S TATUS OF T HE D UAL P HASE L IQUID A RGON TPC D EVELOPMENTS FOR THE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

STATUS OF THE DUAL PHASE LIQUID ARGON TPC DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE DUNE EXPERIMENT

LAURA ZAMBELLI (LAPP - CNRS/IN2P3)

• n behalf of the collaboration

TAUP 2019 - September 11th 2019 - Toyama

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• L. ZAMBELLI - TAUP 2019 - DUAL PHASE LARTPC FOR DUNE

Tie DUNE experiment

DUNE is a long-baseline neutrino future experiment from FERMILAB to SURF [1300km] Aims at measuring (in neutrino and anti-neutrino mode): ⚬ νμ → νμ disappearance : Reduce uncertainties on |Δm223| and θ23 ⚬ νμ → νe appearance : Measurement of δCP and mass hierarchy Powerful νμ/ν̅μ beam Near site: measure ν fmux before oscillation Far site: measure ν fmux after oscillation ↳ Far detector made of 4 modules of 10kt of liquid argon TPC

DUNE Physics - Vol. 1 [1807.10334]

Liquid Argon Gas Extraction Grid Cathode Large Electron Multiplier Anode and Readout µ

E y z, time

PMT

x

Single Phase Dual Phase

Advantages of the dual phase design : ⚬ Charge amplifjcation in gas ⚬ Higher signal/noise ⚬ Lower energy threshold ⚬ Fewer readout channels with better resolution ⚬ Accessible cold front end electronics

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Liquid Argon TPC technology

DUNE DP Module - Vol. 3 [1807.10340] DUNE SP Module - Vol. 2 [1807.10327]

— Two LArTPC technologies foreseen for DUNE — ⚬ Liquid Argon is inert, dense and naturally abundant. ⚬ Strong electric fjeld applied across the TPC to collect electrons produced by energy loss. ⚬ LAr is transparent to its own scintillation light which can be used as an internal trigger and for complementary calorimetry measurement.

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Tie dual phase charge and light signals

— Charge signal — Ionization electron are extracted to the gas, amplifjed in the LEM and induced to the collection plane on the anode. — Light signal — From scintillation in LAr [S1] and electro- luminescence in GAr [S2]. Time constants at 6 ns and 1.6 µs. Produced in VUV range, has to be shifted to be detected by PMTs

LAr GAr Grid Anode LEM Cathode Nominal Voltages: 0.5 kV/cm

• 2. kV/cm

33 kV/cm 5 kV/cm ionizing particle

• scint. light

128 nm drift e−

+

• electro-
• l

u m i n e s c e n c e

PMT+TPB

Nominal Fields:

12m 12m 60m 6m 6m 6m

5

2010 ~ 2014 2014 ~ 2017 2016 ~ 2021

@CERN, KEK, … @CERN, Bld 182 @CERN, EHN1

R&D Demonstrator Prototype [protoDUNE-DP]

2021 ~ …

DUNE FD Module

@ SURF

6 × 6 × 6 m3 10 kt 3 ~ 250 L

Today

3m 1m 1m

3×1×1 m3

Long R&D program to develop and

• ptimize the liquid argon dual phase

technology towards DUNE scale

Dual phase LArTPCs for DUNE

• L. ZAMBELLI - TAUP 2019 - DUAL PHASE LARTPC FOR DUNE

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• L. ZAMBELLI - TAUP 2019 - DUAL PHASE LARTPC FOR DUNE

Tie 3×1×1 demonstrator

3m 1m 1m First large scale LArTPC-DP with 4.2 tons of active volume (3×1×1 m3) at CERN. Construction started in 2015, and was operated in 2017 for 5 months recording cosmics. Tie demonstrator was mainly built for the validation technical aspects of the DP design: ⚬ Construction and operation of stable cryogenic installation ⚬ Liquid Argon purifjcation system ⚬ Charge extraction, amplifjcation and collection

• n a 3×1 m2 surface

⚬ Stable operation of PMT in LAr ▹ More than 5×106 cosmic tracks recorded with charge and light signal ▹ Two trigger settings : PMT-self trigger and external trigger with scintillator planes ▹ Many HV confjgurations explored (at drift, extraction, amplifjcation and induction fjelds level) → 1 m drift ; 3×1 m2 e- collection area ; 5 PMTs Charge readout plane 5 PMT

view 1 time view 0

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[3×1×1] Event example

: Reconstructed Track

dQ/ds [fC/cm]

5 10 15 20 25

• Arb. Units

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Amplification Field and truncated mean = 3.9 fC/cm 〉 ds dQ 〈 25.0 kV/cm - = 5.3 fC/cm 〉 ds dQ 〈 26.0 kV/cm - = 6.0 fC/cm 〉 ds dQ 〈 27.0 kV/cm - = 8.9 fC/cm 〉 ds dQ 〈 28.0 kV/cm -

