6/30/20 SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 1
6/30/20 SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 2
6/30/20 SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy Source: Wikipedia Category Cape Verde SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 3
6/30/20 Source: NOAA 8/28/19 (Wed) SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy Sep 1: Alabama will most likely be hit Sharpie 9/4/19 altered map from 8/29 SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 4
6/30/20 Source: NOAA 9/3/19 SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy Source: Wikipedia SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 5
6/30/20 Source: Wikipedia Halifax Bahamas SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 6
6/30/20 June 2020 Verkhoyansk: First 100ºF EVER! source: NASA Earth Observatory SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy � Heat wave � Drought � Wildfires � Low air quality source: NASA Earth Observatory SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 7
6/30/20 source: Wikipedia SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy link to YaleE360 Malaysia source: yaleE360 Borneo (Kalimantan) global forest watch SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 8
6/30/20 tropical rainforests have most biodiversity on Earth source: Wikipedia orangutans live only in Borneo and Sumatra Borneo orangutan Oil Palm nursery - source: Greenpeace critically endangered SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy tropical rainforests have most biodiversity on Earth source: Wikipedia Dayak vs Madurese migrants SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 9
6/30/20 Average Annual Death Rate Cumulative Billion $ Losses in U.S. (1996-2015) in U.S. (1980-2003) heat waves: 131 heat waves/droughts: 144 tornadoes: 84 hurricanes (B.K.): 102 floods: 82 floods: 55 hurricanes: 62 cold-weather storms: 28 wind: 53 wildfires: 13 lightning: 38 tornadoes: 7 rip currents: 53 (2006-2015) source: Munich Re of all severe weather in U.S., on average, heat waves are #1 killer heat waves lead to highest economical losses SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy most frequent event: floods highest single-event hurricanes, EQs (each ~450,000) fatalities: area with most fatalities: Asia high population density unfavorable location source: Munich Re SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 10
6/30/20 source: Munich Re 64% of world’s losses in North America SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy Images: wikipedia an average hurricane (10 days) releases Book chapter 2 as much energy as the watch short videos! Mw=9.5 5/22 1960 Chile earthquake • from Sun • from Earth/plate tectonics • fusion • primordial E S = 5300 * E E • latent heat • potential energy SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 11
6/30/20 Short video 2a Short video 2b energy that is stored in some ‘loading’ potential energy by form to be later used exerting a force Newton’s Apple Spring EQ Fault F g Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.5 Fig. 2.6 SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy Fig. 2.5 relaxed Short video 2b state cause: force <-> stress loaded consequence: Fg = k x x state deformation <-> strain strain is a result of stress example for an earthquake Fig. 2.6 SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 12
6/30/20 Watch short Videos on forces, energy (topic 2) • potential (e.g. landslide, earthquakes, plate tectonics) • kinetic (e.g. wind storms, landslides, volcanoes) • rotational (e.g. Earth, Earth-Moon, tornadoes, landslides) • heat (e.g. volcanoes, plate tectonics, severe weather) external heat internal heat SUN “primordial” + radiogenic fusion fission SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy � Earth’s surface receives 5300 times more heat from sun than from inside � sun’s energy produced by nuclear fusion !!!SUN!!! SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 13
6/30/20 “hidden heat” Heat Capacity: ability to absorb heat while temperature rises slowly Air: 0.00031 cal/cm 3 /ºC Quartz Sand: 0.31 Granite: 0.51 Water: 1.0 Aluminum: 0.215 Copper: 0.0924 Glass: 0.20 Human body: 0.83 Table 2.1 • water has high heat capacity! • serves as moderator SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy any substance solid � ice liquid � water � water vapor/steam gas Fig. 2.12 SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy 14
6/30/20 evaporation: water vapor absorbs heat condensation: water vapor releases heat Fig. 2.13 it takes 600 cal to evaporate 1g water SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy • conduction (energy passed between vibrating atoms) • radiation (EM waves, no particle movement) • diffusion (migration of single particles) • convection (mass transport; MOST EFFECTIVE) Fig 2.11 SIO15-SS1 2020 Topics 01/02: Nat. Disasters/Forces and Energy Source: P. Abbott “Natural Disasters” 15
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