SLIDE 1
Clause Restructuring for Statistical Machine Translation
✁✄✂ ☎✝✆ ✞ ✟ ✠☛✡ ✟ ✟ ✁✄☞ ✌ ✍ ✎ ✏ ✠✑ ✒ ✎ ✓ ✔ ✕ ☎ ✁ ✟ ✁✄✖ ✖ ✗ ✡ ✞ ☎ ☞ ✍ ✘ ☞ ✁✚✙ ✞✛ ✌ ✁ ✜ ✢ ✡ ✣ ✤ ✥ ✁✄☞ ✦★✧ ✛ ✩ ☎ ✔ ✎ ✙ ✡ ☞ ✆ ✗ ✧ ✞✛ ✡ ✙ ✪ ✍ ✎ ✏ ✓ ✁ ☞ ✩ ✧ ✁ ✌ ✜ ✁✄✂ ✌ ✔ ✫
SLIDE 2 Outline
✬ ✭✯✮ ✰ ✰✱ ✲ ✳✵✴ ✳✵✶ ✳ ✷ ✴ ✳ ✷✹✸ ✶ ✺ ✻ ✶ ✸ ✼ ✷ ✲ ✱ ✳ ✰ ✶ ✲ ✴ ✺ ✶ ✳ ✷✹✽ ✲ ✾ ✿ ❀❁ ❂ ✴ ❃ ✴ ✳ ✱ ✻ ✴ ✻ ✶ ❄❅✱ ✺ ✷ ✻ ✷ ✳ ✱ ❆ ✮ ✴ ✱ ✽ ❇ ✴ ❃ ✲ ✳✵✶ ❈ ✬ ❉ ✰ ✽ ❊ ✺ ✱ ✻ ✴ ❋ ✼ ✱ ✲ ✳ ❋ ✽ ✺ ✶ ✲● ✮ ✶
✴ ✼ ✶ ❍ ✱ ❆ ✷ ❇ ❇ ✱ ✰ ✷ ✲● ❋ ✽ ✰ ❆ ✽ ✰ ❆ ✱ ✰ ✾ ✱❏■
❑ ▲ ✱ ✰ ✻ ✶ ✲
⇒
▼ ✲● ✺ ✷ ✴ ✼ ✳ ✰ ✶ ✲ ✴ ✺ ✶ ✳ ✷ ✽ ✲ ❂ ✬ ✮ ✰ ✴ ✽ ✺ ✮ ✳ ✷ ✽ ✲ ◆ ❖ ✰✱◗P ❖ ✰ ✽ ✸ ✱ ✴ ✴ ✷ ✲● ✴ ✳ ✱ ❖ ✳ ✼ ✶ ✳ ✰ ✱ P ✽ ✰ ❆ ✱ ✰ ✴ ✴ ✽ ✮ ✰ ✸ ✱ ✺ ✶ ✲● ✮ ✶
✴ ✱ ✲ ✳ ✱ ✲ ✸ ✱ ✴ ✬ ❘ ✱ ✴ ✮ ✺ ✳ ◆ ❙❯❚ ❱❳❲ ❨ ❩★❬❪❭ ❫ ❱❳❴ ❬ ❵ ❛ ❲ ❬ ❛ ❜★❝ ❫ ❞ ❝ ❴ ❚ ❡ ❢ ❛✵❣ ❤ ✐ ❱ ❛ ❜ ❱ ❢ ❣ ❨ ❜ ❴ ❣ ❚ ❬❦❥ ❧ ❣ ❚ ❬ ❫ ♠ ♥ ♦ ❚ ❡ ❚ ❛ ❬ ❲
SLIDE 3
A Problem in Translation from German to English
♣ q✹r q✹s t ✉❅✈ ✇ s ① ✇ s ② ✇ ③ ④ ② ⑤ ⑥ ✇ ♣ ⑦ ✇ ④ ⑤ s ✇ s ⑦ ✇ s ⑧ ✇⑨ ⑩ ♣ ① t ❶ ✈ ⑤ t ✇ s ⑦ q r ✇ s ❷ ❷ ❷ ❸ s r ✉ q ✈ ⑤ r ✉ ⑩ ✈ ✈ ③ ④ ⑥ q ✉ ✉ ① ⑩❺❹ ❻ ⑩ ❶ ① ⑤ ✇ ♣ ✇⑨ ⑩ ♣ ① ⑨ t ✈ ✈ ❹ ⑩ s ❷ ❷ ❷
SLIDE 4
A Problem in Translation from German to English
❼ ❽✹❾ ❽✹❿ ➀ ➁❅➂ ➃ ❿ ➄ ➃ ❿ ➅ ➃ ➆ ➇ ➀➈ ❽ ➄ ➉ ❽ ➃ ➇ ➃ ❿ ➃ ➊ ➃ ❿ ➄➌➋ ➃ ➁ ➁ ➋ ➃ ➍ ➃ ❼ ❿ ➃ ➎ ➈ ➃ ❿ ➏❅➐ ➃ ❿ ❿ ➃ ❿ ➑ ➒ ❿ ❾ ➁ ❽ ➂ ➎ ❾ ➁ ➐ ➂ ➂ ➆ ➂ ➐ ➓ ➄ ➎ ➀ ➄➌➔ ➐ ➋ ➄ ➎ ➀ ➄✵→ ➃ ❼ ➎ ➀ → ➂ ➀ ➇ ➐ → ➄ ➅ ➀ ❿ ➑
SLIDE 5
A Sketch of Our Approach
➣↕↔✵➙ ➛ ➜➞➝ ➟✹➠ ➡➢ ➤ ➠ ➢ ➥ ➦ ➠ ➧ ➡ ➨ ➢➩ ➠ ➫❅➭ ➯➲ ➨ ➭ ➲ ➠ ➳ ➵ ➠ ➢ ➸ ➭ ➯ ➺ ➻➽➼ ➾ ➚ ➪➶ ➹ ➪ ➻ ➾➞➘ ➪ ➘ ➹ ➪ ➘ ➴ ➪➷ ➬ ➶ ➮ ➱ ✃ ❐ ➾ ➱ ➪ ➘ ➹ ❒➽❮ ➪ ➘ ❰ ➹ ➱ Ï ❒ ➮ Ð ❒ ➪ ➹ ➪ ➘ ➪ Ñ ➪ ➘ ➮ ✃ ➪ Ò Ò ✃ ➪ Ó ➪➶ ➘ ➪ ➾ Ï ➪ ➘ Ô ➬ ➪ ➘ ➘ ➪ ➘ Õ
⇒
➻ ➼ ➾ ➚ ➪ ➶ ➹ ➪ ➱ ✃ ❐ ➾ ➱ ➪ ➘ ➹ ❒➽❮ ➪ ➘ ➻ ➾ ➘ ➪ ➘ ➹ ➪ ➘ ➴ ➪ ➷ ➬ ➶ ➮ ❰ ➹ ➱ Ï ❒ ➮ Ð ❒ ➪ Ô ➬ ➪ ➘ ➘ ➪ ➘ ✃ ➪ Ó ➪ ➶ ➘ ➪ ➾ Ï ➪ ➘ ➹ ➪➘ ➪ Ñ ➪➘ ➮ ✃ ➪ Ò Ò Ö ×ÙØ Ú Û ÛÝÜ Þß ßáà âã ä â à å â æ ä çÝèé è Ü â é äëê ß â à ä ç Þ ä å â æ ì Þ ã Þ í â Ü ä ä ç Þ ä Ü è é ç Þ Ü ß î ➣↕↔✵➙ ➛ ï ➝ ð✹ñ ñ ➫óò ➭ ñ ➦ ➢ ➭ ➧ ➠◗ô õ ➭ ➧ ➠ ➤ ➧ ò ➧ ➥ ➠ ➸ ➥ ➡ ➥ ➦ ➠ ➢ ➠◗ô ➡➢ ➤ ➠ ➢ ➠ ➤ ö ➯ ñ ➨ ➥
SLIDE 6
Motivation
