Sample Preparation in the Laboratory FRITSCH GMBH Milling & - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Sample Preparation in the Laboratory

FRITSCH GMBH Milling & Sizing Dagmar Klein Sales Manager

• Industriestr. 8

55743 Idar-Oberstein

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Agenda

Presentation of the company Sampling & sample division Premium line a new reference class Sample preparation Task Physics of comminution Comminution instruments

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Application-oriented laboratory instruments from the world market leader

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Your partner with over 85 years of experience

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION AND PARTICLE SIZING – Products and brand name – Instruments from FRITSCH are known around the world under the brand names PULVERISETTE ANALYSETTE LABORETTE Instruments for comminution Instruments for particle sizing Instruments for dividing and feeding

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Sampling and sample division The full initial quantity of a substance to be analysed, for instance to determine its chemical composition, is generally significantly larger than the quantity that can be analysed. This makes sampling, sample division and preparation of the sample necessary. The result of an analytical process can only supply meaningful information if the analysed sample is representative of the material investigated. Initial quantity → desired → Q(x) ↓ Sampling (laboratory sample) ↑ ? ↓ Sample division → analysis → Q*(x) Systematic, random and statistical errors can lead to deviations between Q(x) and Q*(x).

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Errors in sample preparation

Contamination Material loss (recovery) and demixing Changes to the compositions (decay) & and the matrix through thermal and physical forces

Active ingredient analysis in the pharmaceutical industry Quality parameters of polymers (colour, moisture, cluster destruction) SiC preparation (decay)

Samples – surface

e.g. X-ray analysis (mineralogical effect - particle size effect) Rheology of polymer powders such as pourability

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Theoretical aspects of sample preparation The core problem of sampling and sample preparation is the inhomogeneity of the samples Extremely pronounced in solid materials, but flowing gases and liquids are also inhomogeneous. Additional inhomogeneity is possible over time (e.g. demixing during sample preparation)

The max. achievable homogeneity during sample preparation is uniform, random mixing - true mixed state !!!!!!

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Factors influencing inhomogeneity and demixing

Inhomogeneity in solids due to physical parameters, such as:

Particle size distributions Particle shape Density Attractive forces

Inhomogeneity in fluids caused by:

Density Recrystalisation Fluid bridges Attractive forces (Van der Waal's force, etc.)

Generally applicable !!!!! The more inhomogeneous a sample, the larger the sample quantities that must be prepared through:

• 1. Grinding
• 2. Wet chemical dissolving processes
• 3. Break-up (e.g. microwave)

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Conditions for the sampling and preparation Sampling

Site, location, position of the sampling Size, quantity, volume, number of samples Time, duration, frequency of the sampling Homogeneity of the sample Contamination of the sample Requirements on sample storage and transport

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Additional perspectives on sample preparation

Protection against toxicity Ignitability, flammability, burning behaviour and caloric value Reaction with air and humidity Gas formation, outgassing, vapours Heavy metal contents

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Sample division possibilities

Systematic errors A risk of demixing exists during sampling, sample division and preparation Remedy during sampling:

Multiple partial quantities are removed at statistically distributed points and mixed.

Remedy during sample division:

• 1. Coning and quartering
• 2. Sample splitters: halves the sample
• 3. Rotary sample splitter: 1:8; 1:10; 1 :30

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Rotary Cone Sample Divider „laborette 27“

Representative division of dry solids or suspensions Dividing heads with ratios 1:8, 1:10 and 1:30 Representative division of randomly segregated samples

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Main Advantage of Rotary Cone Sample Divider

Rotation of Cone: spreading sample over 360° splitting sample into very small volume elements feeding sample simultaneously to the sample containers

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Sample division and its importance

Rotary cone sample divider Without sample division Representative division Ratios 1:8, 1:10 and 1:30 With sample division

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Definition 1

Particle size Crushing > 5 mm Grinding < 5 mm Fine grinding < 100 µm Micro-fine grinding < 10 µm Ultra-fine grinding < 1 µm

Definition 2

Fineness - Definition

Analytical fineness: < 63 µm

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Sample comminution

Coarse from 100-300 mm to 0-30/50 mm For hard minerals: Cone, jaw or single impeller crusher For medium-hard and soft minerals: Roller, impact and hammer crushers Medium from 30-50 mm to 5-8 mm For hard minerals: Fine cone, jaw and single impeller crusher For medium-hard and soft minerals: Roller mills and fine impact or hammer crushers Fine from 5-8 mm to 1 mm and smaller For minerals with various hardness levels: Vibrating mills, ball mills, rod mills

