Sector- -Based Workshop Based Workshop Sector Business and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Sector- -Based Workshop Based Workshop Sector Business and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Sector- -Based Workshop Based Workshop Sector Business and Industry Business and Industry Business and Industry Bob Fletcher Bob Fletcher Whitney Leeman Leeman Whitney California Air Resources Board California Air Resources Board

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Business and Industry Business and Industry Business and Industry

Bob Fletcher Bob Fletcher Whitney Whitney Leeman Leeman California Air Resources Board California Air Resources Board

December 14, 2007 December 14, 2007

Sector Sector-

  • Based Workshop

Based Workshop

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Overview Overview

Categories Within Business and Industry Sector

  • Cement
  • Oil and Gas Systems
  • Refineries
  • Waste
  • Semiconductor Industry
  • High-GWP
  • Other
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Overview Overview

  • Emissions Within Sector
  • Sector Profile
  • Current Regulatory Status
  • Potential Reduction Strategies
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Business and Industry Emissions Business and Industry Emissions

1990 Inventory by Subsector [119 MMTCO2E total] Refineries 28% Waste, 8% Other, 45% Oil & Gas Systems, 12% Cement, 7% Semiconductor <0.5% High-GWP <0.1%

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Business and Industry Emissions Business and Industry Emissions

2004 Inventory by Subsector [125 MMTCO2E total] Refineries 28% Waste, 8% Other, 32% Oil & Gas Systems, 12% Cement, 8% Semiconductor 1% High-GWP 11%

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Business and Industry Emissions Business and Industry Emissions

2020 Projections by Subsector [165 MMTCO2E total] Refineries 22% Waste, 7% Other, 29% Oil & Gas Systems, 8% Cement, 6% Semiconductor 1% High-GWP 27%

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Overall Sector Profile Overall Sector Profile

  • Cement

– 11 facilities – Employs approximately 2,300 people – Various locations in CA

  • Oil and Gas Systems

– 50,000 oil and 1,000 gas wells – Employs approximately 7,000 people – Mostly located in Central Valley and Southern California, including off-shore drillings

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Overall Sector Profile Overall Sector Profile

  • Refineries

– 21 facilities – Employs over 17,000 people – Located mostly in SF Bay Area and LA Area

  • Waste (Landfills, Waste Water, and Composting)

– 367 Municipal Solid Waste landfills – Approximately 300 composting facilities statewide – Employs approximately 40,000 people – Operating in most counties – Generated 85 million tons / Land-filled 42 million tons/ Diverted 43 million tons (2005)

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Overall Sector Profile Overall Sector Profile

  • Semiconductor Industry

– Numerous facilities – Located throughout CA – Employs approximately 9,000 people

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Existing Controls Existing Controls

  • Cement

– No explicit controls for greenhouse gases – Baghouses and electrostatic precipitators to control particulate matter emissions – Cogeneration unit at one facility regulated by a district regulation – ARB staff coordinating development of Early Action Measures and Scoping Plan Measures

  • Oil and Gas Systems

– District rules reduce criteria pollutants and methane emissions

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Existing Controls Existing Controls

  • Refineries

– Air district rules reduce criteria pollutants, methane emissions reduced as a co-benefit

  • Fugitive emission rules
  • Storage tank rules
  • Cogeneration unit at facilities regulated by district

permits

  • Increased energy efficiency--co-benefit of

regulatory requirements

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Existing Controls Existing Controls

  • Waste

– Methane emission controls for safety and water quality (CCR Title 27) – Landfills

  • Federal New Source Performance Standards/Emission

Guidelines and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

  • Local Air District Rules

– Composting

  • Composting in SCAQMD and SJV requires enclosures or
  • ther mitigation measures for VOC and PM
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Existing Controls Existing Controls

  • Semiconductor Industry

– South Coast, Antelope Valley, Bay Area, Placer and Ventura County Districts limit VOCs – National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants – Memorandum of Understanding between U.S. EPA and over 20 national companies

  • Reduce PFC emissions to 10% below 1995 level by

2010

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Potential Controls:

Early Action Concepts

Potential Controls:

Early Action Concepts

  • Cement

– Blended Cements: Limestone and supplementary

cementitious materials (SCMs)—to be developed in collaboration with CalTrans and other affected parties

  • Blending with limestone
  • Blending with SCMs – fly ash, slag, and pozzolan

– Alternative fuels and improved energy efficiency

  • Require preheater/precalciner heat recovery system
  • Raw material preparation
  • Clinker production
  • Emission reduction potentials and cost impacts - to be

determined

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Potential Controls:

Early Action Concepts

Potential Controls:

Early Action Concepts

  • Oil and Gas Systems

– Reduce fugitive methane emissions

  • Install cost-effective technologies
  • Improve management practices

– Emission reduction potential of 1.0 MMTCO2E – Scheduled for adoption in 2010

  • Refineries

– No Early Actions

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Potential Controls:

Early Action Concepts

Potential Controls:

Early Action Concepts

  • Waste

– Landfill Methane Capture (Discrete Early Action Measure)

  • Original proposal from CIWMB – would require adoption

by ARB

  • Requires controls at uncontrolled landfills
  • Surface monitoring standards
  • Gas collection and control system standards
  • Monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements

– Composting (Early Action Measure)

  • Requirements for enclosures and other mitigation

measures may increase GHG emissions

  • VOC/PM mitigation measures may limit ability to process

greenwaste

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Potential Controls:

Early Action Concepts

Potential Controls:

Early Action Concepts

  • Semiconductor Industry

– Reduce PFC emissions – Emissions reduction potential of 0.5 MMTCO2E – Scheduled for adoption in 2008

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Potential Emission Reduction Measures Potential Emission Reduction Measures

  • Cement

– Analysis of control strategies beyond those for Early Action measures pending

  • Oil and Gas Systems

– CO2 reductions associated with combustion activities

  • Consider energy efficiency measures
  • Evaluate potential for recycling of waste gases
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Potential Emission Reduction Measures Potential Emission Reduction Measures

  • Refineries

– “Bottom-up” approach: Refinery specific evaluation

  • Permit reviewing (Cooperating w/ the Districts, CEC, and

U.S. EPA)

  • Working to identify the major emission sources
  • Evaluating fuel production and consumption, electricity and

steam usage

  • Evaluating process efficiencies within each facility

– “Top-down” approach: Reviewing refinery modeling for GHG

  • Evaluating modeling work being performed by the oil industry
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Potential Emission Reduction Measures Potential Emission Reduction Measures

  • Waste

– Composting

  • Net reduction in GHG emissions if greenwaste is composted and

applied as a soil amendment vs. landfill

– Commercial recycling programs

  • Requires commercial sector to increase collection of recyclable

materials

– Waste technology demonstration, assessment, and development

  • Demonstrate viability of commercial scale waste technologies

currently used in Europe (including waste conversion and biogas-to- fuel technologies)

– Expand awareness of AB 1969

  • AB 1969 requires purchase specified amounts of renewable energy
  • CPUC/CIWMB funding to expand awareness to qualifying landfill

gas facilities

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Potential Emission Reduction Measures Potential Emission Reduction Measures

  • Semiconductor Industry

– Process Optimization

  • Reduces the amount of PFCs used

– Alternative Chemistries

  • Substitute gases for hexafluoroethane (C2F6) in the chamber

cleaning process

– Emissions Abatement

  • Commercially available technologies
  • Performance of abatement systems varies

– Recovery/Recycling

  • More costly or require more maintenance than other

measures

  • Recovered compounds contain more impurities than virgin

chemicals

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Summary Summary

  • Maximum feasible and cost effective technologies

to be analyzed

  • Strategy dependent upon industry

– Increases in energy efficiency – Process modification – Product reformulation – New technologies

  • These industries will also be evaluated for

possible inclusion in a cap and trade system

  • Some industries could become sources for offsets
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High-Global Warming Potential Sources High High-

  • Global Warming

Global Warming Potential Sources Potential Sources

Whitney Leeman Whitney Leeman California Air Resources Board California Air Resources Board

December 14, 2007 December 14, 2007

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Overview Overview

  • What Are High-Global Warming Potential

(GWP) Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)?