÷ ø ùûú üý þ ÿ ✁ üý þ ✂ ✄☎ ✂ þ ✆ ý ☎ ✝ ✝ þ ú ü ú þ ✆ ü ✞ ✟✡✠ þ ✆☞☛ ý ✟ ✄✌ ✆ þ ✍ ü ☛ ✞ ☎ ù ü✎ ✂ ✆ þ ✂ ✟ ✝ ✝ þ ú ✟ ✎ ✏ ✍ ☎ ú ✂ ☎ ú ✂ þ ú ÷ ✑ ✟ ✎ ✏ ✒ ✟ ý ✞ ✟✔✓ ü ✆ ✆ ☛✖✕ ✍ þ ù ü ✠ þ ü ✏ ☎ ☎ ✂ ✟ ✂ þ ü ☎ ✝ ✞ ù þ ✂ ✟ ✝ ✝ þ ú þ ✎ ✓ þ ý ✁ þ ✞ ✍ þ þ ✎ ✂ ✟ ✝ ✝ þ ú þ ✎ ✞ ✆ ü ✎ ✏ ✒ ü ✏ þ ý ÷ ý þ ✞ ☎ ✝ ✗ ý ✟ ✄ ✌ ✆ þ ✕ ✆ ✟ ✎ ✏ ✒ ✟ ý ✞ ✟ ✓ ü ✆ ✆ ☛ ✄ ☎ ✞ ✟✡✠ ü ✞ þ ✂ ú ✒ ✆ þ ý ✏ ✟✡✠ þ ý ý ✟ ✏ ✎ ✟ ✝ ✟ ✓ ü ✎ ✞ ✟ ✄✌ ú ☎ ✠ þ ✄ þ ✎ ✞ ý
SLIDE 7 Overview
✘ ✙✚✜✛ ✢ ✣ ✚✜✤ ✥ ✚✜✦ ✧★ ✥ ✚✪✩ ✫ ✥ ✚ ★ ✛ ✬ ✭✯✮✰ ✱✲✳ ✴ ✮ ✳ ✵ ✮ ✳ ✶ ✮ ✴ ✵ ✰ ✷ ✶ ✵ ✷ ✰ ✮ ✬ ✸ ✰ ✮ ✮ ✹ ✺ ✰ ✻ ✺ ✰ ✻ ✮✰ ✘ ✼ ✽✿✾ ✫ ✤ ❀❂❁ ❃ ✫ ✤ ❀ ❄ ✤ ❅ ✤ ✥ ❀ ✧ ✤ ✘ ❆ ✾ ❀ ❁ ★ ✾ ❄ ❀ ✾ ✚✜✛ ✢ ✤ ✥ ✾ ✫ ✥ ❀ ✢ ❅ ✘ ❇✪❈ ❉ ❀ ✾ ✚ ✧ ❀ ✛ ✥ ✤ ✘ ❊ ❀ ❋ ✫ ✥ ❀ ❄
✾ ❍ ✘ ■ ✣ ✥ ✣ ✾ ❀
✾ ❍
SLIDE 8
German Sentence Structure
❏✜❑ ▲◆▼ ❖✪P ◗ ❘ ❑ ❙ ❚❯ ❚ ❱ ❲ ❳ ❖✜❨ ❖ ▲ ❯ ❩ ❯ ▼ ❬ ❖ ❨ ❭❫❪ ❴❛❵ ❜ ❚ ❖ ▲ ❖ ❜ ❨ ❲ ❝ ❜ ❨❂❞ ❡ ❖✜❨ ❖ ▲ ❯ ❩ ❯ ▼ ❬ ❑ ❘ ❡ ❜ ▼ ❢ ❚ ◗ ❘ ❑ ❙ ❚ ❯ ❡ ❖✜❨ ❑ ❘ ❣ P ❑ ❢ ❵ ❘ ❯ ❱ ❤ ◗ ✐ ❥ ❯ ▼ ❦ ❯ ❤ ✐ ❨ ❯ ❨ ❦ ❯ ❨ ❧ ❯ ❵ ❜ ▼ ▲ ❑ ❙ ❚ ✐ ❑ ❯ ❨ ❦ ❖✜♠ ❯ ❨ ❤ ❥ ❖ ❘ ❘ ▲ ❜♦♥ ♣ ❜ ❙ ▲ ✐ ❯ ▼ ❯ ❵ ❜ ▼ ▲ ❵ ❑ ❚ ❚ ♥ ❜ ❨
SLIDE 9
German Sentence Structure
q✔r s✿t✉ ✈ ✇✜① ② ③◆④ ⑤ ⑥ ② r ⑦ ④ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ✇✜① ✇ ③◆④ ❶ ④ ✉ s ✇ ⑦ ✇ ① ⑤ ⑥ ② r ⑦ ④ ❷ ✇ ① ② ⑥✿❸ t ⑦ ✇ ③ ✇ t ① ⑨ ❹ t ① ❺ ❷ ✇✜① ✇ ③◆④ ❶ ④ ✉ s ❸ ✉ ④ ⑤ ④ ✈ ④ ⑦ ③ ❻ ④ ❷ ✇ ① ✇ ③◆④ ❶ ④ ✉ s ❼✪❽ ②❾ ❸ ⑥ ④ ⑧ ✈ ②❾ ✇ ③ q ✇ ④ ✈ ④ ① ④ ❶ ④ ① ③ r ④ ⑥ ⑥ r ④ s ④ ✉ ① ④ ❻ ❾ ④ ① ❿ t ④ ① ① ④ ① ⑦t ➀ ③ ❻ ② ③➂➁ t r ③ ❻ ② ③ ❸ ④ ✉ ❻ ② ❸ ⑦ ② ✈ t ❸ ③ ⑤ ② ①
SLIDE 10
Free Word Order
➃✪➄ ➅➆ ➇ ➈✿➉ ➊ ➋➌ ➍ ➎➏ ➐➑ ➒ ➓ ➒➂➔ ➉ ➐ ➒ → ➐ ➏ ➒ ➏ ➐ ➈↔➣ ➑ ➔ ↕ ➙ ➉ ➎ ➒ ➛ ➎ ➅ ➐ ➅ ➇ ➇ ➉ ➅➜ ➓ ➐ ➝ ➓ ➜ ➑ ➒ ➇ ➏ ➑ ➓ ➒ ➓ ➏ ➐ ➞ ➟ ➓ ➈ ➈ ➒ ➏ ➠ ➣ ➏ ➔ ➒ ➡ ➉ ➜ ➉ ➇ ➏ ➜ ➒ ➇ ➅ ➑ ➑ ➠ ➏ ➐ ➢➥➤ ➦ ➧ ➤ ➨ ➟ ➓ ➈ ➈ ➩ ➒ ➡ ➉ ➜ ➉ ➇ ➏ ➜ ➒ ➇ ➅ ➑ ➑ ➠ ➏ ➐ ➢ ➫➯➭ ➲ ➭ ➳ ➤ ➲ ➵ ➟ ➓ ➈ ➈ ➩ ➒ ➏ ➠ ➣ ➏ ➔ ➇ ➅ ➑ ➑ ➠ ➏ ➐
SLIDE 11
Overview
➸ ➺➻✔➼ ➽ ➾ ➻✔➚ ➪ ➻✔➶ ➹➘ ➪ ➻✡➴ ➷ ➪ ➻ ➘ ➼ ➸ ➬ ➮✃➱ ➷ ➚ ❐❮❒ ❰ ➷ ➚ ❐ Ï ➚ Ð ➚ ➪ ❐ ➹ ➚ ➸ ➱ ❐ ❒ ➘ ➱ Ï ❐ ➱ ➻✔➼ ➽ ➚ ➪ ➱ ➷ ➪ ❐ ➽ Ð ➸ Ñ✡Ò Ó ❐ ➱ ➻ ➹ ❐ ➼ ➪ ➚ ➸ ❐ Ô ➷ ➪ ❐ Ï Õ ➘ ➱ Ö ➸ × ➾ ➪ ➾ ➱ ❐ Õ ➘ ➱ Ö
SLIDE 12 Phrase-based Systems
(E.g., Och et. al, 1999; Marcu & Wong, 2002; Koehn et al., 2003)
