 29.33 1 180

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

38.64% 22.73% 4.55% 6.82% 4.55% 38.64% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% business (start or expand) farming inputs and equipments infrastructure personal use/ HH items medical care school fees

REASONS FOR LOANS (HH)

Providers % HH Examples Sacco/ coop 81.82% Bank/ finance company 15.91% E.G.: Housing finance company Association 2.27% E.G.: Women association Family 2.27% E.G.: Husband

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

perc of respondents that already took a loan Tot 44 Perc 72,13% Average USD Min Max average amount of the loan $66.90 $6.89 $179.15 average interest rate 17.33% cases of inclusive rate (< 5%) 3

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 61.36% 6.82% 4.55% 9.09% 15.91% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% purchase of farm inputs purchase of land starting or scale up a business purchase of food paying school fees

REASONS FOR LOANS

Providers % HH Tontine / community banks / VSL 28.89% Microfinance institutions 4.44% coop 57.78% tradditional bank 2.22% Informal (neighbours, friends, family) 2.22% Moneylender 4.44%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to savings (Across)

CAMEROUN

• % HH with access to savings scheme: 15  88.24%

(30% lower among FGs participants!)

• 4 /19 Coops are offering saving services
• 8 /19 HHs declare to receive positive interests on their savings (!?!) 

possible that HHs refer to non-coop-led savings services COTE d’IVOIRE

• % HH with access to savings scheme: 55  94.83%

(28% lower among FGs participants!)

• No coop is offering savings service

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to savings (Across)

KENYA

• % HH with access to savings scheme: 46  85.19%
• 9/14 Coops are offering saving services (lea)

MALAWI

• % HH with access to savings scheme: 36  59.02%

(20% higher among FGs participants!)

• 2/6 Coops are offering saving services (lea)
• Phata sugarcane coop is the only one offering positive interests on

savings

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans and savings (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 94.44% 36.21% 83.33% 72.13% 88.24% 94.83% 78.81% 59.02% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Cameroun Cote d'Ivoire Kenya Malawi

HH USING FINANCIAL SERVICES

Loans Savings

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Access to loans and savings (across)

• Only a minority of coops are offering S&L (with the exception of Kenya).

Financial services, although being a secondary activity of most cooperatives, have high demand.

• As HHs recur frequently to S&L, also as risk coping strategy, they often

have to refer to other local service providers (importance of local VSLAs, microfinance institutions and other community associations).

• Cases of soft loans and positive savings are limited but exist, and

constitute an interesting option to further investigate and possibly replicate.

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Inclusion mechanisms (Cameroun)

• Description of various examples of inclusive mechanisms

COPEMO, MUNGO, BAFIA, AGRIP-COOP, NDU: the coop offers no or reduced interests rates on financial services COPEMO: Cash for work; the cooperative pays the workers to process their products that the cooperative handles) AGRIP-COOP, SAA: targeted services; these coops declare to have modified/adapted their services targeting those who are most vulnerable

• Description of limitations to access coop and services

Mostly limitations refer to financial restrictions and the lack of awareness Other answers include: unrelated activities; lack of trust in community / politics; reputation / antecedents; distance or absence of provider; disabilities

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Inclusion mechanisms (Ivory Coast)

• Description of various examples of inclusive mechanisms

COPRANORD: facilitation of payment; fees are proportional to revenues; ECOYA pays for crop renewal in orchards Nanievogo promotes information with local campaigns

• Description of limitations to access coop and services

COOPI reports that “many are thinking about it but they are not producers yet“. Coopérative Yagnigui de Dianra reports that many are afraid of coops economic stability Lack of information / awareness / cultural barriers Lack of trust in insurance companies (especially regarding private companies) lack of financial resources and high interest rates on loans Difficult access / lack of or distance from providers

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Inclusion mechanisms (Kenya)

• Description of various examples of inclusive mechanisms

UCHONGAJI: group loans and subsidized services Faridi: people with special disadvantages are exempted from paying service charges Kithungururu: reserved position for women in the committee to veil on gender equality and gender issues Nyamira: educational bursary to children from poor families from the coop bank of Kenya

• Description of limitations to access coop and services

cannot meet minimum entry fee Kasinga/ Kithunguyou: “you must have a coffee farm but most young people in the community do not have land/ coffee seedlings” -> need for inputs

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Inclusion mechanisms (Malawi)

• Description of various examples of inclusive mechanisms

Only two coop mentioned some examples, e.g. in the case of Phata, poorer members can access subsidized food (fish) products marketed by the coop

