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Silicon precision timing detectors for minimum ionizing particles - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Silicon precision timing detectors for minimum ionizing particles FNAL-LDRD-2017-027 Artur Apresyan, Lindsey Gray All Experimenters' Meeting 08.28.2017 LDRD Project description The aim is to develop over two years the technology that

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Artur Apresyan, Lindsey Gray All Experimenters' Meeting 08.28.2017

Silicon precision timing detectors for minimum ionizing particles FNAL-LDRD-2017-027

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  • The aim is to develop over two years the technology that

achieves

– Time-tagging at σt=20-30 psec for single MIPs, – Construct "large system" detector demonstrator, comprised of around 30-50 individual readout channels

  • Next generations of detectors for hadron colliders will face

enormously challenging experimental conditions

– At HL-LHC: 140-200 overlapping interactions per bunch crossing – FCC or similar 100 TeV collider: up to 2,000 pileup interactions

  • Extreme density of charged particles severely degrades event

reconstruction: charged lepton eff., jets/MET resolution, etc..

LDRD Project description

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  • Beamspot width in time is several hundred ps (RMS = 200 ps)

– A detector with ~30 psec timing resolution could distinguish between interactions on the basis of timing

HL-LHC beam spread

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Event reconstruction at HL-LHC

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LHC bunch crossing 1 ns interval 78 pp collision

4 8/28/17

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Event reconstruction at HL-LHC

  • A. Apresyan | All Experimenters' Meeting

LHC bunch crossing 1 ns interval 78 pp collision

0.11ns

  • 0.11ns

0.14ns 0.5ns

  • 0.02ns
  • 0.8ns

LHC bunch crossing 1 ns interval 78 pp collision

5 8/28/17

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  • Muon charged isolation efficiency in Z → μμ and ttbar (fake)

events

  • Timing yields 10% improvement per muon

Muon reconstruction

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  • MIP timing detector: cover up to |η|<3.0 to time stamp charged particles in

the event: ~30 psec timing resolution

  • Timing detector in the endcap:

– High granularity detectors needed in the forward region due to particle density – Radiation tolerance up to ~2x1015 n/cm2 to survive 3,000 fb-1 – Time resolution of ~30 pse for single MIPs

  • Barrel timing detector with SiPM+LYSOs

Precision Timing Detectors

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  • Silicon sensor with specially doped thin region that

produces high electric fieldà produces avalanche providing signal 15-30 gain

– Large community: RD50 collaboration, several manufacturers (CNM, FBK, Hamamatsu)

  • Key Challenges our LDRD tries to tackle:

– Achieve radiation tolerance up to 2x1015 neq/cm2 at |η| = 3.0 for 3,000 fb−1 – Develop a process to produce large area, uniform gain, high production yield LGAD sensors.

Timing layer in the endcap

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  • Developed a readout board for the characterization of LGADs

– Final goal is to have tens of channels on one board: need to learn! – Similar boards developed previously by others for 1- or 2-channels – FNAL 4-ch board is cheaper, simpler, and is as good as the alternatives – FNAL board is now being used at UCSB, UCSC, KIT, CERN, and more are being prepared

FNAL Readout Board

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FNAL readout board: 4 pixel HPK sensor Hamamatsu 2x2 LGAD array3x3 mm2 pixels Designed by S. Los

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  • Collaborative effort with CMS & ATLAS institutes:
  • Caltech, FNAL, Univ. of Kansas, Univ. of Torino, UC Santa Cruz
  • Close collaboration with Hamamatsu, CNM, FBK
  • Characterization of newest LGAD sensors: irradiated & unirradiated
  • Fermilab and LDRD was critical for the success of this campaign: FTBF,

SiDet, support of technicians and engineers, readout board desing and production

  • Precision tracking detector available at FTBF: unparalleled precision
  • f measurements

Sensor R&D and testing

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  • We observe a flat 100% efficiency across the whole sensor area.
  • A clear drop in efficiency is observed in the transition region between the two

pixels

LGAD sensor uniformity

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11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Efficiency

0.8 0.9 1

LGAD Sensor: HPK 50D x-coordinate [mm]

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Efficiency

0.8 0.9 1

LGAD Sensor: CNM W9HG11

Transition from one pixel to the other

100% particle detection efficiency across the sensitive area

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  • Thanks to the pixel telescope in the FTBF, for the first time we can look into

the LGAD behavior between pixels

– We measure the no-response width to be around 110μm on the HPK sensor. And around 70 μm on CNM sensors.