Ø Ù✿ÚÛ Ü Û Ý Ý✿Þ ß à✜á âã à ã ä↔å á Þ ä æ Ú âç èé ê Û Ý à✜ë ã ç Þ ã ìîí Þðï ëðï ñ è ò à Ý Ý
↔
è á Ù ò Þ Ú ä Þ ì â ó â å
↔
è Ù ã Þ ã ì Ù Þ Ú Þ ô â Ú ì
↔
ä Þ ã õ Þ ô â Ú ì ô Û Ü Ü âã
↔
Û å Ü Ù Û Þ ã ä à ë Þ ã
SLIDE 13
Greedy Decoding
ö ÷ ø ø ù☞ú✖û ü ø ý✯þ ÿ þ ✁ ÿ ÷ ✂☎✄ ✆ þ ù ø✝ ✁ ù ✂☎✞ ✄ ✟ ø þ ✆ ✁ ù✡✠ ☛✌☞ ✍ ✎ ✏✑ ✒ ✓✕✔ ✎ ✏✖✘✗ ✎✚✙ ✑ ✛ ✔ ✜✕✑ ✎ ✏ ✑ ✢ ✏ ✙ ✣ ✑ ✛ ✤ ✖ ✓ ✙ ✑ ✔ ✏ ✥ ✦ ☞ ✧ ✑ ✒ ✓✕✔ ✎ ✏✖ ✓ ✑ ✔ ✑ ✛ ✑ ✔ ✔ ★ ✒ ✩ ✑ ✎ ✏ ✪ ✒ ★ ✔ ✎ ✫ ✖ ✙ ★ ✬ ✑ ✬ ✩ ✜ ✩ ✎✮✭ ✯ ✰ ✝ ✆ ✱ ø ÷ ù ø ✰ ✆ ✞ ø ✞ ù ø ✞ ø✲ ✁ ÷ þ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✆ ✳ ø ✞ ù ✂☎✄ ø ✞ ✰ ✱ ✂ ü ü ✲ ✳ ✵ ✵ ✁ ✞
SLIDE 14 Difficulties for Phrase-based Systems
✶ ✷☎✸ ✹✺ ✻✼ ✽ ✾ ✼ ✿❁❀ ❂ ✾☎❃ ❂ ✼ ❄❅ ✽ ❆ ❄✺ ❅ ❇ ✾ ✹ ✹ ✾ ✸ ❃ ❈ ❄✺ ❉ ❅ ❊ ❋
■❏ ❑▼▲ ◆ ❏ ❖◗P ❋ ❖ ❖ ❋ P ❏ ❑ ❘ ❋ ■❙ ❏ ◆ ❍ ■ ❋ ❑ P ❋ ■ ❑ ❘☎❚ ▲ ❋ ▲ ❙❁❯ ❍❁❱ ❚❁❱ ❲ ❳ ❨☎❩ ❬❭ ❪◗❫ ❴ ❨ ❫ ❵ ❫ ❩ ❬ ❵ ❛ ❜✡❝ ❞❡ ❢ ❞❣ ❤ ✐ ❞ ❥ ❡ ❡ ❦ ❧ ♠◗♥ ♦♣ ✐ ❞❣ q q q ♦ r s t
⇒
✉✇✈ ① ✈ ②③ ④ ⑤⑥ ⑦ ⑧◗⑨ ⑩❶ ❷◗❸ ❹ ❺
⇒
❻✇❼ ❽ ❾ ❿◗➀
SLIDE 15
Overview
➁ ➂➃☎➄ ➅ ➆ ➃☎➇ ➈ ➃☎➉ ➊➋ ➈ ➃➍➌ ➎ ➈ ➃ ➋ ➄ ➏ ➐ ➑◗➒ ➓➔ →↔➣ ↕ ➓➔ → ➙ ➔ ➛ ➔ ➜ →➝ ➔ ➞ ➟➠↔➡ ➢ ➟ ➤ ➠ ➟ ➥☎➦ ➧➨ ➩ ➟➫ ➩ ➠ ➧ ➭ ➯ ➲➍➳ ➵➸ ➺ ➻☎➼ ➸ ➽ ➾✇➚ ➪ ➶ ➹◗➘ ➴ ➶ ➷ ➬ ➮➱ ✃ ❐ ❒➍❮ ❰ ❮ ÏÐ Ñ Ò Ï Ó
SLIDE 16 A Sketch of Our Approach
ÔÖÕ✚× Ø ÙÛÚ ÜÞÝ ßà á Ý à â ã Ý ä ß å àæ Ý ç✕è éê å è ê Ý ëíì î ï ðñ ò ð ë îÛó ð ó ò ð ó ô ðõö ñ ÷ ø ù ú î ø ð ó ò ûíü ð ó ý ý ý ò ø þ û ÷ ÿ û ð ò ð ó ð
ó ÷ ù ð ✁ ✁ ù ð ✂ ðñ ó ð î þ ð ó ✄ ö ð ó ó ð ó ý
⇒
☎✝✆ ✞ ✟ ✠✡ ☛ ✠☞ ✌ ✍ ✞ ☞ ✠✎ ☛ ✏✝✑ ✠✎ ☎ ✞ ✎ ✠ ✎ ☛ ✠ ✎ ✒ ✠✓ ✔ ✡ ✕✗✖ ☛ ☞ ✘ ✏ ✕ ✙ ✏ ✠ ✚ ✔ ✠✎ ✎ ✠✎ ✌ ✠ ✛ ✠✡ ✎ ✠ ✞ ✘ ✠ ✎ ☛ ✠ ✎ ✠ ✜ ✠ ✎ ✕ ✌ ✠ ✢ ✢ ✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ ✧ ✧✩★ ✪✫ ✫✭✬ ✮✯ ✰ ✮ ✬ ✱ ✮ ✲ ✰ ✳✩✴ ✵ ✴ ★ ✮ ✵ ✰✷✶ ✫ ✮ ✬ ✰ ✳ ✪ ✰ ✱ ✮ ✲ ✸ ✪ ✯ ✪ ✹ ✮ ★ ✰ ✰ ✳ ✪ ✰ ★ ✴ ✵ ✳ ✪ ★ ✫ ✺ ✻✽✼ ✾✿ ❀❂❁ ❃❅❄ ❄ ❆❈❇ ❉ ❄ ❊●❋ ❉❍ ■❑❏ ▲ ❉❍ ■ ▼ ❍ ❇ ❍ ◆ ■ ❖ ◆◗P ◆ ❊ ■ ❋ ■ ❏ P ❋ ▼ ■ ❋ ■ ▼ ❘ ❙ ❄ ❚ ◆
SLIDE 17
Reordering Process
❯ ❱ ❲❳ ❨❬❩ ❭❅❪ ❫❴ ❵❅❛ ❜ ❴ ❝ ❞ ❫❡ ❢ ❣ ❪ ❛ ❜ ❞ ❪ ❜ ❢ ❴ ❢❛ ❤ ❢❛ ❡ ❢ ❴ ✐❈❥ ❤ ❦ ❢❧ ❪ ❫ ❴ ❢ ❫ ♠ ❢ ❴ ❡ ❫ ❵ ✐ ❢ ♠ ❵ ❛ ♥♦❞ ✐ ❢ ❥ ❪ ❛ ♠ ♣ ❢ ❣ ❣ ❢ ❫rq st t ✉ ✈ ✇ ①② ③❬④ ⑤❅⑥ ⑥ ⑦❈⑧ ⑨❅⑩ ❶ ❷❹❸ ⑧ ⑩ ❺◗❻ ❼ ❺ ⑨ ❼ ❺◗❽ ❻ ⑩ ❸ ❾❈❿ ❽ ➀ ❻ ❺ ⑨ ❿ ⑩ ❸ ➁ ➀ ❿ ➂ ⑨ ⑩ ❶ ➂ ➃ ❽ ➄ ❸ ➅ ❸ ➆ ➄ ➇ ➃ ❼ ❺ ❸ ➅ ⑥ ❻ ❽ ❺ ⑨ ❼ ⑦ ➃ ❸ ❻ ⑩ ➈ ⑩ ➃ ❶ ❻ ❺ ⑨ ❿ ⑩ ➉