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Criteria for selection of a laboratory mill 1

Material Physical and chemical properties Starting parameters Quantity Particle size Representative quantity? End parameters Particle size Size range

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Criteria for selection of a laboratory mill 2

Abrasion What abrasion must be avoided What abrasion is allowed Number of samples Grinding time

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Criteria for selection of a laboratory mill 3

Additional usage options Wet grinding possible? Cryogenic grinding required? E.g. plastics Grinding under inert gas required? Cleaning Sample carry-over Duration

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Criteria for selection of a laboratory mill 4

Costs Instrument costs Accessories Personnel costs Operating costs

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Material properties / Mohs hardness

Hard Medium-hard Soft

Mohs hard- ness Material 1 Talcum, graphite, kaolin 1.5 Soda, clay, diatom earth 2 Gypsum, bitumen, kaolin, sulphur, rock salt, bicarbonate 2.5 Silver 3 Calcite, anthracite 3.5 Dolomite, copper ore 4 Fluorite, zinc blende 4.5 Siderite, magnesite 5 Apatite 5.5 6 Feldspar, iron 6.5 Pyrite, iron ore 7 Quartz 8 Topaz 9 Corundum 9.5 Silicon carbide 10 Diamond

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Important term definitions

Ductility (Latin from ducere (to pull, lead, guide)) The property of a material to deform plastically under overloading before breaking e.g. precious metals (gold,platin) Toughness, tenacity Describes the resistance of a material against the spreading of tears or

• breaking. This takes place through energy absorption via plastic deformation.

e.g. most ferroy alloys (ferro manganese, ferro vanadium etc.) Brittleness The opposite of toughness. Examples of brittle materials are glass, ceramics and some plastics. These materials have only limited ability to plastically deform and can therefore absorb significantly less energy than tough materials before they break. e.g. minerals (quartz, basalt) or coal, inorganic salts, feed pellets, Fracture toughness or tear toughness!!!!!!! A term from fracture mechanics that describes the resistance of a material to developing tear growth

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Material properties

– Facture toughness at room temperature –

Ceramics Metals Polymers Composite materials

GFRP Wood Reinforced concrete Polyethylene PMMA Polyester Epoxy Steels Al alloys Pb, Ag, Cu Al2O3 SiC Window glass Concrete

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Material properties

– Effects and selection for the comminution principle –

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

What principle is appropriate for comminution? – What to which? –

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Comminution principles according to Rumpf F = Force, v = Speed

Pressure Friction Impact Collision, pounding Cutting Shearing

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Suitability for comminution

Material property Pressure Impact Friction Colliding Shearing Cutting

Hard and abrasive ++ ++

• ++
• Hard and brittle

++ ++

• ++
• Hard and solid

++ ++

• Medium-hard

++ ++

• ++

+

• Soft and elastic
• ++
• ++

++ Soft and brittle ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + Soft and solid ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ Fibrous +

• ++

++ ++ ++ Temp.-sensitive.

• +
• +

++ ++ Plastic +

• ++
• ++

++

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Degree of selectibility influencing the comminution

Material selection of the grinding set, e.g. tungsten carbide, ZrO2, agate, etc. Ball size: e.g. 30 mm – 0.5 mm Rotation speed Grinding time Grinding aids: e.g. triethanolamine, glycerin, silica gel

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Degree of selectibility influencing the comminution

• 2. Surface characteristics / roughness

Silicon nitride Aluminium oxide Zirconium oxide

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Degree of selectibility influencing the comminution

• 3. Reference analyses of sample grinding materials

Chemical composition of agate

Element Portion Silicon oxide – SiO2 99.9 % Aluminium – Al2O3 < 0.02 Iron oxide – Fe2O3 < 0.02 Calcium oxide – CaO < 0.02 Magnesium – MgO < 0.02

Chemical composition of zirconium oxide

Element Portion Zirconium oxide – Zr02 96.4 % MgO 3.2 Other 0.4

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Nano particles "What do we actually mean by this?"

Improved catalytic properties with hot surfaces Immense boundary surfaces in plastics and paints Photocatalytic properties

And what are the benefits?

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

"Frequently a problem"

Powder Agglomerate Nano particles Molecules Top-down Bottom-up Oligomers

Sol-gel, precipitation techniques; microemulsion, gas phase processes

Agglomeration !!!!!

Milling

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION – The goal determines the method –

Goal of the sample preparation Production of representative samples for the next step Avoiding of contamination Staged process of milling, dividing, milling, dividing with ? How finely ground must the material be in order to have a representative sample? How fine is it even possible to make the material? How fine is sufficient for weighing of ? g or ? mg How do we determine the particle size?