• Description of limitations to access coop for potential members

the leaders of Bvumbe dairy coop recognize that more HHs would like to be part

• f the coop but they do not always own the necessary assets/inputs that are a

prerequisite to enter (e.g. cow, land) other constraints limiting access to coop: limited HH's knowledge, financial resources and alcoholism

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

• SAA: usually there are contributory SP programmes designed for workers in the private or

public sector, and not for the members of cooperatives. The latter have to voluntary subscribe to these programs and often because they are poor they cannot do it

• SCAF: We hear about them but cannot see them implemented here (cannot participate)
• Agro-promotion: we need to create awareness about SP mechanisms among the cooperative

members, but we also need more trainings as we lack information to this regard

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

NATIONAL SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMS LEADERS CNPS (Caisse nationale de prevoyance sociale) / pension scheme 6 Health care 2 Loans for subsistence activities (ACEPA) 1

COVERAGE – National programmes – Cameroon

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – National programmes – Ivory Coast

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection National social protection programs Lea nb CMU: universal health coverage 15 School cantines 18 Health coverage/ programs at the community level 18

• Most members are aware (only vague/ imprecise/ general information) but not are

making use of this system

• Programs exist and according to certain leaders these are particularly targeted to
• rphans and vulnerable children (e.G.: Children with HIV) (e.G: OEV).

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – National programmes – Kenya

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

National social protection programs Lea nb NHIF 6 Other public health care programs (free maternity care) 5 NSSF & pension schemes 7 School feeding programs & food aid programs 5 Cash transfer 4 Scholarships 1

• Members are aware of the benefits but continuous education and awareness is

required (uchongaij sacco)

• Most members are not aware but would probably like to contribute (mudete

factory)

• Media and public forums give information about public health programs

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – National programmes – Malawi

• Low % compared to national programmes in Malawi

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection NATIONAL SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAMS LEA NB Public health care 1 School feeding program 2 Agricultural input subsidies 2 Bycicles donations 1

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – National programmes (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

MEMBERS ABLE TO ACCESS THE COOP THANKS TO AID RECEIVED THROUGH PUBLIC PROGRAMS % COOPS EXAMPLES Cameroun 66.67% Hiinyavili, Mungo, Bafia: yes when they have access to humanitarian aid SOCOPALEM: for poorest categories Cote d’Ivoire none Kenya 35.71% Kithunguru - child welfare to help orphans to buy land Malawi None

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Insurance – Cameroon

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXISTENCE OF INSURANCE PRODUCTS % LEA COMMENTS Insurance by public institutions 5.56% SAA: they know about it but nobody subscribed Insurance by private companies 38.89% death insurance, pension, invalidity insurance micro insurance initiatives 27.78% Batouri: tontine, illness insurance (mutuelle) SOCOPALEM: mutuelle de santé in public medical centers, old-age persons mutuelle, but nobody subscribed

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Insurance – Cameroon

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

CONSTRAINTS TO ACCESS (COOP) % Stability of income / financial means 47.06% Unemplyment 5.88% Lack of services 5.88% Lack of benefits for disabled 5.88% Lack of knowledge/ awareness of importance 70.59% Refusal by insurance company to service workers of the agricultural sector, due to its instability and risks 5.88% Lack of trust in coop officers 5.88% Distance from service provider 5.88%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Insurance – Ivory Coast

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXISTENCE OF INSURANCE PRODUCTS % LEA Comments Insurance by public institutions 21.05%

• they are aware of the CNPS, which manages the pensions of

former private secotr employees and also has services linked to materinity, give family subsidies, support in case of work injuries.

• They are also aware about the CGREA (caisse générale de

retraite des fonctonnaires et agents de l'etat), which is the entity that manages the pension of public employees Insurance by private companies

• Most leaders stated that the subscriptions to private insurances are usually rare, a

part from insurances on vehicles/ motos.

• Most lea also specified that they often lack information on this matter

Micro insurance initiatives 5 COOPEC

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Insurance – Ivory Coast

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection CONSTRAINTS TO ACCESS % LEA No trust in insurance companies 41.67% Lack of information 41.67% Lack of resources 41.67% Low level of literacy Lack of access High interests 16.67% Bad relations with consumers 16.67% Not in the culture Administrative constraints

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Insurance – Kenya

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection EXISTENCE OF INSURANCE PRODUCTS % LEA COMMENTS Insurance by public institutions 66.67% The ones that are aware are mainly referring to NHIF and NSSF schemes Insurance by private companies 92.31% Aware but prices of the providers are