SLIDE 18
Example of A Parse Tree
➊ ➋ ➋➌ ➍➏➎ ➊ ➐ ➑➒➓ ➔ ➎ →➣ ➑ ➋ ➓ ↔ ↕ ➙ ➙ ➋ ➋➌ ➍➏➎ ➣ ➛ ➔ ➋ ➎ ➜ ➛ ➑ ➑ ➓ ➔ ➒ ➎ →➣ ➝ ➞ ➟ ➠ ➞ ➡ ➢➤➥ ➥ ➟ ➞➦ ➛ ➍➧ ➔ ➔ ➝ ➨➫➩ ➍ ➩ ➢ ➞➭ ➝
SLIDE 19 Clause Restructuring
➯ ➲ ➳ ➵➺➸ ➻ ➼ ➽ ➾ ➽ ➚ ➽ ➪ ➶➘➹ ➴➷ ➬ ➮ ➷✃➱ ❐ ❒❮Ï❰ ÐÑ Ò Ó ➬ ➮ Ó ➮ Ó ❐ Ô ➬ Ñ ➬ ➮ Ó ➷✃➱ ➷ ➬ ➷ ❐ Õ×Ö ÑØ ➷ ➬ ➷ Ñ ➱ ÙÚÜÛ ÝÞ Úß à Û Ý á âäãå æ çäè æ éêë êÜì í î ï ð ï ñ ò ó ï ô ô õö÷ øäù õú û ûüýþ ÿ
✂ ✄ ☎ ✄✆ ✝ ✄ ✞ ✟ ✄ ✝ ✠ ✡☞☛ ✌ ✍ ✎✏ ✑✒✓ ✔ ✕✖ ✗☞✘ ✙✚ ✚ ✙✚ ✛✜ ✢
⇒
✣✤✦✥ ✧★ ✣ ✣✩✪ ✫ ✥ ✬✭ ✮ ✯ ✰ ✯✱ ✲ ✯ ✳☞✴ ✯ ✲ ✵ ✶☞✷ ✸ ✹ ✺✻ ✼✾✽ ✿ ❀ ❁☞❂ ❃ ❄ ❅☞❆ ❄ ❇❈❉ ❈✦❊ ❋
■ ❍ ❏ ❑ ▲ ❍ ▼ ▼ ◆❖ P ◗☞❘ ◆❙ ❚❯ ❱❲❳ ❨ ❩❬ ❭☞❪ ❫❴ ❴ ❫❴ ❵❛ ❜
SLIDE 20 Clause Restructuring
❝ ❞ ❡ ❢❤❣ ✐ ❥ ❞❧❦ ♠✦♥ ♦q♣ rs t ✉✇✈① ② ③ ♣ r ④ ⑤ ②✇⑥ ⑦ r t s ⑤⑨⑧ ⑩ ✈ ❶ ⑤ ④ ❷ ⑤ ❷ ⑤ r ② ✈ ❸ ④ ❷ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ r t s ⑤ ④ ✈ ❸ ✈ ⑦ ⑦ ✈ ❹ ④ ❷ ⑤ ⑥ ✈ ⑩❺ ⑦ ⑤ ⑩ ⑤ ♣ ④ ③❼❻ ⑤ ① ❽✾❾ ❿ ➀ ➁ ➀ ➂ ❽ ❾ ➃ ➄ ➅➇➆ ➈ ➉ ➊ ➋➌ ➍ ➎➇➏ ➍ ➐ ➐➑➒ ➓ ➔ → ➣ ↔➙↕ ➛ ➜ ➝ ➞➟✦➠ ➡➢ ➞ ➞➤➥ ➦ ➠ ➧➨ ➩ ➫ ➭ ➫➯➲ ➫ ➳➇➵ ➫ ➲ ➸ ➺➇➻➼ ➽ ➾ ➾ ➾ ➚➪➶ ➹➘✦➴ ➷➬ ➮➇➱✃ ❐ ❐ ✃ ❐ ❒❮❰
⇒
Ï✾Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ò Ô Ï Ð Õ Ö ×➇Ø Ù Ú Û ÜÝ Þ ß➇à Þ áâã äå✦æ çè é➇êë ì ì ë ì íîï ð ðñò ó ô õ ö ÷➙ø ù ú û üý✦þ ÿ ü ü✁ ✂✄ þ ☎✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✞✠ ✡ ✞ ☛ ☞ ✞ ✡ ✌ ✍✏✎ ✑ ✒ ✓ ✓ ✓
SLIDE 21 Clause Restructuring
✔ ✕ ✖ ✗✙✘ ✚ ✛✜ ✢ ✣ ✤ ✛✥ ✦★✧ ✩ ✪✬✫ ✭ ✮ ✯ ✰ ✫ ✱ ✲ ✳ ✭ ✴✵ ✶ ✫ ✷ ✲ ✵ ✷ ✳✹✸ ✫ ✱ ✲ ✺✼✻ ✽ ✸ ✫ ✱ ✫ ✷ ✫ ✲ ✪ ✫ ✪ ✫ ✾ ✷ ✵ ✿ ✲ ✪ ✫ ✱ ✺ ✾ ✮ ✭ ✫ ❀❂❁ ❃ ❄ ❅ ❄ ❆ ❀ ❁ ❇ ❈ ❉✏❊ ❋
■❏ ❑ ▲✏▼ ❑ ◆❖P ◗❘❚❙ ❯❱ ❲✏❳❨ ❩ ❩ ❨ ❩ ❬❭❪ ❫ ❫❴❵ ❛ ❜ ❝ ❞ ❡❣❢ ❤ ✐ ❥ ❦❧❚♠ ♥♦ ❦ ❦♣q r ♠ st ✉ ✈ ✇ ✈①② ✈ ③✏④ ✈ ② ⑤ ⑥✏⑦⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑩ ⑩
⇒
❶❂❷ ❸ ❹ ❺ ❹ ❻ ❶ ❷ ❼ ❽ ❾✏❿ ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃➄ ➅ ➆✏➇ ➅ ➈ ➈➉➊ ➋ ➌ ➍ ➎ ➏❣➐ ➑ ➒ ➓ ➔→➣ ↔↕❚➙ ➛➜ ➝✏➞➟ ➠ ➠ ➟ ➠ ➡➢➤ ➥➦❚➧ ➨➩ ➥ ➥➫➭ ➯ ➧ ➲➳ ➵ ➸ ➺ ➸➻➼ ➸ ➽✏➾ ➸ ➼ ➚ ➪✏➶➹ ➘
SLIDE 22 Clause Restructuring