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Enough theory – let's put it into practice

SAMPLE PREPARATION

Construction waste – an almost impossible task

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Sample preparation application example

• Hard, brittle materials - (concrete)

The standard for pre-crushing Jaw Crusher Larger sample quantities should be used for an averaged sample, and the first stage can only be accomplished with a hammer or Jaw Crusher

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– We produce a fine dust –

The first stage is completed. Do we need "analytical fineness"? Another mill must be used; generally only a portion of the sample can be processed further. The solution could be to divide the sample and use approx. 100 g for the 2nd stage in the: Mortar Grinder – this takes 1 hour Vibrating Cup Mill – this takes 60 seconds Planetary Ball Mill – this takes 5 minutes

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Recommendation –

We generally recommend a Planetary Ball Mill

There are 4 different designs We have been the world market leader in this segment since 1965

Why do we recommend a Planetary Ball Mill?

Hard and brittle material is ground to "analytical fineness" in a short time. Grinding sets are available in a wide range of materials. The space requirements are reasonable. The investment costs are reasonable.

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Hard, brittle materials – (concrete)

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Conventional Planetary Ball Mills

FRITSCH PULVERISETTE 7 classic line Bowl clamped to the sun disk

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

The new design

FRITSCH PULVERISETTE 7 & 5 premium line Bowl sunk into the sun disk Absolutely safe operation Significantly increased energy application

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

"How to reach?"

premium line

Top-down Application of maximum comminution energy with minimal material stress

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Analytical fineness after 5 minutes –

Concrete - prepared in the Planetary Mono Mill PULVERISETTE 6

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– But we can get finer with the new premium line –

Attempt to produce nano particles through comminution

Mill: FRITSCH PULVERISETTE 7 premium line Test conditions: Starting material: Sintered corundum d50 = 25 µm

• 1. Stage: 60 minutes in zirconium oxide bowl with 0.5 mm balls at max. speed
• 2. Stage: 4 hours after ball change, balls now 100 to 200 µm

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Hard, brittle materials – (Ferrous alloys) The comminution of ferrous alloys or pure tungsten is an extreme task. Combination of impact and friction Vibrating Cup Mill

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Ferrous alloys –

Our recommendation for fine comminution is the Vibrating Cup Mill PULVERISETTE 9

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Chopping wood –

Wood The easiest material in the world for comminution? Far from it! The samples differ greatly Even more varied are the conditions

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Old wood –

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Combination of cutting and shearing Cutting Mills

Materials: Rubber, leather, paper, electronic scrap, animal feed, grain, bone, horn, cork Can also be used for inhomogeneous material mixtures (e.g. DSD waste).

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Chopping wood (1) –

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Chopping wood –

Wood from demolition materials or firewood Very heterogeneous, larger pieces Fineness of 0.5 mm is sufficient A larger sample quantity must be comminuted We recommend the Cutting Mills P-15 or P-19 The difference lies in the cleaning options, the variably combinable equipment and the price.

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Comparison of the inner life of the Cutting Mills –

Cutting Mill P-15 Universal Cutting Mill P-19

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Chopping wood –

0.5 mm sieve cassette 2.0 mm sieve cassette for

• ld wood with tar

Wood chips Universal Cutting Mill with cyclone

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Chopping wood (2) –

Impact force Variable Speed Rotor Mill

Soft materials plants, wood, roots, drugs, herbs, textiles, grain, seeds, chalk, kaolin Medium-hard samples tablets, dragées, animal feed Elastic samples styrene, PVC, PP, rubber, etc.

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Still chopping wood (3) –

Combination of impact and friction Planetary Ball Mill, Micro Mill

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– More solutions for wood –

Comminuting small quantities of wood as preliminary stage for the isolation of RNA Absolute purity is required The material should be comminuted while floating in liquid nitrogen Here we use the Vibratory Micro Mill with cryo-box Also suitable for teeth and bone

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Action between two grinding tools

Combination of pressure and shearing Laboratory Disk Mill

Mining and steel industry: Ore, coal, coke Ceramics industry: Ceramics Glass: Frits, glass, raw materials Geology: Dried soil samples, sediment, drilling cores, coal

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Cryogenic grinding and smallest quantities –

Impact force Vibratory Micro Mill

Fine grinding of dry laboratory samples Homogenisation of pastes and emulsions Cryogenic grinding of polymers and tough- elastic materials

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

With the Universal Cutting Mill + cyclone for substitute fuels

"Normal" samples are brought to 0.5 mm in one step without embrittlement. The biggest challenge in this area is certainly tar paper Mixed with dry ice, this can be comminuted to 2 mm without difficulty