– HFCs, PFCs, SF6

  • Kyoto Protocol Gases

– Emissions Control Varies by Country, Market System (Clean Development Mechanism, Voluntary Carbon Market)

– Class I and II Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs): CFCs, HCFCs, Halons, et al.

  • Montreal Protocol Gases

– New Production, Imports, Exports Controlled; Emissions Not Controlled

– Other High-GWP GHGs

  • NF3, HFEs, PFPEs
  • Controlled Neither by Montreal Nor Kyoto Protocols
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Overview Overview

  • How are High-GWP GHGs Accounted for

under AB 32?

– Kyoto Gases are Directly Included in 1990 Baseline and 2020 Target – Several non-Kyoto gases with climate impact are not in baseline but are being evaluated for mitigation

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Overview Overview

  • High-GWP GHG “Sector” End-Use

Categories

– Mobile Sources

  • Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning (MVAC) Systems

– Stationary Sources

  • Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC), Foams, Fire

Extinguishing, Solvent Cleaning, Industrial Applications, Electrical Transmission

– Consumer Products

  • Propellants
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California Emission Inventory (EI) Approaches California Emission Inventory (EI) Approaches

  • USEPA Vintaging Model (VM) Estimates

– VM Between IPCC Tier 2 and Tier 3 Inventory Development Approaches; VM is a Bottom-Up Model, but is Also Compared with Top Down Data – National Estimates Distributed from US to CA Based on Population Fraction

  • Verification Based on Ambient Monitoring

– Mt. Wilson Study, NOAA, MLD Network, Walnut Grove Study, AGAGE Network, Mobile Monitoring

  • California-Specific Inventory Development

– Numerous Inventory Studies and Surveys Underway for Stationary, Mobile, and Consumer Product High-GWP GHG Sources

  • SCAQMD Rule 1415: ODS Leak Rate Data

– Leak Rates for Large, Stationary RAC Systems Available from SCAQMD Rule 1415 Data

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CA High-GWP GHG Emissions CA High CA High-

  • GWP GHG Emissions

GWP GHG Emissions

60 MMT CO2E 43 MMT CO2E 3.5* MMT CO2E 14 MMT CO2E 12 MMT CO2E 18 MMT CO2E 44 MMT CO2E 228 MMT CO2E 600 MMT CO2E 480 MMT CO2E 427 MMT CO2E

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 1990 2004 2020 2030 MMT CO2E

CA High-GWP Emissions, Kyoto CA High-GWP Emissions, Non-Kyoto Total CA Kyoto Gas Emissions

*Note: 3.5 MMT CO2E in 1990 represents all Kyoto gases, mostly SF6

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Major CA High-GWP GHG Emissions Sources Major CA High Major CA High-

  • GWP GHG

GWP GHG Emissions Sources Emissions Sources

  • Largest Sources Known From USEPA,

IPCC/TEAP

ODSs

Domestic Refridgeration Commercial & Transport Refrigeration Industrial Process Refrigeration/Cold Storage Mobile Air Conditioning Large Commercial AC (chillers) Small Commercial AC Residential AC Fire Extinguishing Foams

2006 Emissions (MMT CO2E)

HFCs

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CA High-GWP GHG Banks CA High CA High-

  • GWP GHG Banks

GWP GHG Banks

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1990 2004 2020 2030 MMTCO2E

Total CA High-GWP Banks, Non-Kyoto Annual CA Kyoto Gas Emissions

Note: Bank Estimates Exceed Total CO2E Estimates in 2004

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Major CA High-GWP GHG Bank Sources Major CA High Major CA High-

  • GWP GHG

GWP GHG Bank Sources Bank Sources

ODSs

Domestic Refrigeration Commercial & Transport Refrigeration Industrial Process Refrigeration/Cold Strorage Mobile Air Conditioning Large Commercial AC (Chillers) Small Commercial AC Residential AC Fire Extinguishing Foams

HFCs

  • Largest Sources Known From USEPA,

IPCC/TEAP

2006 Banks (MMT CO2E)

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Existing Controls Existing Controls