➴ ➷➮➬ ➱✙✃ ❐ ❒ ❮✼❰ ÏÑÐ Ò Ó Ô✹Õ Ö ×Ø Ù✬Ú Û Ø Ü Ý✹Þ ß × Þ à Õ á Ü Ø â Þ Ü Ý à Õ áäã Ü å ×Ú Û Ø Ü Ý✹Þ ß × Ý á æ à Ö × ç Ü à Ú Ø × Þ × ç × Ü å × è Ý Õ Ý Ü × Ö × Ø Ù é ê êëì í é î ïð❣ñ ò ó ô ôõö ÷ùø úû üþýÿ
ÿ ✂ ✄✆☎ ✝ ✝✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ☛☞ ✌ ✍ ✎ ✎ ✏✑ ✒✔✓ ✕ ✖ ✗✔✘ ✙ ✙ ✚✆✛ ✜✢ ✣ ✤ ✥ ✤✧✦ ★ ✩✪ ✫✬ ✭ ✮ ✫✯ ✰ ✱ ✲✳ ✴✵ ✶✸✷ ✹ ✵ ✲ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✽✾ ✿❀ ❁❂ ❃ ❄ ❅ ✽
⇒
❆ ❇ ❇❈ ❉✸❊ ❆ ❋
❏ ❑ ▲▼◆ ❖P✸◗ ❘ ❖ ▲ ❙ ❚ ❯ ❱ ❱ ❲ ❲❳❨ ❩✸❬ ❭❪ ❫❵❴❛ ❜✔❝ ❛ ❞ ❡❢ ❢❣ ❤ ✐ ❥❦✸❧ ♠ ♥ ♥ ♦♣ q✔rs t ✉✔✈ ✇ ✇ ①✆②③ ④⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑥✧⑧ ⑨ ⑩❶❷ ❸ ❹ ❺ ❷ ❻❼ ❽
SLIDE 23 Clause Restructuring
❾ ❿➁➀ ➂➄➃ ➅ ➆ ➃ ➆➈➇ ➆ ➉ ➊➋ ➌ ➍➏➎ ➐ ➑ ➎ ➑ ➒ ➑❵➓ ➔→ ➣↔ ➔ ↕➙ ➓ ➔ ➛ ➒ ➙ ➛ ➑ ↔ ➔➜ ➒ ➝➟➞ ➐ ➙ ➝ ➝ ➙ ➠ ➒ ➡ ➔ ➐ ➑ ➎ ➑ ➒ ➔ ➓ ➔ ↔ ➢ ➠ ➑ ➒ ➡ ➑ ➎ ➣ ➜ ➝ ➣ ➤ → ➔ ➥ ➦ ➦➧ ➨✸➩ ➥ ➫ ➭➯✆➲ ➳ ➵ ➸➺ ➻➼➽ ➾ ➚➪ ➶✔➹➘ ➘ ➴ ➷ ➘ ➬➮ ➱ ✃❐ ❒ ❒❮ ❰✸Ï Ð Ñ ÒÓ Ô Õ Ö×Ø Ù ÚÛ Ü Ý Þ✆ß à á âã ä åæ✸ç èé å åêë ì ç íî ï ð✆ñò ï ð✆ó ô ïñ õ ö ÷✔ø ù ú û û û
⇒
ü ý ýþ ÿ✁ ü ✂ ✄☎✝✆ ✞ ✟ ✠✡ ☛☞✌ ✍ ✎✏ ✑✓✒✔ ✔ ✕ ✖ ✔ ✗✘ ✙ ✚✛ ✜ ✜✢✣ ✤✁✥ ✦✧ ★ ✩✝✪✫ ★ ✩✝✬ ✭ ★✪ ✮ ✯ ✰✓✱ ✲ ✳ ✴ ✴✵ ✶✁✷ ✸ ✹ ✺✻ ✼ ✽ ✾✿❀ ❁ ❂❃ ❄ ❅ ❆✝❇ ❈ ❉ ❊❋
❑▲◆▼ ▼ ▼
SLIDE 24 Clause Restructuring
❖ P ◗ ❘❚❙ ❯❱ ❲ ❳❩❨ ❬ ❭ ❪❴❫ ❵❛ ❜ ❝❡❞ ❫ ❢ ❛ ❣ ❜ ❝❴❤ ✐ ❫ ❝❴❥ ❦❧ ❞ ❫ ♠ ❜ ❧ ♠ ❝ ❣ ❫ ❤ ❜ ✐❩♥ ♦ ❧ ✐ ✐ ❧ ♣ ❜ qr❫ ♦ ❝❴s ❝ ❜ ❫ ❞ ❫ ❣ t ✉ ✈ ✈✇ ①③② ✉ ④ ⑤⑥⑧⑦ ⑨ ⑩ ❶❷ ❸❹❺③❻ ❼❽ ❾➀❿➁ ➁ ➂ ➃ ➁ ➄➅ ➆ ➇➈ ➉ ➉➊➋ ➌③➍ ➎➏ ➐ ➑⑧➒➓ ➐ ➑⑧➔ → ➐ ➒ ➣ ↔ ↕➀➙ ➛ ➜ ➝ ➝➞ ➟③➠ ➡ ➢ ➤➥ ➦ ➧ ➨➩➫ ➭ ➯➲ ➳ ➵ ➸⑧➺ ➻➽➼ ➾➚ ➪
⇒
➶ ➹ ➹➘ ➴③➷ ➶ ➬ ➮➱⑧✃ ❐ ❒ ❮❰ ÏÐÑ③Ò ÓÔ Õ➀Ö× × Ø Ù × ÚÛ Ü ÝÞ ßàá â ãä å æ ç⑧è é➽ê ëì í î îïð ñ③ò óô õ ö⑧÷ø õ ö⑧ù ú õ ÷ û ü ý➀þ ÿ
✁✂ ✄✆☎ ✝ ✞ ✟✠ ✡ ☛
SLIDE 25 Overview
☞ ✌✍ ✎✏ ✑ ✍ ✒ ✓ ✍ ✔ ✕✖ ✓ ✍✘✗ ✙ ✓ ✍ ✖ ✎ ✚ ✛ ✜✣✢ ✤✥ ✦★✧ ✩ ✤✥ ✦ ✪ ✥ ✫ ✥ ✬ ✦✭ ✥ ✮ ✯✰★✱ ✲ ✯ ✳ ✰ ✯ ✴✶✵ ✷✸ ✹ ✯✺ ✹ ✰ ✷ ✻ ✼ ✽✘✾ ✿❀ ❁ ❂✶❃ ❀ ❄ ❅❇❆ ❈ ❉ ❊✣❋
❍ ■ ❏❑ ▲ ▼ ◆✘❖ P ❖ ◗❘ ❙ ❚ ◗ ❯
SLIDE 26
Experiments
❱ ❲❨❳ ❩ ❳ ❬ ❭❫❪ ❴❵ ❛ ❳ ❴ ❜❞❝ ❵ ❴ ❛ ❪ ❡ ❢ ❣❤ ✐ ❥ ❦❧ ❧ ♠♥ ♦ ♣ ♥ ♦q ♥ rs t❨✉ ♠ ✈ ✇ ① ② ③ ① ④ ② ⑤ ⑥ ③ ⑦⑨⑧⑩ ❶❷❸ ❹ ❺ ⑩ ❻❽❼ ② ✇ ④ ② ❾ ① ③ ② ③ ④ ⑥ ❿ ❸ ➀ ➁ ➂ ❼ ➃ ❹ ❺ ⑩ ❻ ❼ ➄ ➅ ➆❨➇➈ ➉➊ ➋ ➈ ➌ ➍❨➎ ➉➏ ➐ ➇ ➑ ➎ ➇ ➒ ➈ ➉➓ ➐ ➒ ➐ ➈ ➊ ➔ ➇ ➐ → ➎ ➉ ➈ ➣↔ ↔ ↔ ➊ ➐ ➉ ➌ ➐ ➉➓ ➐ ➌ ➐ ➊ ➌ ➊ ➐ ➌ ➑ ➇ ➎ ➒ ↕ ➔ ➇ ➎ ➏ ➈ ➇ ➋ ➙ ➛❫➜ ➝➞➟ ➠ ➝➡ ➝➢ ➤ ➝➢ ➥ ➝ ➦ ➝➢ ➠ ➤ ➧❞➨ ➩ ➫ ➭✶➯ ➨ ➞ ➲ ➡