View 0 8

• L. ZAMBELLI - TAUP 2019 - DUAL PHASE LARTPC FOR DUNE

[3×1×1] Preliminary charge analysis [µ-like tracks]

s] µ Drift Time [ dQ/ds [fC/cm] 20 40

View 0 0.2 ms ± = 4.2

e

τ 0.003 ppb ± = 0.071

O2

ρ

100 200 300 400 500 600

— Measurement of the LAr purity through the electron lifetime — — Effect of the LEM amplifjcation fjelds — Impurities catches the electron during their drift : A lifetime of ~4ms was measured during all data taking period Tie charge collected per strip for µ-like tracks increases with the LEM amplifjcation fjeld

Ne−(t) = Ne−(0) × exp(−t/τe) τe[ms] ≈ 300/ρ02[ppt]

(no purity correction)

Jun 30 Jul 29 Aug 27 Sep 26 Oct 25 Nov 23 1300 1400 1500 1600

[ns]

slow

τ

(only runs at null drift fjeld)

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[3×1×1] Preliminary light analysis - [S1 signal]

— Study of light production — — Study of light propagation — ⚬ Quite good agreement between data and out-of-the-box simulation ⚬ LAr Rayleigh scattering length for VUV light is subject to large uncertainties → Our data/MC comparisons prefers:
 55 cm < λrayleigh < 163 cm ⚬ Light slow component sensitive to the impurities → Stable value of τslow measured during 6 months of cryogenic

• peration

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From the demonstrator to the prototype

▹ Very successful cryogenic operation ๏ LAr level stable at the 50 µm precision ๏ Very good LAr purity through the entire data taking period 
 ▹ Couldn’t run the demonstrator at nominal fjelds due to grid and LEM limitations ๏ Better design of the CRP structure in the prototype ๏ Conservative LEM design option chosen for the prototype 
 ▹ Very good performance of the light detection system ๏ Stable low level of PMT noise ๏ No sign of PMT fatigue ๏ Drove the baseline design for DUNE ;
 alternative options being explored in protoDUNE DUNE baseline Alternative option

photocathode TPB* coated PEN** sheet above PMT

* : Tetraphenyl Butadiene ** : Polyethylene naphthalate

3×1×1 LEM 96% active

2+2mm

6×6×6 LEM 86% active

5+10mm

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• L. ZAMBELLI - TAUP 2019 - DUAL PHASE LARTPC FOR DUNE

Tie prototype : protoDUNE-DP

6 m 6 m 6 m ⚬ Collection area of 36 m2
 ▻ 1920×1920 channels ⚬ Maximum drift length of 6 m
 ▻ max drift time of 3.7 µs
 ▻ Vcath = 300 kV (500 V/cm) ⚬ 36 PMTs ⚬ Electron lifetime goal at 7 ms PMT Layout optimized using light simulations 4 Charge readout planes [CRP]

e- extraction, amplifjcation, collection

• utside view

(nov. 2017)

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[6×6×6] Construction and preparation (2018-2019)

End of 2017 cryostat completed fjeld cage mounting characterization

• f the PMTs

characterization of the CRPs in a cold box CRP installation cathode assembly Tie cryostat was closed in late march Tie detector was fully constructed in 15 months !

‘Cryogenic R5912-20Mod photomultiplier tube characterization for the ProtoDUNE dual phase detector' Belver et al. JINST 13 (2018) no.10, T10006

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[6×6×6] Charge collection system

2 f u l l y i n s t r u m e n t e d C R P ( 6 × 3 m2 ) n

• n

i n s t r u m e n t e d a r e a Anode only (1 m2)

e− drift e− drift e− drift

Due to time constrains, only half of the charge collection area could be fully instrumented (18 m2). A 1 m2 anode only (no amplifjcation) area was also mounted.

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[6×6×6] Light collection system

e− drift e− drift e− drift

Cathode and ground grid protection

(elevated during PMT installation phase)

Light calibration system: external LED source to monitor PMT gain and response over time

(one fjber per PMT)

‘A Light Calibration System for the ProtoDUNE-DP Detector’ Belver et al, JINST 14 (2019) no.04, T04001

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[6×6×6] Cooling, fjlling, purifying

⚬Filling started on July 4th ⚬Filling status could be monitored thanks to thermometers and cryo-cameras ⚬LAr reached its nominal level on August 9th ⚬ Electron lifetime increases steadily since:
 
 
 ⚬ Currently testing each sub-systems individually LAr level LAr level meter

(16 installed ; 4 per CRP) measurement from purity monitors

Lifetime [ms] → Currently at ~ 500 µs

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Dual Phase LArTPC : perspectives

