SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
{ SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
{ SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
{ SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Fig. 1.x Source: wikipedia.org Bam, Iran 12/26/03; 5:26 local time Northridge, CA 01/17/94; 4:31 PST Mag. 6.6 Mag. 6.7 at least 26,000 fatalities 72 fatalities displaced 90% of residents $12.5 billion damage destroyed 70% of modern city damaged major freeway SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Hawaii 5/4/18; 12:32 HST Mag. 6.9 intensity VIII shaking; 0 fatalities south flank of Kilauea/volcanism minor local tsunami (40 cm) damage to buildings, roads; landslides Hilina slump moved 2 feet Source: wikipedia.org SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Hawaii 10/15/06; 7:07 HST Northridge, CA 01/17/94; 4:31 PST volcanic island sedimentary basin Fig. 6.1b Fig. 1.2 (study guide) Mag. 6.7 Mag. 6.7 0 fatalities 72 fatalities landslides on Hawaii $12.5 billion damage $200 Mio damage (61 buildings) 1g ground acceleration power outage on Oahu SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards Source: wikipedia.org
� sedimentary basin/ancient lakebed Mag. 7.1 370 fatalities; 6011 injured 228 in Mexico City damage intensity VIII on anniversary of 1985 quake Fig. 6.2b that killed 10,000 people SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards Source: Wikipedia
SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards Source: Wikipedia
link for CNN video on liquefaction: https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/03/asia/ liquefaction-earthquake-indonesia-intl/ index.html • strike-slip EQ • local large tsunami (7 m); Palu • landslides/mudflows • liquefaction; Palu • > 70,000 homes damaged • > 2000 fatalities (n1000 missing) source:Wikipedia, NYT SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Fig. 6.2b 90% of destroyed buildings built BEFORE 1985 SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards Source: Wikipedia
SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Fig. 6.11 Fig. 6.13 Sumatra-Andaman 26 Dec 2004 Tohoku 11 Mar 2011 • Mw=9.1; 10m tsunami • Mw=9.0; 40m tsunami • 3rd largest EQ in 100 years • 4th largest EQ in 100 years • > 240,000 fatalities • < 20,000 fatalities • in ocean, along subduction zone • in ocean, along subduction zone source:Wikipedia source:Wikipedia SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Chapter 6 (incomplete) wave height depends on • wind speed SIO Pier Dec 27 and Dec 29 2006 • duration of wind • fetch λ =wavelength … from cm deep-water waves to n100 m (Depth > λ /2) waves do not sense bottom particle motion circular v = λ /T or v=g T/(2 π ) shallow-water waves (Depth < λ /20) particle motion elliptical SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Fig. 6.17 • caused by submarine EQs with vertical displacement • extremely long wavelength (200 km) • shallow-water waves -> speed depends on water depth D • 720-800 km/h!!! • not noticeable at sea • built up coming on shore ( >10m) • 15 min between peak and trough v= √ 10ms -2 •4000m=200m/s=720km/h Image: S. Marshak “Earth, Portrait of a Planet” SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Parking Meters in Hilo, HI it takes about 14h for tsunami to travel from Chile to Hawaii Fig. 6.15 SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Fig. 6.23 � people ignore warning � people forget what to do SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Fig. 6.20 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Tsunami � partial warning system � critical components missing � sporadic tsunami history � poor tsunami education Source: NOAA SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
link for previous page: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2004_Indonesia_Tsunami_Complete.gif/250px-2004_Indonesia_Tsunami_Complete.gif SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Fig. 6.20 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Tsunami Source: NOAA SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
11 March 2011 Tohoku, Japan Tsunami Fig. 6.19 Crescent City, CA Background info: 27 March 1964 Good Friday Alaska EQ Source: NOAA/wikipedia 12 fatalities in Crescent City SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Fig. 6.24 29 September 2009 Samoa Tsunami If you felt an EQ Source: NOAA � flee when there was an EQ and you are within 1mi of beach � you have at least 15min If EQ was distant � watch tide calendar � flee when low tide suspicious � you have at least 15min stay away from beach for many hours!!! SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
Samoa Tsunami Observed at Crescent City Tide Gauge SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
2010 Tsunami Warning and Preparedness Report by NRC (9/27/10 LA Times) “since 2004 NOAA improved ability to detect and forecast tsunami” “many coastal communities in U.S. still face challenges in responding to a tsunami that arrives less that 1h after triggering event” “tsunami rare enough to give false sense of security” “if source is close to shore [only minutes to tsunami] public needs to recognize natural cues” SIO15-SS1 2020: Topic 6 Earthquake Hazards
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