• ften unaffordable (only if members

are taking loans) Education insurance cover - madison Micro insurance initiatives 41.67% *Village funeral schemes (Life insurance)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Insurance – Kenya

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection CONSTRAINTS TO ACCESS % LEA inadequate gov support 15.38% lack of financial resources 84.62% lack of awareness 46.15% negative perception 7.69% distance from service providers 7.69% age 7.69%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COPING – Insurance – Malawi

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection EXISTENCE OF INSURANCE PRODUCTS LEA COMMENTS Subsidized insurance products provided by public companies 1 No awareness Insurance products provided by private companies 6

• On life and livestock (e.G.: Nico insurance

company)

• Insurance covering the coop as a whole
• Vehicle insurance
• House insurance

Micro insurance initiatives 6 No awareness Examples of access contraints

• Lack of awareness
• Limited financial resources
• Alcoholism

Examples of access contraints

• Lack of awareness
• Limited financial resources
• Alcoholism

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection COMMUNITY-BASED MECHANISMS LEADERS (out

• f 19)

EXAMPLES Money assistance 7 AZOEW-MOMO: aid agreed in case of illness (1,000) or death (5,000) NDU: small sub-groups organize insurance for illness (normally support is below 10,000) Support to collective revolving funds 1 SOCOPALEM: those who contribute are people that have children working in the city or outside of the country (collective remittances) Work sharing 2 Agri-coop: Preparation of fishing nets and other equipment during harvesting season Agro-hub: rotatory group work in each members' farm

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (Cameroun)

• % HHs that have access to community-based scheme

Only 3 HHs (17,65%) report the existence of community assistance: (Occasional) assistance, informal loans

• Description of solidarity mechanisms available to coop members

All 9 FGs that answered this question state that all or the vast majority of members recur to this kind of help:

Asking for family's help Asking for friends' help

• % HH that have access to other solidarity mechanisms

However, only 4 HHs (23.53%) declare to recur to family & friends to seek for assistance in times of urgency

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (Ivory Coast)

• % HHs that have access to community-based scheme: 22  37.93%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection COMMUNITY-BASED MECHANISMS Leaders (out of 20) Examples tontine 7 Savane Social actions to help members in need (e.G.: Money transfer in time of disasters) 2 Binkadi Women association Cowabo Others: religious community association village associations youth associations

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (Ivory Coast)

• Description of solidarity mechanisms available to coop members

6 FGs reported frequent cases of family’s and friends’ cash and in-kind forms of solidarity..

• % member that have access to other solidarity mechanisms (HH): 49 

84.48% Informal loans (free) mutual support in times of need

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (Kenya)

• Description of community-based mechanisms available to coop members
• % HHs that have access to community-based scheme: 24  44.44%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection OBSERVED MECHANISMS LEADERS (OUT OF 14) EXAMPLES Common interests/ welfare groups

• Vsla
• religious community
• village self help

groups

• women associations

14 Table banking arrangements; merry go round There are also groups based on localities which contribute in case of death of member from their area - Nyala Mutual support in case of health problems/ emergencies

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (Kenya)

• Description of solidarity mechanisms available to coop members
• % member that have access to other solidarity mechanisms (HH): 40 

74.07%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection USE OF SOLIDARITY MECHANISMS (FGS) WOMEN % MEN % YOUTH % TOTAL Asking for family’s help 20 46.51% 41 70.69% 17 100.00% 66.10% Asking for friends’ help 18 41.86% 37 63.79% 10 58.82% 55.08%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (Malawi)

• Description of community-based mechanisms available to coop members
• % HHs that have access to community-based scheme: 18  29.51%

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection OBSERVED MECHANISMS LEADERS (OUT OF 6) VSL (some only for women; mentioned by farmers of Phoka) 1 An orphanage managed by the coop's members (phata coop) 1 Religious village association: support (e.g.: funeral organization); work sharing (tree planting) VSL: WUA (water users associations)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (Malawi)

• Description of solidarity mechanisms available to coop members
• % member that have access to other solidarity mechanisms (HH): 29  47.54%

Examples

support in time of crisis (financial or in kind): funeral; food donation fight against crime psychological support from family and friends help paying school fees communal meals

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection Use of solidarity mechanisms (fgs part.) % Women % Men Total Asking for family's help 50.00% 26.09% 35.90% Asking for friends' help 50.00% 17.39% 30.77%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection CONTRIBUTORY (KNOWLEDGE!) Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi National Insurance Mutuelle Pension scheme Pension scheme Micro- finance NON CONTRIBUTORY (KNOWLEDGE!) Cameroon Ivory coast Kenya Malawi Health care programs Assistance from community associations School feeding programs In kind transfer programs (e.G.: Food, inputs)

