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Jan 08, 2023 30 likes •283 views

Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM): a flexible platform for the development of high-end instrumentation Romualdo Santoro* and M. Caccia Universit dellInsubria, Como (Italy) Photons detectors: SiPM SiPM is a High density (up to 10 4 /mm 2 )

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SLIDE 1

Romualdo Santoro* and M. Caccia Università dell’Insubria, Como (Italy)

Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM): a flexible platform for the development of high-end instrumentation

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SLIDE 2

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

Photons detectors: SiPM

  • SiPM is a High density (up to 104/mm2 ) matrix of diodes with a common output, working in

Geiger-Müller regime

  • Common bias is applied to all cells (few % over breakdown voltage)
  • Each cell has its own quenching resistor (from 100kΩto several MΩ)
  • When a cell is fired an avalanche starts with a multiplicative factor of about 105-106
  • The output is a fast signal (trise~ ns; tfall ~ 50 ns) sum of signals produced by individual cells
  • SiPM works as an analog photon detector: signal proportional to the number of fired cell

SiPM: Basic principle

typical Signal

  • R. Santoro
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SLIDE 3
  • R. Santoro

PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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Different geometry

single chip (i.e. 1x1, 3x3 and 6x6

mm2 )

array: (i.e. linear or squared) with

common or separate output

Different Fill factor

Pixel size (from 10 to 100 µm) different technology (with/witout

trenches)

Wide range of products

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SLIDE 4
  • R. Santoro

PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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Different geometry

single chip (i.e. 1x1, 3x3 and 6x6

mm2 )

array: (i.e. linear or squared) with

common or separate output

Different Fill factor

Pixel size (from 10 to 100 µm) different technology (with/witout

trenches)

Long list of parameters to be

measured

QE, PDE Gain vs voltage and temperature DCR, After pulse and cross-talk time resolution …

Wide range of products

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SLIDE 5

Why a fast simulation could be of interest?

To reproduce the typical measurements done in the lab and to

better understand the results especially when:

you characterize new sensors you define new protocols

To investigate new applications trying to better identify the

sensor requirements By the way, it isn’t the real world! There are a series of assumptions and measurements to be done on SiPMs

  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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SLIDE 6

Simulation block diagram

1.

Light (poissonian statistics )

Simulation Parameters:

  • Event = 105
  • µ = 10 Photons

Photon number

  • 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Entries

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Photon generated

  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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SLIDE 7

Simulation block diagram

1.

Light (poissonian statistics )

2.

Detector characteristics: number of pixel, eff, Xtalk

Simulation Parameters:

  • number of cells = 3600
  • eff =38%
  • Xtalk=20%
  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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SLIDE 8

Simulation block diagram

1.

Light (poissonian statistics )

2.

Detector characteristics: number of pixel, eff, Xtalk

3.

Number of pixel Hit due to Phe and Xtalk

number oh Ph-Electrons

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Entries

100 101 102 103 104

Data Pure Poisson Guess Conv Distribution

χ2/dfe Poisson = 781.2 χ2/dfe Conv* = 1.7 Xtalk = 19% *Conv = S. Vinogradov et al. (NSS/MIC), 2009 IEEE This fit nicely but I could also try the N.Borel (Erlang) see Thomas Bretz talk at this conference

  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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SLIDE 9

Simulation block diagram

1.

Light (poissonian statistics )

2.

Detector characteristics: number of pixel, eff, Xtalk

3.

Number of pixel Hit due to Phe and Xtalk

4.

Signal characteristics: signal tau, noise and cell2cell variation

Simulation Parameters:

  • τsignal=60nSec
  • Cell2Cell Variation=0.1phe
  • SNR=10
  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

time (nSec)

200 400 600 800 1000

phe number

1 2 3

Ideal Signal

time (nSec)

200 400 600 800 1000

phe number

1 2 3

Signal + noise road and c2c variation

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SLIDE 10

Simulation block diagram

1.

Light (poissonian statistics )

2.

Detector characteristics: number of pixel, eff, Xtalk

3.

Number of pixel Hit due to Phe and Xtalk

4.

Signal characteristics: signal tau, noise and cell2cell variation

5.

