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▼❛st❡r t❤❡s✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❋❛❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ▲❚❍ ▲✉♥❞ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❆✉❣✉st ✶✻✱ ✷✵✶✷ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❯s✐♥❣ ❛♥ ♦❝tr❡❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ●❧♦❜❛❧ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞✐r❡❝t ❞✐✛✉s❡ ❧✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❘❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ●❧♦❜❛❧ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞✐r❡❝t ❞✐✛✉s❡ ❧✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❘❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❯s✐♥❣ ❛♥ ♦❝tr❡❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ✶ Pr❡✈✐♦✉s ✇♦r❦ ✷ ❙♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝s ✸ ▲✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ✹ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ✺ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

Pr❡✈✐♦✉s ✇♦r❦ Reflective Shadow Maps Spherical Harmonics Lighting Screen Space Directional Occlusion Incremental Instant Radiosity Light Propagation Volumes Image Space Photon Mapping Voxel Cone Tracing Cascaded LPVs Subsurface LPVs Octree LPVs ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❙♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✉♥✐t s♣❤❡r❡ ❉❡✜♥❡❞ ❢♦r ♣♦✐♥ts s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉♥✐t s♣❤❡r❡ ❢ ( s ) ❈❛rt❡s✐❛♥✿ s = ( ① , ② , ③ ) ✱ ① ✷ + ② ✷ + ③ ✷ = ✶✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ✈❡❝t♦r ❙♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ s = ( θ, ϕ ) ❍❡r❡✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❢♦✉r ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s t❛❦✐♥❣ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ✈❡❝t♦rs ❛s t❤❡✐r ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t✳ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❙♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝s ❈❧❛♠♣❡❞ ❝♦s✐♥❡ ❧♦❜❡ ❯s❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r ▲P❱s 1 ❢ ( θ, ϕ ) = ♠❛① ( ❝♦s θ, ✵ ) 0.8 0.6 ❘♦t❛t✐♦♥❛❧❧② s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❛r♦✉♥❞ z z 0.4 ❩✲❛①✐s 0.2 0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.8 ❘♦t❛t❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞ 0.2 0.6 0.4 0 0.2 -0.2 0 y -0.4 -0.2 -0.4 x -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

▲✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❙t❡♣s ✶ ❈r❡❛t❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ❧✐❣❤ts ✷ ■♥❥❡❝t ❧✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ ❣r✐❞ ✸ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t❡ ✹ ❘❡♥❞❡r ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

▲✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❈r❡❛t❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ❧✐❣❤ts ❚❡①❡❧s ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t✐✈❡ s❤❛❞♦✇ ♠❛♣ ❙t♦r❡s ❞❡♣t❤✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧♦r ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

▲✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ■♥❥❡❝t ❧✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ ❣r✐❞ ❊❛❝❤ ❱P▲ ❛s ❛ ❝❧❛♠♣❡❞ ❝♦s✐♥❡ ❧♦❜❡ ▼❛♣♣❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❣r✐❞ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❆❞❞❡❞ t♦ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

▲✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❣r✐❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t A B ❚♦ ❡❛❝❤ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ❊✈❛❧✉❛t❡ st♦r❡❞ ❙❍ ❉✐r❡❝t❡❞ t♦✇❛r❞s ❡❛❝❤ ❢❛❝❡ ❘❡♣r♦❥❡❝t ❛s ❝❧❛♠♣❡❞ ❝♦s✐♥❡ ❧♦❜❡ A B A B ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

▲✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ P❡r❢♦r♠ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❯s❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

▲✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❘❡♥❞❡r ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ❋✐♥❞ ❣r✐❞ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t♦✇❛r❞s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❆❞❞ t♦ ❞✐r❡❝t ❧✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❖❝tr❡❡ ▲P❱s ❖❝tr❡❡ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❣r✐❞ ❚✇♦ ♣❛rts ❉❛t❛ st♦r❛❣❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s ■♥❞❡① ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❙♦♠❡ ♥❡✇ st❡♣s ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❉❛t❛ st♦r❛❣❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤② ♦❢ ✸❉ ❣r✐❞s✱ ❧❡✈❡❧s ❙✐③❡s ❛r❡ ♣♦✇❡rs ♦❢ t✇♦ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ▲❡✈❡❧ s✐③❡s ✵ ✸✷ × ✸✷ × ✸✷ ✶ ✶✻ × ✶✻ × ✶✻ ✷ ✽ × ✽ × ✽ ✸ ✹ × ✹ × ✹ ✹ . . . ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❉❛t❛ st♦r❛❣❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤② ♦❢ ✸❉ ❣r✐❞s✱ ❧❡✈❡❧s ❙✐③❡s ❛r❡ ♣♦✇❡rs ♦❢ t✇♦ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ■♥❞❡① ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❙t♦r❡s t❤❡ ♦❝tr❡❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❙❛♠❡ s✐③❡s ❛s ❞❛t❛ st♦r❛❣❡ ❖♥❡ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛t❛ st♦r❛❣❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❈♦♥t❛✐♥s✿ ❲❤✐❝❤ ❞❛t❛ st♦r❛❣❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ t♦ ✉s❡ ❙❛♠♣❧❡✿ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ st♦r❡❞ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ▲✐❣❤t ✐♥❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ■♥❥❡❝t ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t♦ ✜rst ❧❡✈❡❧ ▲❡❛✈❡ ♦t❤❡r ❧❡✈❡❧s ❡♠♣t② ■♥❞❡① ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ③❡r♦ ❢♦r ✐♥❥❡❝t❡❞ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❉♦✇♥s❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ P♦♣✉❧❛t❡ ♦t❤❡r ❧❡✈❡❧s ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ❤✐❣❤❡r r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❯♣❞❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s

❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❙❛♠❡ s❝❤❡♠❡ ❛s tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲P❱s ❯♣❞❛t❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❏♦❤♥ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❖❧♦✈ss♦♥ ❖❝tr❡❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s