Cash transfer programs Scholarships

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Other SP services (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Cameroun Cote d'Ivoire Kenya Malawi 17.65% 37.93% 44.44% 29.51% 23.53% 84.48% 74.07% 47.54%

HH ACCESS TO COMMUNITY & SOLIDARITY BASED MECHANISMS

community-based scheme: * Village / religious / women / youth / water users associations * Tontine * Mutuelles * VSLAs, common / revolving funds * work sharing family's & friends' solidarity * cash * food * informal loans * school fees * communal meals

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Take away…

COOPERATIVE SERVICES

• Cooperatives are economic / productive oriented. Social services are by-products based on

collective and solidarity principles (part of coop mandate)

• Member-based social protection mainly consists of forms of insurance; contingency funds

and other forms of risk mgmt. (e.g. pest control).

• Linkages with other local providers are important (e.g. mutuelle, community associations)

INCLUSION

• Financial contributions are important (ownership)  What balance between contributions to

social services and financial sustainability (member / coop)?

• Important inclusion factors to consider: family, non-members (community)
• There are inclusion mechanisms (quotas, cash for work, targeted services), but are individual

initiatives of some cooperatives

• Main issues to access coop and to access/run services: financial capacity; awareness

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Take away…

NATIONAL SP PROGRAMMES

• National protection programmes are not easily accessible for cooperative informal workers

(particularly social security)  problems: coverage and targeting; awareness of benefits

• Awareness often “localized”: also depends on communication skills of coop
• National social protection programmes (cash; in-kind; inputs) can promote access to coop

(FAO PtoP work), although cases are limited OTHER PROVIDERS

• The importance of Mutuelles
• Private providers exists, also in rural areas but access is extremely limited: lack of finances;

lack of awareness and lack of interest from private providers (‘risky’ clients)

• Micro-insurance providers are not known or accessible

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

COVERAGE – Take away…

COMMUNITY AND SOLIDARITY MECHANISMS

• Community associations are consistently present, but information is very fragmented

and access far from universal for community members. Limited capacity / reach

• Solidarity mechanisms are an important safety net. Discretion / omission could be a

factor to consider

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Many thanks

For more information on FAO’s work: http://www.fao.org/social-protection/en/

Survey results - Section 4 SP EXTENSION

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Structure

• 1. Social protection priorities
• 2. How to finance a social protection scheme
• 3. Elements of social capital / governance
• 4. Issues and constraints
• 5. Enabling environment
• 6. Take home lessons…

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Structure

• 1. Social protection priorities

What are the most important risks / needs to be addressed? What is the best way to respond / organize about it?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities – Cameroon

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

TYPE OF COVERAGE NEEDED (HH)

ENVIRONMENTAL 45.45% ECONOMIC 63.64% SOCIAL 0.00% HEALTH 81.82% ARE YOU INTERESTED IN SUBSCRIBING TO AN INSURANCE? yes 70.59%

• What are the most important needs (leaders?)

Environmental: drought; deforestation economic: price fluctuations Social: conflicts Health: illness; injury

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities – Cameroon

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

54.98% 23.09% 29.77% 42.81% 11.82% 49.04% 48.59% 17.18% 39.88% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Members wishing to improve the current SP scheme % Members wishing to create a new SP scheme % Members wishing to do both %

EXTENSION OF CURRENT SP SCHEME (FGS PART)

WOMEN MEN TOTAL

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities – Cote d’Ivoire

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

TYPE OF COVERAGE NEEDED (HH)

HEALTH 52.63% SCHOOL 1.75% FIRE 1.75% ARE YOU INTERESTED IN SUBSCRIBING TO AN INSURANCE? yes 98.28%

• What are the most important needs (leaders?)

(*78% to 94% of leaders)

Particularly environmental: mainly drought economic: price fluctuations Social: conflicts (*38%) Health: illness

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities – Ivory Coast

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

FGS PART. WOMEN MEN TOTAL Members wishing to create a new SP scheme % 80.00% 94.87% 91.26% 100 % of the participants that responded want to set up a new scheme!

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities – Kenya

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection TYPE OF COVERAGE NEEDED (HH) Life cover 20.00% Pension scheme 20.00% Education cover 24.00% Health cover 72.00% Economic insurance (for crop, livestock, property, unemployment) 40.00%

ARE YOU INTERESTED IN SUBSCRIBING TO AN INSURANCE? yes 87.50%

• What are the most important needs (leaders?)