On the demonstrator : In terms of experience learnt from the operation of a large dual-phase LArTPC detector, the 3×1×1 demonstrator was a success. We couldn’t reach the nominal fjelds due to limitations on the grid and LEMs. Nevertheless, the collected data allowed us to improve our simulations (charge and light) and converge to a baseline design for DUNE module. ▻Technical paper published:
 "A 4 tonne demonstrator for large-scale dual-phase liquid argon time projection chambers"


• B. Aimard et al, JINST13 P11003 (2018), arXiv: 1806.03317

▻Analysis paper in preparation On the prototype : First very large scale dual phase LArTPC ever ! Some elements were changed based on conclusions drawn from the 3×1×1 experience. Some alternative designs are also tested. Tie commissioning is ongoing, stay tuned ! On DUNE Far module : DUNE TDR has being written, and is under review. Will be soon available to anyone !

From the demonstrator’s data ….

3m 1m 1m Charge readout plane 5 PMT

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Tie 3×1×1 demonstrator

12 50×50 cm2 LEM/Anode sandwich 3 mm pitch 5 8’’ cryogenic PMT two wavelength shifting technique tested two electronic bases polarity used

30 35 40 45

Effective gain

10

2

10

Hole diameter =0.830) κ m ( µ 500 =0.905) κ m ( µ 400 =0.938) κ m ( µ 300

[kV/cm] E

30 35 40 45 10

2

10

Rim size =0.830) κ m ( µ 80 =0.900) κ m ( µ 40

S/N for MIP

10

2

10

3

10 30 35 40 45 10

2

10

Hole layout =0.900) κ hexagonal ( =0.900) κ square (

S/N for MIP

10

2

10

3

10

[kV/cm] E

30 35 40 45

Effective gain

10

2

10

Thickness =0.830) κ 1 mm ( =0.789) κ 0.8 mm ( =0.710) κ 0.6 mm (

• L. ZAMBELLI - TAUP 2019 - DUAL PHASE LARTPC FOR DUNE

Dual phase effective gain

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Geff

Extraction Field in LAr [kV/cm]

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Extraction Efficiency

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

LEM Field [kV/cm]

24 26 28 30 32 34 36

LEM Amplification

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Induction Field [kV/cm]

1 2 3 4 5 6

Induction Efficiency

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

εextr GLEM εind

x x =

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 extraction efficiency electric field (kV/cm) fast fast + slow 1 10 100 1000 100 1000 ( s) electric field (V/cm) A exp(B E1/2) / E A = 1.20x105 s V/cm B = -0.062 (cm/V)1/2

Slow and Fast e- extraction to liquid Amplifjcation factor vs LEM design

hole ⌀ 500 µm 1mm thick hexagonal layout 40 µm rim size

• L. ZAMBELLI - TAUP 2019 - DUAL PHASE LARTPC FOR DUNE

Charge and light generation

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Ar t r a c k± Ar∗ excitation Ar+ e− ionization

0.5 1 1.5 2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Drift Field [kV/cm] e− rec. factor

Recombination Ar+ e− Ar * Ar Ar Light Signal Charge Signal

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[3×1×1] Track reconstruction 1/2

Coherent noise among neighboring channels Moving pedestal Noise Filtering

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[3×1×1] Track reconstruction 2/2

• Hits not attached to tracks
• Hits attached to a 2D track

— 2D track

x/view 0 [cm] 50 − 40 − 30 − 20 − 10 − 010 20304050 y/view 1 [cm] 150 − 100 − 50 − 50 100 150 Drift [cm] 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

3D track ⚬ Hits are found by thresholds above the pedestal. ⚬ 2D tracks are found following Kalman fjltering / pattern recognition tools [similar performances] ⚬ 3D tracks are constructed from time and charge matching of 2D tracks in both views

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[3×1×1] Tirough going track selection

CBR = Qlarge − Qsmall Qsmall

⚬ Topology cut
 Select only track crossing the active volume from the anode to the cathode
 → No t0 correction needed ; intrinsic track length cut 
 (Lrec ≥ 100 cm) ⚬ Isolation cut (track/shower separation)
 Compute the "charge box ratio" as : track event shower event MC studies on the CBR cut track/shower separation :

• L. ZAMBELLI - TAUP 2019 - DUAL PHASE LARTPC FOR DUNE

[3×1×1] Tirough going track selection

All good 3D tracks reconstructed view from above :

mean

All through going tracks view from the long side :

HV confjguration : Drift Field = 500 V/cm Extraction Field ≥ 1.85 kV/cm Induction Field = 1.5 kV/cm

1 2 5 6 9 10 3 4 7 8 11 12 corner LEMs at 24 kV/cm central LEMs at 28 kV/cm

— From the longest and best HV conditions run — Trigger performed by the 5-fold coincidence of the PMTs

24

mean

e- drift distance [cm]