SLIDE 27
Experiments
➳ ➵✶➸ ➺✣➻ ➼ ➽➚➾ ➪ ➸ ➶➹ ➾ ➹ ➘ ➻ ➴ ➷ ➬ ➮ ➱❞✃❐ ❒❮Ï❰ Ð ❐ ❒❮ Ñ Ò ❮ Ó ➱❞Ô Ñ Ô Õ Ö Ô ❮ ➱❞× ❮ Ó ❐ Ø Ù ÚÛ Û Ü ÝßÞ à✶á âã ä å✶æ ã ç ã è é✣ê ë➚ì í î❨ï ðñ ï ð ò ñ ð ó❨ô õ ï ô ö ð÷ ó ô ó❨ô õ ï ð öøñù ö ò ÷ öø÷ ú ûü ý þ û ý ÿ✁ ✂ ✄ û ☎ ✆ ü þ✞✝ ✟ ✠☛✡ ☞✌ ✍ ✡ ✌ ✡ ✍✏✎ ✌✑ ✒☛✓ ✒ ✓ ✔ ✍ ✑ ✎ ✑ ✕ ✎ ✌ ✑ ✒☛✓ ✡ ✍✗✖ ✘ ✖ ✎ ✡ ✙ ✚ ✛☛✜ ✢✣ ✤ ✜ ✣ ✜ ✤✏✥ ✜ ✦ ✥ ✤✗✧ ✥ ✧ ★ ✜ ✩ ✢✣ ✜ ✧ ✪ ✪ ✫✭✬ ✮☛✯ ✰ ✦ ✬ ✦ ✥ ✜ ✱
SLIDE 28 Results
✲ ✳✴ ✵✶ ✷✸ ✹✺✻ ✼ ✽ ✾✿ ❀☛❁ ✻ ❁ ❀ ✻ ❂ ✾ ❃ ❄❅ ❆❇ ❇ ❆ ❈✭❉ ❊✭❋
■ ❏▲❑ ❍
❍ ❖ P ◗ ❘ ❙ ◗ ❚❯ ❱❲ ◆ ❳ ❍ ❑ ❍ ❨
❍ ❖ P ◗❩ ❙ ❬ ❚❯ ❱❲ ❭ ❪ ❫☛❴ ❵ ❫ ❛ ❫☛❜ ❝ ❵ ❞ ❝ ❞❢❡ ❣ ❤ ✐ ❤❥ ❦ ❧ ❫ ❵ ❴ ❞ ♠✗♥ ❧ ❫ ❴ ❵ ❞ ♥ ❧ ❞ ♦✗♣ q qr s r qt ✉✭✈ t ✇ q ① s ② ③ ♣ ④
SLIDE 29
Human Translation Judgments
⑤ ⑥⑦ ⑦ ⑧⑨ ⑩ ❶ ⑨ ⑩❷ ⑨ ⑧ ❸ ⑥⑦ ❶❢❹ ❺ ⑦ ❻ ❹❼ ❽ ⑧ ❾ ⑩ ❿✗⑨ ⑩➀ ❶ ➁➂ ➃ ➄➆➅ ➇➈ ➉ ➉ ➇ ➊ ➈ ➊ ➇➋➌ ➍ ➎ ➏✗➐➑ ➑ ➒ ➑ ➐➓ ➔☛→ ➣ ➓ ↔ ↕➛➙ ➜➝➞ ➟ ➠ ➝ ➞ ➡ ➢ ➝ ➟ ➤➦➥ ➞ ➧ ➨ ➝ ➡➩ ➢ ➤ ➞ ➩ ➟ ➠ ➝➞ ➡ ➢➫➝ ➟ ➤ ➥ ➞ ➧ ➠ ➩ ➥ ➠ ➭ ➩ ➠ ➩ ➭ ➟ ➠ ➝ ➞ ➡ ➢ ➝ ➟ ➤➦➥ ➞ ➯ ➲➆➳ ➵✗➸ ➺➻ ➼ ➽❢➾ ➚ ➪➶ ➾ ➻ ➹ ➘ ➻ ➽ ➽ ➻ ➶ ➪➶ ➻ ➴ ➳ ➷ ➬ ➮ ➱➫✃ ❐ ❒ ✃ ❐❮ ✃ ❰ Ï ✃Ð ✃ ❮ Ñ✗Ò ❰ ✃ ❐Ó ❒ Ð Ó ❐ Ô Ò Õ×Ö Ø Ó ❰ ✃ Ù Ú ❐ ✃ Ó ❐ Ô Ð ✃ Ò Ð Ô ✃ Ð ✃ Ô ❒ Ð Ó ❐ ❰ Ù Ó ❒ Ú Ò ❐ ❰Û Ð ✃ ❰ ✃ ❐ ❒ ✃ Ô Ú ❐ Ð Ó ❐ Ô Ò Õ Ò Ð Ô ✃ Ð
SLIDE 30
Human Translation Judgments
Ü Ý Þ ß à à á☛â â ã ä❢å ä ãæ ç çè à è à è á☛â â ã ä❢å ä ãæ Ü é ê ë ì íïî ðñò ð ó ñ ð ñ óõô ðö÷ ø ù ö ô ú ò ÷ û ñ ô ô ñ ð ü ý þ ÿ✁ ✂✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✄ ÿ ✄ ✞ ✞ ✄ ✟ ✠ ✡ ☛ ☞✌ ✍ ✎ ✏
SLIDE 31 Example: Reordered System Better
✑ ✒✔✓ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✕✙✘ ✚ ✕ ✖ ✕✙✛ ✜ ✢✣ ✘ ✤ ✕✙✘ ✥ ✢ ✕✙✘ ✦ ✕ ✥ ✧✩★ ✖ ✣ ✗✩✪ ✫ ★ ✛ ✬ ✦ ✗ ✭ ★ ✪ ✛ ✬ ✢ ★ ✛ ✕ ✘ ✖ ✗ ★ ★ ✬ ✢✣ ✥ ★ ✪ ✘ ✬ ✘ ✕ ✣ ✘✯✮ ✰ ✱✔✲ ✳ ✴✩✵ ✶ ✳ ✵ ✷ ✵ ✸ ✹✩✺ ✸ ✳ ✸ ✳✙✻ ✼ ✽✾ ✿❀ ✳ ✿❁ ✽ ✳ ✿❂ ✳ ❁ ✶ ✵ ✸ ✾ ✸ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✻ ❄ ❂ ✹ ❅ ✵ ✺ ✻ ❄ ✽ ✵ ✻ ✳ ✿ ✸ ✹ ✵ ✵ ❄ ✽ ✾ ❁ ✵ ✺ ✿ ❄ ✿ ✳ ✾ ✿✯❆ ❇ ❈✔❉ ❊ ❋✩● ❍ ❊
❑✩▲ ❏ ❊ ❏ ❊✙▼ ◆ ❖P ◗❘ ❊ ◗❙ ❖ ❊ ◗❚ ❊ ❙ ❍
▼ ❱ ❚ ❑ ❲
▼ ❱ ❖
❊ ◗ ❏ ❑
❖ P ❙
◗ ❱ ◗ ❊ P ◗ ❏ P ❏ ▲ ❳