  • Existing Controls

– HFCs Subject to “No Venting” Only

  • AB 1493 Will Reduce HFC-134a Emissions from MVACs

– ODSs Have Some Sales, Record-Keeping, Technician/Handler, and Emissions Restrictions

  • Section 608 and 609 of CAAA and SCAQMD Rule 1415

– ARB Regulates ODP of Consumer Products

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Emission Reduction Approaches Emission Reduction Approaches

  • Existing Systems: Emissions and Bank

Management

– Extend Sections 608 – 609 of CAAA and Rule 1415 to All High-GWP GHGs – New EOL Rules and Enforcement of Existing Rules – Capture/Recycling/Destruction Where Applicable – Voluntary or Mandatory ODS Destruction

  • Existing and New Systems

– Deposit and Return

  • Increased Leak Repair and Equipment Turnover, EOL

Stewardship

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Emission Reduction Approaches Emission Reduction Approaches

  • New Production: High-GWP GHGs and

Equipment

– Improved Containment – Lower-GWP Substitutes – NIK Technologies/Lower Charge Systems – Improved Energy Efficiency (LCCP Considerations) – Deposit and Return

  • EOL Stewardship
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Board-Approved Related Early Actions Board-Approved Related Early Actions

EA ID SECTOR STRATEGY NAME 2020 Reduction, MMTCO2E 2020 Cost Estimates, MTCO2E 12 Consumer Products Reduction of high GWP GHGs used in consumer products 0.25 $4-$5/MTCO2E 16 Mobile Reduction of HFC-134a from DIY MVAC servicing 1 TBD 23 Stationary SF6 reductions from the non-electric sector 0.1 TBD 28 Mobile Ban of HFC release from MVAC service / dismantling 0.1 TBD 30 Mobile Add AC leak tightness test and repair to Smog Check 0.45 TBD 32 Stationary Specifications for commercial refrigeration 4.7 $10-$20/MTCO2E 34 Mobile Requirement of low-GWP GHGs for new MVACs 2.5 TBD 36 Stationary Reduction of SF6 in electricity generation TBD TBD 37 Stationary High GWP refrigerant tracking, reporting, and recovery program 1.25 - 12+ TBD 38 Stationary Foam recovery/destruction program 0.9 - ? $6.5/TCO2E for automated; $48/MTCO2E for manual 39 Stationary Alternative suppressants in fire protection systems 0.1 $40/MTCO2E

Totals 11 - 23+ $4 - $48

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Activities Underway Activities Underway

  • Continuing to Move Forward with Analyses,

Working with Stakeholder Groups (2/08 Workshop)

  • Research Projects Underway

– MVAC Indirect, Direct, and EOL Emissions Studies – Inventory Development

  • All End-Use Categories (non-1493 MVACs, RAC, Foam,

Solvent, Propellant, Electrical Transmission, and Fire Extinguishing/Chemical Stockpile Inventories)

– LCA of High-GWP GHG Destruction

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Summary Summary

  • High-GWP GHG “Sector” Contains a Diverse

Array of Chemicals and End-Use Categories

  • Control Strategies Include High-GWP GHG

Emission and Bank Management (Especially HFCs and ODSs)

  • Good Potential for Cost-Effective Emission

Reductions

  • Potential to Include as Source of Offsets will

be evaluated

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Contact Information Contact Information

Waste: Richard Boyd, Manager Process Evaluation Section 916-322-8285 rboyd@arb.ca.gov Cement: Todd Wong, Manager Technical Assessment Section 916-324-8031 twong@arb.ca.gov

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Contact Information Contact Information

Oil and Gas Systems: Terrel Ferreira, Manager Greenhouse Gas Measures Section 916-445-3526 tferreir@arb.ca.gov Semiconductor Industry: Terrel Ferreira, Manager Greenhouse Gas Measures Section 916-445-3526 tferreir@arb.ca.gov

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Contact Information Contact Information

Refineries: John Courtis, Manager Alternative Fuels Section 916-323-2661 jcourtis@arb.ca.gov High GWP: Whitney Leeman 916-327-9480 wleeman@arb.ca.gov