(*Around half or more leaders)

Environmental: drought economic: price fluctuations Health: illness; old age

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities – Kenya

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

37.21% 2.33% 20.93% 50.00% 3.45% 25.86% 70.59% 17.65% 48.31% 2.54% 22.88% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Improve Members wishing to create a new SP scheme Both

EXTENSION OF CURRENT SCHEMES (FGS PART.)

WOMEN MEN YOUTH TOTAL

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities – Malawi

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

ARE YOU INTERESTED IN SUBSCRIBING TO AN INSURANCE? yes 83.02 %

• What are the most important needs (leaders?)

(*Around half or more leaders) Environmental: excessive rainfalls economic: Lack of inputs; and drop of market demand / access Health: illness

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities – Malawi

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

21.88% 3.13% 75.00% 30.43% 34.78% 34.78% 26.92% 21.79% 51.28%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Perc of members wishing to improve the current SP scheme Perc of members wishing to create a new SP scheme Perc of members wishing to do both

EXTENSION OF CURRENT SCHEMES (FGS PART.)

WOMEN MEN TOTAL

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 70.59% 100% 87.50% 83.02% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

INTERESTED IN SUBSCRIBING TO AN INSURANCE (HH)

Cameroon Ivory Coast Kenya Malawi

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Priorities (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection WHAT IS THE BEST COLLECTIVE MECHANISM TO RESPOND TO NEEDS? (FG) CAMEROON IVORY COAST KENYA MALAWI savings 32.14% Insurance 86.41% social funds 70.34% social funds 82.05% social funds 28.57% savings 3.88% insurance 60.17% savings 65.38% Insurance 17.86% loans 3.88% loans 58.47% insurance 58.97%

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Structure 2. How to finance a social protection scheme?

Would you be willing to pay for a SP scheme and how much? How would you like to pay? Would it be possible to finance a SP through the cooperative surplus (if applicable)?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme - Cameroon

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection WTP Min Max

Lea Yes 78.95% How much $45.33 $5.68 $97.31 FGs Yes 84.21% How much $40.47 $16.22 $97.31

HH Yes 55.56% How much $33.25 $9.73 $97.31

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

Timing of payments

• During sales of their products at the markets
• Collect premium during harvest / selling period
• Beginning of schooling year
• Regular payment

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

11 1 1 2 3 1 3 3 5 1 2 4 6 8 10 12

Direct deduction from revenues from collective sales Cash Mobile payment Create common fund Banks Any type of mediation by coop

PREFERRED PAYMENT MODALITY Lea (16) FG (12) HH (3)

EXTENSION – Financing a SP scheme (Cameroun)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection USE OF SURPLUS FOR SP SERVICES LEADERS FGS COMMENTS Yes 27.78% 41.67%

• Through the funds of the tontine (SOCAF)
• Surplus percentage (SOCOPALEM: 30%

surplus) Possible 55.56% 33.33%

• Depends on surplus available and WTP of

members.

• Also depends on stability of surplus every

year No 16.67% 25.00%

• Almost impossible to count on stable surplus

(UCCAO)

• 6 coops declare a deficit with an average of 9284.58 USD per year
• 7 coops declare a surplus with an average of 6977.62 USD per year

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme (Cameroun)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection WTP Min Max

Lea Yes 77.78% How much $ 31.79 $9.74 $97.41 FGs Yes 88.24% How much $28.47 $9.74 $116.90

HH Yes 96.55% How much $31.40 $1.62 $214.31

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme (Ivory Coast)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 16 11 87 19 27 20 40 60 80 100 direct payment debit on production sales

PREFERRED PAYMENT MODALITY

LEA FG HH

12 62 6 4 25 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 monthly quarterly yearly

TIMING OF PAYMENT

LEA FG HH

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme (Ivory Coast)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

• 11 coops declare a deficit with an average of 9181.56 USD per year
• 8 coops declare a surplus with an average of 5841.11 USD per year
• Large majority of leaders (88.89%) and FGs participants (88.24%)

are willing to use surplus for SP

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme (Ivory Coast)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme – Kenya

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

WTP MIN MAX SOME COMMENTS Lea Yes 14 How much $46 $12 $230

• Different percentages based on eco background

FGs Yes 13 How much $40 $6 $120

• Option: the society paying upfront for the

members

• Different amount based on the service being

discussed (savings, welfare) HH Yes 39 How much $72.48 $11.76 $588.84

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

57.14% 28.57% 28.57% 7.14% 66.67% 20.00% 13.33% 6.67% 42.59% 27.78% 25.93% 5.56% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Direct deduciton from revenues from sales/ all possibilities through the coop/ check off system direct payment mobile bank