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

• Waste material recycling -

Task

Comminution of waste from the yellow sack (pre-shredded < 6 cm) to < 1 mm

Solution

P-19 + 1 mm sieve + combi funnel + cyclone optional for large number of samples or large quantity

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

• Soft, temperature-sensitive materials -

Pressure and friction combined Mortar Grinder

Mining and metallurgy Ore, coal, coke, ash Chemistry Pigments, salts, resins, raw materials Geology and mineralogy Minerals, e.g. calcite, silicate Glass industry Sand, frits, glass Ceramics industry Porcelain, clay, ceramics Agriculture Soil, animal feed, seeds Food Sugar, gelatins, herbs, pastes Pharmaceuticals Tablets and dragées Construction materials industry Clinker, sand, cement, etc.

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Tablets, dragées, which mills should be used when? –

40 sec. with the Mortar Grinder 35 sec. with the Planetary Ball Mill 3 min. with the Vibratory Micro Mill 4 min. with the Mini-Mill

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

– Straw and hay –

Task

Who has not had to struggle with a large sample of bulky material such as straw or hay?

Solution

For larger sample quantities and large numbers of samples, we recommend the Universal Cutting Mill with cyclone. 1 kg straw in 10 minutes

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Cutting Mill for maize kernels, chopped maize, wheat and shellac –

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Reminder: Universal Cutting Mill PULVERISETTE 19 –

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Cutting Mill for mycotoxins in nuts and almonds –

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION – Variable Speed Rotor Mill for rhubarb roots, oats, plastics, bitter oranges –

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Everything is easy to clean – the Variable Speed Rotor Mill PULVERISETTE 14

View of the grinding chamber All parts in contact with the sample can be removed without tools

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

• Molecular biology -

What do we have here ? Genetic analyses !

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION

– Learning to divide –

Comminution is always followed by taking of a representative sample either for the next stage of comminution or for the analysis For this purpose, we offer the Rotary Cone Sample Divider LABORETTE 27. Division head 1:30

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION AND PARTICLE SIZING

• Sieve Shakers from FRITSCH -

Determination of particle size distributions by sieving

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Sieving

• Advantages

large size range low cost fractionation simple handling sieving tower with up to 16 sieves Disadvantages careful cleaning errors caused by needle shaped particles errors get larger with low sample weight sieving losses

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

SAMPLE PREPARATION AND PARTICLE SIZING

• FRITSCH Laser Particle Sizers -

Determination of particle size distributions by laser diffraction

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Particle Size Analysis Sieve Shaker „analysette 3“ PRO

AMPCONTROL - rated amplitude Digital display of actual amplitude and sieve vibrations per second Up to 9 sieve programmes which can be saved and recalled Test equipment inspection in accordance with ISO 9001 (Sieve shaker can be calibrated as a testing instrument) Auto-validation of the sieving process via RS232 and AUTOSIEVE for Windows

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Particle size analysis everywhere

Powder metallurgy

• sintering processes

Cement industry

• reactivity

Chemical industry

• paints, toners

Food industry

• chocolate, rice, beans

Pharmaceutical industry

• sprays, eye drops, tablets

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Typical working ranges of different principles

Method Range

Dry sieving 63 µm – 125 mm Wet sieving 20 µm – 200 µm Micro sieving 5 µm – 100 µm Gravitational sedimentation 0,5 µm – 500 µm Laser diffraction 0,01 µm – 2000 µm Electron microscope 0,05 µm – 1 µm Projection microscope 1 µm – 10 mm

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Particle size

Particle features (measurable particle properties)

• 1. Geometrical features
• 2. Mass
• 3. Sinking speed

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Measuring Range

Model Measuring range Wet dispersion Measuring range Dry dispersion MicroTec Plus 0,01 - 2000 µm 0,1 - 2000 µm

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Conventional Design

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

FRITSCH Design „analysette 22“

sample is placed within a convergent laser beam (patented) distance measuring cell - sensor is equivalent to the focal length of the convergent lens in conventional applications. (= focal length of fourier lens)

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

Differences Fraunhofer/Mie theory

Fraunhofer is based on diffraction at the particle edges, applies to fully

• paque particles and small diffraction angle. Fraunhofer theory states,

that all particles scatter light with the same efficiency Mie theory is used for very small particle sizes in the range of the wavelength and below, to account for optical particle properties.

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

LaPASS Software

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

LaPASS

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

LaPASS

FRITSCH GMBH • Milling and Sizing • Idar-Oberstein • Germany 2009

• Thank you