❩❭❬ ❪✁❫ ❴❵ ❛ ❜ ❝ ❵ ❛❞ ❡ ❵ ❜ ❢❤❣ ❛❥✐ ❦❭❧ ♠♥♦ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♠ ♥ ♣rq s❭t ✉✇✈① ② ③ ④❤⑤ ② ⑥✇⑦ ⑧ ⑧⑨ ⑩ ⑨ ⑧❶ ❷✁❸ ❶ ❶ ⑩❹ ❺ ❸ ❻ ❼✁❽ ❾ ❿ ❸ ⑦ ⑧ ❹ ⑧ ➀ ⑩ ❻ ⑨ ❼ ⑧ ⑦ ➁
SLIDE 32
Example: Reordered System Better
➂ ➃✔➄ ➅ ➆✩➇ ➈ ➉ ➊ ➊ ➇ ➋ ➅ ➌ ➍ ➎ ➎ ➍ ➈ ➉ ➏ ➅ ➍ ➇ ➐ ➐ ➆✩➑ ➉ ➏ ➌ ➇ ➋ ➈ ➑ ➉ ➊➒ ➓➇ ➉ ➐ ➅ ➑ ➊ ➇ ➌ ➑ ➉ ➔ ➏ ➇ ➑ ➉ ➊ ➇ ➎ ➎ ➑ ➊ ➅ ➐ ➅ ➑ → ➊ ➑ ➣➑ ➅ ➇ ➈ ➑ ➑ → ➇ ➊➒ ➅ ➍ ➑ ➋ ➍ ➋ ➅ ➆✩➇ ➇ ➉ ➊ ➑ ↔ ➣➇ ➌ ➍ ➅ ➇ ➊ ➊➒ ➋➇ ➒ ➋ ➎ ➊➒ ➣➇ ↕ ➑ ➊ ➙ ➛ ➜✔➝ ➞ ➟✩➠ ➡ ➢ ➤ ➤ ➠ ➥ ➞➧➦ ➤➨ ➩➫ ➠ ➭➯ ➯ ➟ ➨ ➢ ➫➲ ➯ ➦ ➢ ➤ ➢ ➯ ➞ ➨ ➳ ➥ ➞ ➠ ➥➯ ➳ ➵❭➸ ➨ ➢ ➤ ➠ ➵ ➵ ➨ ➤ ➞ ➯ ➞ ➨ ➦ ➤➨ ➭ ➨ ➞ ➠ ➡ ➨ ➨ ➦ ➠ ➤➺ ➞ ➳ ➨ ➥ ➻ ➳ ➞ ➟ ➳ ➥ ➞ ➟✩➠ ➵ ➤ ➺ ➭➠ ➻ ➨ ➤ ➼ ➨ ➵ ➞ ➟✩➠ ➠ ➽ ➦ ➤ ➨ ➾ ➠ ➯ ➯ ➠ ➯ ➚ ➪✔➶ ➹ ➘✩➴ ➷ ➬ ➮ ➮ ➴ ➱ ➹➧✃ ➮❐ ❒❮ ➴ ❰Ï Ï ➘ ❐ ➬ ❮Ð Ï ✃ ➬ ➮ ➬ Ï✯Ñ ❐ ➬ ➮ ➴ Ò Ò ❐ ➮ ➹ Ï ➹ ❐ ✃ ➮ ❐ ❰ ❐ ➹ ➴ ➷ ❐ ❐ ✃ ➴ ➮Ó ➹ Ô ❐ ➱ Õ Ô ➹ ➘ Ô ➱ ➹ ➘✩➴ Ò ➮Ó ❰➴ Õ ❐ ➮ Ö ❐ Ò ➹ ➘✩➴ ➴ × ✃ ➮ ❐ Ø ➴ Ï Ï ➴ Ï ➹ ❐ ❒ ➴ Ô ➱ ➹ ➴ ➱Ï Ô Ò Ô ➴ Ð
SLIDE 33 Example: Reordered System Better
Ù Ú✔Û Ü➧Ý Þ Ý Ý ßà á â à ã ä ã à ã ß Þ Ü➧Ý â✩å æ æ Ý æ á ç Ü ãéè å Ü ã Ý ß å Ü Ü ê✩ë à å ìë Ü ã ìë ã à å ä Ý í ßî ã Þ ê Ü æ Ý ß Ü î å ä ã æ Ü ã Ý ß ã ß Ü ë î ì à ï ð✔ñ ò ó ó ô✩õ ö ò÷ õ ó ø ÷ õ✯ù ó➧ú û ú ü ó ø ü ý õ ó➧ú ö ý þ ö ø ÿ ø ö õ ó➧ú þ ò û û ú ✁ ú ✂ ø ü
ö ö û ô ø☎✄ ú ✆ ô✝✁ õ ü ø û✟✞ ✠ ✡☞☛ ✌ ✍ ✍ ✎✝✏ ✑ ✌✒ ✏ ✍ ✓ ✒ ✏✟✔ ✕✖ ✗ ✍ ✓ ✗ ✘ ✏ ✍ ✖ ✑ ✘ ✙ ✑ ✓ ✚ ✓ ✑ ✏ ✍ ✖ ✙ ✌ ✕ ✕ ✖ ✛✜ ✖ ✢ ✓ ✗ ✛ ✔ ✓ ✍ ✓ ✑✣ ✘ ✓ ✍ ✏ ✑ ✕ ✎ ✓☎✤ ✖ ✥ ✎✝✜ ✏ ✗ ✓ ✕✟✦
SLIDE 34 Example: Reordered System Better
✧ ★☞✩ ✪ ✫ ✬✝✭ ✮ ✫ ✮ ✯ ✰ ✫ ✱ ✭ ✲✭ ✳✵✴ ✶ ✰ ✰ ✬ ✫✷ ✫✸ ✯ ✷ ✰ ✹✻✺ ✼ ✷ ✶ ✽ ✭ ✽✻✾ ✼ ✳ ✫ ✷ ✫ ✿ ✯ ✷ ✷ ✫ ✭ ✶ ✯ ✴ ✶ ✰ ✬✝✭ ✰ ✳✵✴ ❀ ✽ ✾ ✱ ✫ ✰ ✬ ✫ ✿ ✯ ✽ ✽ ✯ ✪ ✳ ✴ ✲ ❁ ❂☞❃ ❄ ❅ ❆✝❇ ❈ ❅ ❈ ❉ ❊ ❅ ❋
❍ ❉■ ❏❑ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❆ ❅▲ ❊ ❆ ▼ ■ ❏❑
❉ ▲ ❊ ❆ ❅ ◆ ❉ ❖ ❖ ❉ ❄ ▼ ■ ❏ ▲ ❅ ❇ ❑ ❉ ■ ❑ ❇ ❏❇ ▼ ■ ❑ ❊ ❊ ❆ ❅ ▲ ❅P ❉ ▲ ❊ ◗✻❘ ❍ ▲ ❑ ❖ ❇ ❖✻❙ ❍ ▼ ❅▲ ❅ ❚ ❯☞❱ ❲ ❳ ❨✝❩ ❬ ❳ ❭ ❩ ❪❫ ❴❵ ❫ ❛ ❨ ❳❜ ❛ ❨ ❝ ❴❵ ❞✟❭ ❡ ❫ ❜ ❛ ❨ ❳ ❡ ❫ ❢ ❢ ❫ ❲ ❝ ❴❵ ❜ ❳ ❩ ❞ ❫ ❴ ❞ ❩ ❵ ❩ ❝ ❴ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❨ ❳ ❜ ❳❣ ❫ ❜ ❛ ❤✻✐ ❪ ❜ ❞ ❢ ❩ ❢✻❥ ❪ ❝ ❳❜ ❳ ❬ ❫ ❛ ❳ ❦
SLIDE 35
Overview