PREFERRED PAYMENT MODALITY

Lea FG HH

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme – Kenya

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme – Kenya

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

USE OF SURPLUS FOR SP SERVICES LEADERS FGS COMMENTS OF LEA Yes 71.43% 73.33%

• Raise awareness and get members’ approval

(Kasinga factory)

• The surplus can be used as revolving fund from

which members can access credit to pay for medical care at affordable interest rate (nyamira)

No 28.57% 26.67%

• Most these coop had no surplus at all
• Members do not agree at the moment, we tried it

and it failed (faridi sacco)

• 2 coops declare a deficit with an average of 229,194 USD per year
• 8 coops declare a surplus with an average of 196,887 USD per year

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme – Malawi

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COOPERATIVE LEADERS’ and FGs’ COMMENTS Ngolowindo, Chickwatula, Phoka

• From 1 to 7 USD per member per year (interventions should be related

to support for transportation and in case of illness)

• to be paid during the sales of commodities

Hara

• Annual contribution or 6 months: the amount could be determined by

members (2 to 7 USD)

• based on magnitude of intervention and it should be agreed by all

members)

• Capacity to contribute per year HH level (average): $63.02

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

PREFERRED PAYMENT MODALITY

• Direct deduction from revenues from sales/ all possibilities through the coop
• Direct payment/ annual fee
• Bank (deduction from bank account)
• Reallocation of existing resources (fees, coop revenues)
• Creation of a common funds from deduction form revenues

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme – Malawi

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme – Malawi

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

USE OF SURPLUS FOR SP SERVICES LEADERS MEMBERS OF THE FGS COMMENTS Yes 33.33% 66.67%

• It could be deducted from

the surplus (e.g 40%, Phata)

• What to do in case of losses?

Partially Phata: only premium from trade If agreed by all members 22.22%

• 3 coops declare very different surplus: from $1,239 (Phoka) to $385,812 (Phata)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

$33.25 $31.40 $72.48 $63.02 $0 $20 $40 $60 $80

AVERAGE HH WTP/ YEAR

Cameroon Ivory Coast Kenya Malawi

• Preferred payment modalities

Deduction from sales Mobile systems available in specific cases Timing is very important (harvest; schools)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Financing SP scheme (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

36.84% 40.00% 57.14% 50.00% 78.95% 88.89% 71.43% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Cameroon Ivory Coast Kenya Malawi

FUNDING A COLLECTIVE SCHEME (COOPS)

coops with surplus coops willing to use surplus to develop a collective scheme

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Structure 3. Elements of social capital

What communication means, frequency of meetings, information about members? What roles coops could play in a SP programme? What resources could they make available?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Elements of social capital (Cameroun)

• Examples of communication/information exchange means and number of

coops using them: letters, notices (notice board) and posters: monthly meetings and regular general assemblies; phone calls / sms; radio; email/internet; reports; door to door

• Describe types of meetings and average; particularly point out examples
• f ad-hoc meetings:

assemblies generally every 2 months (from 1 to 6 months); ad hoc meetings can be organized when taking part to external projects (Mungo), and sectorial meetings (Agrohub)

• Coops info about its members: 4 yes, 6 some: most info related to

produce sales through coop

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Elements of social capital (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

9 1 5 4 3 4

Information/communication legal counselling registration / record keeping / administration Financial/other material resources Human resources Implementation / distribution of benefits

POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION/ROLE OF COOP TO A NEW INITIATIVE (LEADERS)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Elements of social capital (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 6 1 2 4 3 Membership fees deductions from dividends Service fees Surplus External (gov/donors)

FINANCIAL RESOURCES (LEA)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Elements of social capital (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Non financial resources

• Raising awareness around SP (Agropromotion)
• organizations / mobilization of groups (social infrastructures, SANAGA)
• partnership with the micro-finance association (NDU)
• advocacy and negotiation with the state and partners
• building and developing community infrastructures

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

• Examples of communication/information exchange means and number of coops

using them meetings; calls; letters; radio; posters; direct contacts/ via representatives; griot

• Describe types of meetings and average; particularly point out examples of ad-hoc

meetings weekly, monthly, yearly depending on the nature of the meeting (ad hoc meetings for emergencies)

• Coop information about its members

4 coops declare to have it based on sales of produce; 1 carries out baseline surveys.

