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A Method and Experimental Setup to Measure SiPM Saturation Sascha Krause, JGU Mainz & PRISMA Detector Lab & Saturation Correction in CALICE ScECAL Katsushige Kotera ICASiPM 14.06.2018 1 Outline SiPM saturation measurement setup (S.

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SLIDE 1

A Method and Experimental Setup to Measure SiPM Saturation

Sascha Krause, JGU Mainz & PRISMA Detector Lab

& Saturation Correction in CALICE ScECAL

Katsushige Kotera

ICASiPM

14.06.2018

1

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SLIDE 2

SiPM saturation measurement setup (S. Krause)

  • Introduction & definitions
  • SiPM response measurement procedure
  • SiPM response results

Saturation correction in CALICE ScECAL (K. Kotera)

  • ScECAL & calibration procedure
  • Saturation correction in CALICE
  • Advanced saturation model

Outline

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SMD SiPM on PCB Photo by Yong Liu, JGU Mainz

(Hamamatsu)

Proceedings paper in preparation: PM2018 – 14th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors (Q. Weitzel) arXiv:1510.01102v4

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SLIDE 3

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𝑂𝛿 = 8

100 pixel SiPM:

XT

Without saturation With crosstalk

𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 ≝ 𝑂𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 π‘šπ‘—π‘œπ‘“π‘π‘  = 5 (w/o saturation, w/ XT)

𝑢𝒕𝒇𝒇𝒆 = 4 (w/o saturation, w/o XT)

XT

With Saturation With crosstalk

𝑂𝛿 = 18

2X 2X XT XT

𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 = 10 (w/ saturation & w/ XT) XT XT

𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒 = 9 (w/o saturation, w/o XT)

πœ—π‘„πΈπΉ = 0.5 efficiency 𝜈𝐷 = 1.25 correlated noise (XT)

Introduction: SiPM Crosstalk, Saturation & 𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒

XT correction: 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 π‘šπ‘—π‘œπ‘“π‘π‘ /𝜈𝐷

Advanced function which handles saturation & XT

Nseed ≔ NΞ³ βˆ™ Ξ΅PDE

Calibration region Saturation region ← 25% Crosstalk

Comparable to L. Gruber et al, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.11.013

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SLIDE 4

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In calibration region: influenced by correlated noise (XT): 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 = 𝑂 𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 π‘šπ‘—π‘œπ‘“π‘π‘  = 𝑢𝒕𝒇𝒇𝒆 βˆ™ 𝝂𝑫

⟹ 𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒= 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 π‘šπ‘—π‘œπ‘“π‘π‘ /𝜈𝐷

In this way, 𝐽𝑠𝑓𝑔 can be calibrated to 𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒

Definitions

In saturation region: Number of pixels fired influenced by saturation AND correlated noise (XT): 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 = 𝑔 𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒

𝑂𝛿: 𝑂𝑣𝑛𝑐𝑓𝑠 𝑝𝑔 π‘—π‘œπ‘‘π‘—π‘’π‘“π‘œπ‘’ π‘žβ„Žπ‘π‘’π‘π‘œπ‘‘ πœπ‘„πΈπΉ: π‘„β„Žπ‘π‘’π‘π‘œ πΈπ‘“π‘’π‘“π‘‘π‘’π‘—π‘π‘œ πΉπ‘”π‘”π‘—π‘‘π‘—π‘“π‘œπ‘‘π‘§ 𝜈𝐷: π·π‘π‘ π‘ π‘“π‘šπ‘π‘’π‘“π‘’ π‘œπ‘π‘—π‘‘π‘“, π‘—π‘œ 𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑠 π‘’π‘“π‘”π‘—π‘œπ‘“π‘’ 𝑏𝑑: 𝜈𝐷 = 1 + 𝐹 π‘Œπ‘ˆ 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒: 𝑂𝑣𝑛𝑐𝑓𝑠 𝑝𝑔 π‘žπ‘—π‘¦π‘“π‘šπ‘‘ 𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 (π‘›π‘π‘—π‘œ π‘π‘π‘‘π‘“π‘ π‘€π‘π‘π‘šπ‘“)

𝑔: πΊπ‘£π‘œπ‘‘π‘’π‘—π‘π‘œ π‘’π‘“π‘‘π‘‘π‘ π‘—π‘π‘—π‘œπ‘• π‘‘π‘π‘’π‘£π‘ π‘π‘’π‘—π‘π‘œ & π‘‘π‘π‘ π‘ π‘“π‘šπ‘π‘’π‘“π‘’ π‘œπ‘π‘—π‘‘π‘“

Number of seeds 𝐎𝐭𝐟𝐟𝐞: Number of photons, which hit the sensitive area of the SiPM and could trigger an avalanche (including PDE) in case of linear behavior (no multi-hits on pixels). 𝑢𝒕𝒇𝒇𝒆 ≔ π‘ΆπœΉ βˆ™ πœ»π‘Έπ‘¬π‘­

= measure of the laser intensity

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SLIDE 5

Modeling SiPM Response Saturation

5 (1) (2) (1) (1) (3) (3)