❧ ♠♥♣♦ q r ♥♣s t ♥♣✉ ✈✇ t ♥②① ③ t ♥ ✇ ♦ ④ ⑤ ⑥⑧⑦ ⑨⑩ ❶❸❷ ❹ ⑨⑩ ❶ ❺ ⑩ ❻ ⑩ ❼ ❶❽ ⑩ ❾ ❿➀❸➁ ➂ ❿ ➃ ➀ ❿ ➄♣➅ ➆➇ ➈ ❿➉ ➈ ➀ ➆ ➊ ➋ ➌②➍ ➎➏ ➐ ➑♣➒ ➏ ➓ ➔➣→ ↔ ↕ ➙⑧➛ ➜ ↕ ➝ ➞ ➟➠ ➡ ➢ ➤②➥ ➦ ➥ ➧➨ ➩ ➫ ➧ ➭
SLIDE 36 Research on Syntax-based SMT
➯ ➲♣➳ ➵ ➸➻➺ ➼➾➽ ➸➻➚ ➽ ➪ ➳ ➵ ➸➻➺ ➼ ➲ ➶ ➹ ➘ ➴ ➷ ➪ ➬ ➺ ➮ ➱ ✃ ❐ ❒ ❒❮Ï❰ Ð ✃ ❐ ❒ ❒ Ñ☎❰ Ò ➱ ➷Ó Ô ➺ ✃ ÕÖ Ö × ❰ ➶ Ô ➷ ➺ Ø Ô Ó ✃ ÕÖ Ö Ù Ú Û Ü♣Ý Þ ß➻à á â Þ ß➻àã äå ß æ à Þ ä ç à äå à æ â Þå è é à ê à ë à à Þ ë ì Þ í ä î ßðï ñò ò ó ô õ ö✵÷ø ù ú ÷û ü ø ý ý þ✵ÿ
ÿ ú ✁ ✂ ✂ û ú ✄ ÷ ☎ ý ø ù ✆ ☎ ý ø ✝ ý ✞ ý ✂ ø ✟ ý ✠ ✡ ø ÷
÷ ø ✂ ☎ ☛ ☞✌ ✍ ✎ ✎✏✒✑ ✓ þ ø ý ý ø ÿ ☎ ÿ ✝ ✓ ø ✞ ✌ ✔✕ ✕ ✖ ✑ ✗ þ ☎ ☎ ÿ ✝ ✘ ü ✙ û ÷ ✝ ✌ ✔✕ ✕ ✖ ✚
SLIDE 37 Our Approach vs. Xia and McCord, 2004
✛ ✜✢✤✣ ✣ ✥ ✦ ✧✤★ ✩✫✪ ✬ ✦ ✭ ✮✯ ✯ ✰ ✣ ✱ ✲ ✪ ✳ ✣ ✲ ✢ ★ ✣ ✴ ✴✶✵ ✴✸✷ ✣ ✬ ✥ ✬ ✱ ✴ ✷ ✹ ✺ ✪ ✬ ✻ ✬ ✷ ✥ ★ ✼
⇒
✽✤✾ ✿ ❀ ❁✤❂ ❃ ❄ ❅❇❆ ❈✸❉ ❊❋
❊ ❍ ❋ ❍ ❉ ■ ❋ ❊❏ ❑▲ ❍ ❉ ▼ ❍❖◆ P
❉ ❍
▲ ❊ P ❑
❋ ❍ ❘ ❑▲ ❊ ❙ ❚✫❯ ❱ ❲❨❳ ❩❬ ❲ ❬ ❭ ❪ ❫❵❴❛ ❜❝ ❞ ❡❣❢ ❝ ❤ ❝ ❞✐ ❥ ❝ ✐ ❴ ❦ ❡ ❧ ♠ ♥ ❛ ❴ ❴ ❦ ♦ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♣ ❴ ❛ q ❝ ❞ ♣ ♠✫❝ ❢ ✐ ❛ ❴ ❝ ❧ ❴ ❛ ❦ ♦ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♣ ❴❛ ♣ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❴❛ ❴ ❞r ❴ ❢ ♥ ❛ ♦ ❜ s ❞ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❢ ♠ ❧ ♠✫❝ ❞ t ❛ ❴ ❞r ♠ ✉ ✈❣✇ ① ✇② ③ ④ ① ✇ ⑤ ⑥ ①⑦⑧ ⑨ ⑩❷❶ ①❸ ⑦ ⑥ ④ ❶ ⑧ ⑨❺❹ ❻ ⑨❺❼ ❽ ⑤❾❹ ❿ ❿ ❿ ➀ ✇ ⑦ ① ⑧ ✇ ➁ ① ③ ➀ ✇ ⑨ ⑩❷❶ ① ➂ ④ ⑦ ⑦ ⑧ ➁ ➃ ➄ ➅ ❶ ① ➁ ➆ ➇❇➈ ➉ ➈ ➊➋ ➌ ➍ ➊ ➎✸➏ ➐ ➍ ➈ ➑➒ ➓ ➍➔ →➣ ➊ ➋ ➣ ↔ ➒ ➓ ➍➔ ↕ ➙ ↔ ➋ ➉ ➐ ➋ ➉ ➌ ➍ ➣ → → ➊ ➍➣ ➓ ➐ ➋ ➏
SLIDE 38 Future Work
➛ ➜ ➝✸➞➟ ➠✸➡ ➢➤ ➥ ➡ ➤ ➞ ➦ ➧ ➨❇➩ ➫❨➭ ➯➲ ➫ ➳✤➵ ➸✸➺ ➲➻ ➼ ➳ ➼➽ ➭ ➾ ➻ ➩ ➸✸➺ ➚ ➭ ➾ ➫ ➪ ➳ ➚ ➫➹➶ ➘ ➺ ➴ ➷✫➬ ➮ ➱ ✃✤❐ ✃ ❐ ❒ ❮ ❰✸Ï ➮ Ï ❮ ❰ ➬ Ð Ñ ✃ ❮ ❰ ➬ ❮ ❰ ÏÒ ÓÔ Ô Ò ➬ ÓÕ ❰ Ï Ö × ØÚÙ Û Ù ÜÝ❣Þ Þ ß à á â ã❵äå àæ✫ç èé ê ë✫ä àíì ã ë Ý❣Þ ß Û æ✫ç è é ê ë ä àî ï ã ð ñ ò ó ô õ❣ö ÷ ø✫ù ÷ ú ö û ù ÷ ø ö ü✫ý þ ö ûÿ
û ù ✁ ÷ ù ✂ þ ø ö ÷ ø ù ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝✟✞ ✠ ✡ ☛ ✠✌☞ ✍✎ ✏ ✡ ✏✑ ✒ ✓ ☛ ✔ ☞ ✎ ✕ ✠✌☞ ✖ ✡ ✏ ☛ ✒ ☛ ✗ ✒ ✞ ✍✎ ☛ ✖ ✘ ✙ ✚✜✛ ✢✣✤ ✥ ✤ ✦✧ ✤ ✢★ ✧ ✩ ✣✪ ✛ ✫ ✢ ✤ ✦ ✩ ✢ ✦ ✛ ✧ ✤ ✫✭✬ ✮✰✯ ✧ ✤ ✧ ✫ ✥ ✤ ✦ ✩ ✢ ✫ ✱ ✲ ✥ ✦ ✦ ✛ ✣ ✪ ✧ ✣✳ ✧ ✣ ✢ ✴ ✵ ✶✜✷ ✸✹✺ ✻ ✺ ✼✽ ✺ ✸✾ ✸ ✻ ✹ ✽ ✿ ❀ ✸ ✺ ✼ ❁ ✸ ✼ ✷ ❂