• Coop ability to group members by economic category

15 coops declare the possibility to categorize members based on their revenues

• Possible contributions to new initiatives: no answers in this sense

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXTENSION – Elements of social capital (Ivory Coast)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Elements of social capital (Kenya)

• Examples of communication/information exchange means and number of coops using them:

notices and announcements (written but also on social medias / tv); letters; monthly meetings and regular general assemblies; phone calls / sms

• Describe types of meetings and average; particularly point out examples of ad-hoc meetings:

monthly; quarterly; and yearly. Also ad hoc meetings when need arises

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

COOP INFORMATION ABOUT ITS MEMBERS NUMBER OF COOPS COMMENTS COOP ABILITY TO GROUP MEMBERS BY ECONOMIC CATEGORY Yes 7 Often through surveys, record keeping or because people are part of the same community 12 Some 5 Often the coop knows income based on produce sales No 1 1

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Elements of social capital (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection NEW INITIATIVE: POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION/ ROLE OF COOPS COOPS Economically, with surplus/ contributions of members 9 Information & sensitization (“Well rooted/ good connections

• n the ground”)

7 Facilities and staff 3 Management / adminstration 2 Linking with other service providers 3

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Elements of social capital (Malawi)

• Examples of communication/information exchange means and number of coops

using them letters; notices (notice board) and posters; monthly meetings and regular general assemblies; phone (sms); chairpersons

• Describe types of meetings and average; particularly point out examples of ad-

hoc meetings weekly, monthly and annually

• Information on the members’ revenues

through the sale of their products (and/or volume of production commercialized through the coop) annual surveys

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Elements of social capital (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Examples of possible roles

• Registering and distributing to beneficiaries
• General implementation of the system
• Informing members about adherence system, annual contributions and

benefits of the initiative

• Creation of awareness on risks, risk mgmt, insurance  “It will foster
• wnership of the initiative” (Hara coop)
• Capacity building

Financial resources

• Use of members‘ surplus + making finances available from its budget
• Foster the development of income generating activities

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Structure 4. Issues and constraints

What are the most compelling issues and constraints affecting the coop and the current or potential administration of (SP) services?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Issues and constraints (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING COOP (LEA)

• Weak ownership of coop principles
• Bad mgmt skills

Buea: coop is young and has not still developed enough experience, particularly on social mechanisms

• Lack of communication and understanding between the cooperative's leaders and its members
• Limited resources / high operational costs
• Members and families are not insured
• Low level of legal registration
• Need of capacity building
• Lack of stocking spaces / loss of harvest
• Irregular contributions + Low pay back on revolving funds -> financial issues
• SP not always in the culture

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Issues and constraints (Cote d’Ivoire)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 6 1 2 1 1 8 8 3 numerous members with debts lack of members engagement bad seed quality lack of modern farming techniques poor financial management low production lack of labour/ resources ageing plantations

EXAMPLES OF INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE COOPERATIVE

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Issues and constraints (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection 3 4 6 3 lack of education/ knowledge loan defaulting/ inability to pay debts lack of finances poor leadership and management

EXAMPLES OF INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE COOPERATIVE

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Issues and constraints (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXAMPLES OF INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS FACED BY THE COOPERATIVE PHATA

• Communication challenges linked to illiteracy of members

NGOLOWINDO & PHATA

• High cost of electricity and maintenance of the infrastructures + poor power

supply CHICKWATULA • Low membership hence low contributions (e.g.: Due to long distances) HARA

• Difficult to ensure a regular rice supply to the schools (School feeding

progamme)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Structure 5. Enabling environment

What are the negative external factors influencing the coop? What support is the coop receiving from the government? What partnership opportunities exist?

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Enabling environment (Cameroun)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXTERNAL CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING COOP (LEA)

• Lack of assistance from public institutions

Agro-promotion: most public institutions are in urban centres

• bad condition of roads
• lack of inputs availability or high prices of inputs & phytosanitary treatments
• Lack of demand
• Lack (of recognition) of the farmer status
• Absence of supportive legal framework

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

Partnership opportunities PUBLIC

• Take part to government programmes (support needed for financial inclusion; trade

regulations; access to input and markets)

• Extension services

PRIVATE

• Insurance providers

OTHER COOPS

• Creation of Union/federation and/or merges / national Order of rural producers of

Cameroon (Socopalem)

• Knowledge sharing/professionalization

OTHERS

• International NGOS
• Mutuelle de Santé

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXTENSION – Enabling environment (Cameroun)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Enabling environment (Ivory Coast)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