DCR and AfterPuls + correlated xTalk

Simulation Parameters:

  • DCR=300 kHz
  • Xtalk=20%
  • AfterPulse (AP)=20%
  • τAP=80 (slow) and 15 (fast) @

50% ratio

  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

time (nSec)

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Phe number

  • 1.5
  • 1
  • 0.5

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Signal Integration window

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SLIDE 11

PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

gauss number

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 sig2 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

fitted curve

Simulation block diagram

1.

Light (poissonian statistics )

2.

Detector characteristics: number of pixel, eff, Xtalk

3.

Number of pixel Hit due to Phe and Xtalk

4.

Signal characteristics: signal tau, noise and cell2cell variation

5.

DCR and AfterPuls + correlated xTalk

6.

Analysis tool

Integrated Signal

  • 200

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Entries

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

fitted curve

number of Ph-electrons

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Entries

102 103 104

Data Pure Poisson Guess Conv Distribution

χ2/dfe Poisson = 1141.0 χ2/dfe Conv = 6.9 Xtalk = 19%

Example of Xtalk Measurement

  • R. Santoro

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SLIDE 12

PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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Simulation block diagram

1.

Light (poissonian statistics )

2.

Detector characteristics: number of pixel, eff, Xtalk

3.

Number of pixel Hit due to Phe and Xtalk

4.

Signal characteristics: signal tau, noise and cell2cell variation

5.

DCR + AfterPuls + correlated xTalk

6.

Analysis tool

Photon number

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Entries

50 100 150 200 250

Photon generated

mean generated photons

100 200 300 400 500 600

Integrated signal

×104 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

sensor with 100 cells sensor with 900 cells sensor with 3600 cells

Example of light saturation Measurement

  • R. Santoro
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SLIDE 13

SiPM for homeland security

Modular Detector System for Special Nuclear Material

  • MODES_SNM has been founded by the European

Commission within the Framework Program 7

  • The Main Goal is the development of a system

with detection capabilities of “difficult to detect radioactive sources and special nuclear materials”

  • Neutron detection with high γ rejection power
  • γ-rays spectrometry
  • Other requirements
  • Mobile system
  • Scalability and flexibility to match a specific

monitoring scenario

  • Remote control, to be used in covert operations

Two main Goals

  • The demonstrator: a fully integrated system based
  • n high pressure scintillating gas readout by PMT
  • Fast neutron (4He)
  • Thermal neutron (4He with Li converter)
  • Gamma (Xe)
  • The proof of principle of PMT replacement with

the innovative SiPM Available on the market:

http://www.arktis-detectors.com/ products/security-solutions/

Now prototyped by Arktis and shown at NSS/MIC 2014 at Seattle

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SLIDE 14

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

  • R. Santoro

MODES_SNM System overview

Modular system optimized for:

  • Fast neutron (4He)
  • Thermal neutron (4He with Li

converter)

  • Gamma (Xe)

With γ-ray spectroscopy capability

Modes used in the first-line scan at the Rotterdam seaport

  • R. Santoro et al. NSS/MIC (2014)
  • D. Cester et al. ANIMMA (2015)
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SLIDE 15

Baseline technology

  • The Arktis technologies is based on high

pressurized 4He for the neutrons detection

  • The main key features of 4He
  • Reasonably high cross section for n elastic scattering
  • Good scintillating properties
  • Two component decays, with τ at the ns and µs levels
  • Cheaper and easier to be procured wrt 3He
  • 4.4 cm diameter x 47 cm sensitive length
  • 180 bar 4He sealed system maintaining

gas purity

  • R. Chandra et al., 2012 JINST 7 C03035
  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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SLIDE 16

SiPM and the proof of principle

  • A short tube (19 cm) used for the proof of

principle

  • Filled with 4He at 140 bar, an integrated

wavelength shifter and two SiPMs mounted along the wall (by ARKTIS)

  • Two SIPMs read-out through the Hamamatsu

electronic board (C11206-0404FB)

  • 2-channels 3-stage amplification with leading

edge discrimination (SP5600A – CAEN)

  • Digitizer with a sampling rate of 250 Ms/s 12

bit digitization (V720 – CAEN)

  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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SLIDE 17

Counting measurements

Test performed measuring:

  • Background, n and γ counting rate using 252Cf and 60Co

source in contact Two triggering scheme:

  • Leading edge discrimination in coincidence
  • Leading edge and delayed gate of each single SiPM in

coincidence

  • Few parameters to be optimized:
  • Leading and trailing threshold
  • Delay time (ΔT)
  • Gate aperture

1st Trigger Scheme 2nd Trigger Scheme

typical γ event typical n event

  • R. Santoro

PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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SLIDE 18

SiPM counting measurements

An amazing result, corresponding to a γ rejection power at the 106 level [ 10 counts in 1000s, for a number of γ given by acceptance*activity*time = 1/3 * 3 * 104 * 103 ~ 107 ] Result for the different trigger scheme @ 28°C

  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

  • M. Caccia, R. Santoro et al. IEEE xplore,

doi=10.1109/ANIMMA.2013.6727974 (2013)

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SLIDE 19

SiPM VS PMT counting measurements

Trigger: leading edge discrimination in coincidence among the 2 channels

in the tube

Threshold set to have low bkg counting rate No γ-rejection algorithm Same strategy for both tubes

The counting rate was measured at different distances from the 252cf source

50 100 150 200 250 2 4 6 8 10 Distance (cm) Counting rate (Hz) pmt 200mV (meas bkg = 0.07 Hz) Sipm (meas bkg = 0.02 Hz)

Comparable performances in terms of detection efficiency and light collection

Setup with baby-tube

  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

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SLIDE 20

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

SiPM for beam profilometry @ CNAO

  • Protons (250MeV) and carbon ions (4.8 GeV) beam
  • Three treatments rooms

Measurement of the beam profile: wide dynamic range (≈ 4 order of magnitude)

Setup used for the proof of principle

  • Scintillating fiber (d=1mm)
  • SiPM (1x1mm2)
  • 1st stage amplification
  • Digitizer for signal integration
  • R. Santoro
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SLIDE 21

PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

Beam profile

Proton beam @ 117 MeV Intensity ≈ 2*108 / spill (1 sec long) duty cycle = 20%

Two methods investigated:

1.

Integration mode: asynchronous long (≈ ms) integration windows

  • R. Santoro

21 Raw-data sample

Proof of principle

μ ¡= ¡96.72 ¡ ¡σ ¡= ¡7.13 ¡

[mm]

σ and linearity are compatible with the

  • nes measured with the film technique
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SLIDE 22

PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

Beam profile

Proton beam @ 117 MeV Intensity ≈ 2*108 / spill (1 sec long) duty cycle = 20%

Not enough dinamic range!

x [mm] SNR

Result in SNR scale

  • R. Santoro

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Two methods investigated:

1.

Integration mode: asynchronous long (≈ ms) integration windows

Raw-data sample

Proof of principle

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SLIDE 23

PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

Beam profile

Proton beam @ 117 MeV Intensity ≈ 2*108 / spill (1 sec long) duty cycle = 20%

If were are not saturating we get more than 4 orders

  • f magnitude

Different ¡beam ¡energy ¡and ¡intensity! N ¡= ¡1262 ¡ μ= ¡98 ¡ ¡ σ= ¡13.1 ¡ ¡ ¡

  • R. Santoro

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Two methods investigated:

2.

Counting mode: Leading-edge discrimination, Threshold set to have DCR @ Hz level

Proof of principle

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SLIDE 24

PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk

Beam profile

Proton beam @ 117 MeV Intensity ≈ 2*108 / spill (1 sec long) duty cycle = 20%

Different ¡beam ¡energy ¡and ¡intensity! N ¡= ¡1262 ¡ μ= ¡98 ¡ ¡ σ= ¡13.1 ¡ ¡ ¡

  • R. Santoro

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Two methods investigated:

2.

Counting mode: Leading-edge discrimination, Threshold set to have DCR @ Hz level

Proof of principle

we are in this region: compatible with the fiber acceptance lab measurement performed with a random trigger

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SLIDE 25

Few personal considerations …

There is a growing interest for this new class of detector both in

scientific & industrial communities

A good requirements definition and a deep knowledge of the detector

characteristics could make the difference when exploring for new applications

Some times a simple and flexible setup plus a fast simulation may

help in identifying the way to go

  • R. Santoro

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PhotoDet 2015, July 6-9, Moscow, Troitsk