Crosstalk Crosstalk After pulses Different 𝛽, 𝛾

SiPM response simulations (1) Simple exp. response function: 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒(𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒) = π‘‚π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š βˆ™ 1 βˆ’ π‘“π‘¦π‘ž βˆ’ 𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒 π‘‚π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š

(2) XT - extended response function: 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒 = π‘‚π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š βˆ™ 1βˆ’π‘Œ 1βˆ’πœ—π‘Œπ‘ˆβˆ™π‘Œ

with π‘Œ = π‘“π‘¦π‘ž βˆ’

𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒 π‘‚π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š

(3) Advanced response function: (K. Kotera, arXiv:1510.01102) NLO corrections: 6 parameters:

  • Ntotal,

fixed to total number of pixels

  • scale factor,

fixed to 1

  • 2x decay/recovery time variables, describe over saturation
  • Crosstalk- & Afterpulse prob.

include correlated noise

invertible! not invertible!

(P. Eckert et al, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/08/P08011)

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SLIDE 6

SiPM Response: Setup as part of the PRISMA DetectorLab Mainz

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Systematic Uncertainties:

  • Direct-Readout-Circuit linear within 1% over full measurement range.
  • PreAmp starts to saturate from ∼1V output, linear within 2% for lower signals.
  • Reference diode linear within 1% over full measurement range.
  • Impact of after pulses estimated ~1%.

Uniform light distribution:

  • Diffusor intensity profile uniform within 1.5%

Proceedings paper in preparation: PM2018 – 14th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors (Q. Weitzel)

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SLIDE 7
  • 0. Dedicated XT measurement:

Determine average number of correlated pixels fired, 𝜈𝐷 (Borel Model of correlated noise) (E. Schioppa, 2017, arXiv:1710.11410).

  • 1. Pedestal correction:

QDC Spectrum with applied bias voltage without laser beam.

  • 2. Gain measurement:

Difference between adjacent peaks. In case of 1600 pixel SiPM: use Preamp and Direct Box.

  • 3. QDC High- to Low-Range conversion:

The QDC has two different amplification modes. Measure and apply conversion factor.

SiPM Response: Procedure for latest SiPM (2668 pixels)

7

  • 5. Plot QDC mean values vs. laser intensity:
  • 4. Estimate light intensity with calibrated diode:
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SLIDE 8

SiPM Response: Procedure for latest SiPM (2668 pixels)

8

  • 6. Estimate and plot Nfired vs laser tune:

𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 = (π‘…πΈπ·π‘›π‘“π‘π‘œ βˆ’ π‘žπ‘“π‘’π‘“π‘‘π‘’π‘π‘š)/π‘•π‘π‘—π‘œ

  • 7. Plot #pixels vs reference current.
  • 8. Apply linear fit to first measurement points, where

linear behavior is still expected: Determine number of β€œSeeds”, Nseed! In calibration region: Definition of 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 π‘šπ‘—π‘œπ‘“π‘π‘ :

𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 π‘šπ‘—π‘œπ‘“π‘π‘  𝑗 = π‘ž0 + π‘ž1 βˆ™ 𝐽𝑠𝑓𝑔 𝑗

Definition of 𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒: 𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒(𝑗) = 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒 π‘šπ‘—π‘œπ‘“π‘π‘ (𝑗)/𝝂𝑫

⟹ convert reference current to number of seeds taking into account the correlation factor. 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒

𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒

Iref

remember introduction:

Iref

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SLIDE 9

Results

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2668 pixels | OV: +4.34V Fit Advanced: π‘‚π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š = fixed πœ— = 1.0 because of 𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒 𝐡𝑄 assumed to be 0

Proceedings paper in preparation: PM2018 – 14th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors (Q. Weitzel)

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SLIDE 10

Results

10

400 pixels |OV: +2.5V

Over saturation Crosstalk

Proceedings paper in preparation: PM2018 – 14th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors (Q. Weitzel)

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SLIDE 11

Combined SiPM Response Results

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relative scale

𝑂𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑒 𝑂

𝑔𝑗𝑠𝑓𝑒/π‘‚π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š

Proceedings paper in preparation: PM2018 – 14th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors (Q. Weitzel)

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SLIDE 12

For 4 different SiPM types: Crosstalk measurement performed: 𝜈𝐷 (range between 1.01 ÷ 1.89) Response measurement: Method taking into account the influence of crosstalk in the calibration. 100px and 400px SiPM:

  • Crosstalk has a large influence on the response behavior.
  • For high light intensities, an over saturation has been observed (best handled by Advanced function)

1600 and 2668 pixel SiPM:

  • Influence of crosstalk:
  • 2668px: negligible
  • 1600px: lower, but still measurable influence.
  • No hint for over saturation in the measured range.