3 3 4 2 1 3 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

poor rainfall conditions inflation (high costs of inputs) lack of support from external sources (banks etc) late payment of cotton from clients/ industries lack of organization at the supply chain level poor infrastructures

EXTERNAL CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING COOP (LEADERS)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Enabling environment (Ivory Coast)

Partnership opportunities

PUBLIC

• most coop declare themselves in favor of any kind of partnerships,

especially with public institutions

• Existing support include: distribution of inputs; maintenance of

infrastructure; councils for discussions OTHER COOPS

• most are in favor and argue that it is feasible as they already have good

relations with other coops

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Enabling environment (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

1 2 5 1 4 2 1

lack of government support power failures (and production losses) price fluctuation (unstable income) insecurity climate change high death rate + old age coop not as much in the culture as self help groups

EXTERNAL CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING COOP (LEA)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Enabling environment (Kenya)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXISTING PUBLIC SUPPORT

• Coop and Saccos development policies
• Supervision and auditing of coops
• Education and training programs
• Subsidized farm inputs & veterinary services

Partnership opportunities PRIVATE

• Insurance providers

COOPS

• Creation of Union/federation (e.g. developing a common SP system + disseminate SP

information

• cooperating with Saccos

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Enabling environment (Malawi)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXAMPLES OF EXTERNAL CONSTRAINTS

• Inflation and Increase of input prices (e.g: Animal feed)
• Low prices, high competition, and production quotas fixed by milk processors
• Limited access to bigger loans / financial institutions
• Bureaucratic impediments (e.G.: certification from the Malawi Bureau of

Standards)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

Partnership opportunities

PUBLIC

• Some already exist (eg: organization of public works; School feeding programmes) but

could be expanded

• Existing support includes: Legal framework; Extension services; Inputs subsidies/

donations; Employment via public work; Infrastructures OTHER COOPS

• Partnerships already exist (eg: Farmers union of malawi) and are organizing study tours

to other cooperatives; networking opportunity; national level cooperative meetings

• Territorial based cooperation
• Sector based cooperation

OTHERS

• village development committees

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

EXTENSION – Enabling environment (Malawi)

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

EXTENSION – Enabling environment (across)

SPIREWORK initiative – Findings of a survey on the role of cooperative in social protection

MOST RELEVANT GOVERNMENTAL INITIATIVE IN SUPPORT OF COOPS Cameroon Ivory Coast Kenya Malawi

Regulations/ Legal framework/ cooperative supervision Inputs subsidies and extension services Fiscal exemptions School feeding programs Employment – public works Employment – public works

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

PRIORITIES

• Main SP needs revolve around erratic climatic conditions (drought, but also

excessive rainfalls); price fluctuations (revenues / access to inputs); and, largely, health-related problems

• Vast interest in subscribing insurance (form 71% in Cameroun to 98% in

cote d’Ivoire) FINANCING SP

• Individual WTP varies from 31 in Cote d’Ivoire to 72 in Kenya. Payment

modalities are important: deduction from sales, timing

• Leaders and FGs are partially in favour or consider feasible using surplus to

fund SP initiative (particularly where coop makes a surplus). How much? What happens in case of losses?

EXTENSION – Take home…

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL

• Coops hold mostly economic information regarding revenues, but in some cases carry
• ut surveys with more comprehensive social and economic info
• Coops could play a number of roles within a SP programme, according to the

circumstances, such as:

information exchange between members and governments (creation of registries, maps of vulnerabilities) creation of awareness (particularly on risk and insurance) linkages with other service providers payment and distribution systems Additional financial contribution possible: coop surplus, members’ services fees)

• Coops declare that they should improve communication and mgmt skills, lack of

information and limited financial resources (including debts) are among the most limiting constraints to develop (SP) services.

• Others challenges are: expanding memberships (and contributions); and improve
• wnership / respect of rules

EXTENSION – Take home…

Social Protection - From Protection to Production

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

• External issues mostly concern (macro) economic elements (prices; trade); climatic

conditions affecting production, legal framework to support cooperatives, and isolation

• There are some examples of coop-government partnership with national SP

programmes; these could be expanded / replicated (need to consider motivation, resources and capacities of coops)

• Other partnership with government may consist of discussion platforms (exchange of

info)

• Coops are favourable to partner / network with other coops (unions, federations) to

improve knowledge and info exchange, advocacy, negotiation with market actors

• Other partnerships are possible with private sector (e.g. insurance), NGOs and local

associations (mutuelles, tontines, others)

EXTENSION – Take home…

Many thanks

For more information on FAO’s work: http://www.fao.org/social- protection/en/ Igor.vinci@fao.org