LGAD interpixel ”no-response area”

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  • Very uniform gain distribution across sensor surface

– A flat response with a uniform signal size is observed over the whole sensor area

LGAD sensor uniformity

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10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

MIP MPV [V] 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

LGAD Sensor: HPK 50D x-coordinate [mm]

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MIP MPV [V] 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 LGAD Sensor: CNM W9HG11

Transition from one pixel to the other

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  • We observe a uniform time resolution around 40 ps across the whole surface

area for HPK, and around 55 ps for CNM sensors.

LGAD sensor uniformity

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Time Resolution [ps] 40 60

LGAD Sensor: HPK 50D x-coordinate [mm]

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Time Resolution [ps] 50 100 LGAD Sensor: CNM W9HG11

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  • Dependence of the sensors’ characteristics on the doping concentrations

were performed by comparing the 50 μm HPK sensors of different gain splits.

– Difference between doping concentrations of adjacent splits is about 4%

Comparison of HPK doping profiles

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11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Time resolution [ps] 30 40 50 60 70 80

HPK 50A-PIX

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Time resolution [ps] 30 40 50 60 70 80

HPK 50B-PIX

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Time resolution [ps] 30 40 50 60 70 80

HPK 50C-PIX

x-coordinate [mm]

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Time resolution [ps] 30 40 50 60

HPK 50D-PIX

We observe a uniform time resolution around 40 ps across the whole sensor area Some difference between adjacent sensors due to KU board having variations on between channels

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  • Irradiation causes gain layer to fade

– To preserve time resolution and gain, need to increase the operating bias voltage – Excellent uniformity of signal across the irradiated HPK sensor area

  • Time resolution slightly improves with the increase of the bias voltage, and

shows a uniform distribution across the sensor, around 30 ps

Irradiated HPK sensors performance

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16 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5

Time Resolution [ps] 20 40

LGAD Sensor: HPK 50D

Bias Voltage: 600V Bias Voltage: 635V

x-coordinate [mm]

13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5

Time Resolution [ps] 20 40 60

Bias Voltage: 400V Bias Voltage: 420V

LGAD Sensor: CNM W11LGA35

x-coordinate [mm]

13.4 13.6 13.8 14 14.2 14.4

y-coordinate [mm]

21 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22 22.2

Mean Amplitude [mV]

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

LGAD Sensor: HPK 50D

HPK 6 x 1014 n.eq/cm2 at 600V BV

High uniformity of signal over irradiated sensor area

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  • Two distinct regions can be identified on the sensor based on the

signal amplitude:

– Different behavior under the aluminum metallization, and the region in the center

  • The highest bias voltage reached is −420 V and the timing resolution is 30 ps

for the metallized part and 40 ps for the non-metallized area.

Irradiated CNM sensors performance

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17 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5

Time Resolution [ps] 20 40

LGAD Sensor: HPK 50D

Bias Voltage: 600V Bias Voltage: 635V

x-coordinate [mm]

13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5

Time Resolution [ps] 20 40 60

Bias Voltage: 400V Bias Voltage: 420V

LGAD Sensor: CNM W11LGA35

x-coordinate [mm]

15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16 16.2 16.4

y-coordinate [mm]

21.8 22 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23

Mean Amplitude [mV]

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

LGAD Sensor: CNM W11LGA35

HPK 6 x 1014 n.eq/cm2 at 600V BV

High uniformity of signal over irradiated sensor area

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  • Excellent start to the LDRD program

– Extremely successful test beam campaign, many first measurements – 1st paper on sensor performance is to be submitted by end of

  • August. 2nd paper on board performance to follow soon
  • Measurement presented (will be) at several conferences

– RD50 collaboration meeting, AWLC2017, Hiroshima symposium – Collaborations with various institutes established

  • We have contacted the manufacturers (CNM, HPK, FBK) to

proceed to the next stage of the R&D targeting larger sensor arrays

– Expect next batch of production within 6-8 months

Summary

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Backup

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  • ∼ 5x reduction in effective pileup in terms of charge multiplicity

Vertex reconstruction with timing

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LHC 140 PU 200 PU