Next steps in regards to applications in calorimeters:

  • Setup measuring the combination: scintillator + SiPM

Conclusion so far

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SLIDE 13
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SLIDE 14
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SLIDE 15
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SLIDE 16
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SLIDE 17
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SLIDE 18

SiPM saturation measurement setup (S. Krause) Crosstalk measurement performed: 𝜈𝐷 (range between 1.01 ÷ 1.89) Response measurement: Method taking into account the influence of crosstalk in the calibration. 100px and 400px SiPM:

  • Crosstalk has a large influence on the response behavior.
  • For high light intensities, an over saturation has been observed (best handled by Advanced function)

1600 and 2668 pixel SiPM:

  • Influence of crosstalk:
  • 2668px: negligible
  • 1600px: lower, but still measurable influence.
  • No hint for over saturation in the measured range.

Saturation correction in CALICE ScECAL (K. Kotera)

  • CALICE ScECAL using scintillator tiles wrapped with reflective foil read out by SiPM.
  • Calibration procedure correcting for the saturation of SiPM.
  • Saturation Correction:
  • Naive model with effective number of total pixels π‘‚π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š

𝑓𝑔𝑔 (to handle pixel recovery).

  • Advanced model, fixing π‘‚π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š, adding recovery, approx. charge contribution, XT and AP.

Thank you for your attention!

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SLIDE 19

Questions? ☺

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SLIDE 20

Results

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1600 pixels | OV: +3.31V

Crosstalk

Ξ² = 0 for all cases without

  • versaturation.

Proceedings paper in preparation: PM2018 – 14th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors (Q. Weitzel)

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SLIDE 21

Results

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100 pixels | OV: +1.71V

Crosstalk

Ξ² > 0 for all cases with

  • versaturation.

Over saturation

Proceedings paper in preparation: PM2018 – 14th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors (Q. Weitzel)

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SLIDE 22

SiPM crosstalk (XT) measurement

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Same SiPM operating conditions as during response measurements.

Scope: low XT! Low amount of after pulses for each SiPM!

  • > neglected.

trenches

XT Setup:

DCR:

1600 pixels 2668 pixels

0.5 p.e. 1.5 p.e. 2.5 p.e. 0.5 p.e. 1.5 p.e.

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SLIDE 23

Crosstalk measurement: Average number of correlated pixels fired 𝜈𝐷

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To estimate the average number of correlated pixels fired, the Borel Model of correlated noise is used as described in detail in arXiv:1710.11410v1 With: 𝑂0 = total number of events 𝑂1 = all events with exactly one pixel fired (no XT) 𝑂2 = events with exactly 1 XT (2 pixels fired in total) Borel Model: Equation to be solved: 𝜊 π‘“βˆ’πœŠ βˆ’ 1 =

𝑂2 𝑂1 + log 𝑂1 𝑂0

Expected value: 𝜈 =

1 1βˆ’πœŠ

arXiv:1710.11410v1

DCR P(>=1 XT) 𝜈𝐷

= Response measurement at these over voltages

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SLIDE 24

Gain Estimation with PreAmp | Conversion factor: PreAmp -> DirectBox

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Plot QDC values vs. diode current Apply linear fits:

Conversion Factor: With this factor, the gain value can be estimated: gain_PreAmp = 33.61

  • > gain_Direct = 2,457 +-0,015

Gain Measurement with PreAmp:

𝛽 = 𝑔

𝐸

𝑔

𝑄

= 𝑏𝐸 𝑏𝑄 = 0.073120 Β± 0,000201 π‘•π‘π‘—π‘œπΈ = 𝛽 βˆ™ π‘•π‘π‘—π‘œπ‘„

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SLIDE 25

Engineered Diffuser Scan

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The uniformity of the Engineered Diffuser was tested in a separate

  • measurement. It converts a

gaussian beam profile in a so- called top-hat profile with uniform intensity. Measured with 1600pix SiPM with 1x1mmΒ² active surface. The red area indicates a very uniform illumination of the SiPM. The green halo corresponds to the cases, where only parts of the SiPM are hit.

*Position used during saturation measurement.

*

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SLIDE 26

Direct Box Circuit & After Pulse Prob.

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After pulse probability of HAMAMATSU MPPC S1336x series, kindly provided by HAMAMATSU

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SLIDE 27
  • PiLas Picosecond Laser (A.L.S. GmbH), 60ps FWHM, Ξ» = 467nm
  • 2x2 Fiber Optic Coupler (Thorlabs), splitting ratio 99:1, center wavelength 488 Β± 15nm
  • Engineered diffuser ED1-S20-MD (Thorlabs), 20Β°
  • Ground glass diuser DG10-220 (Thorlabs)
  • Movable stage (M-403.2DG) 50 mm travel range, 0.2ΞΌm minimum incremental motion, resolution 0.018ΞΌm
  • Fast wideband amplifier (A1423B), 1.5 GHz bandwidth, tunable gain [+18,+54]dB
  • 8 channel dual range multievent QDC, CAEN V965A, 12 bit
  • Reference Diode FDS1010-CAL, (Thorlabs)
  • Picoamperemeter (Model 6485, Keithley)
  • Power supply EA-PSI 6150
  • Function generator (33500B former Agilent, now Keysight Technologies)

Components

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SLIDE 28

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