RETHINKING WATER, SOIL AND NUTRITION IN SEED ORCHARDS Clare - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

REVISITING AND RETHINKING WATER, SOIL AND NUTRITION IN SEED ORCHARDS

June 2016

Conifera

Clare Kooistra

Causality Dilemma...

The e Pine ne or the e Cone? e?

Which comes first...

Where is our focus?

Objective : Seed!! Achieving Objective : Managing Trees How? Understand tree dynamics. Maximize potential of all plant systems. Strive for tree health and vigor. Balance cone initiation and growth. Consider the whole tree.

Managing Trees

Orchard Tree Environment and Management

 Knowledge

 Ecology of Species  Orchard location  Plant physiology  Historical record

 Managing

 Limiting factors  Tree health and vigor  Improving seed yields

Orchard Environments & Species Characteristics

Generalized edaphic amplitude of Ponderosa Pine, Lodgepole Pine and Western White Pine according to actual soil moisture and nutrient regimes.

Soil Nutrient Regime Soil Nutrient Regime Soil Nutrient Regime Actual Soil Moisture Regime Actual Soil Moisture Regime Actual Soil Moisture Regime

Py Pli Pw

Kalamalka – Reservoir and Bailey sites

Vernon

Kal & Bailey SO, 470/520 m Philpott/Mugford L 990 m M 1293 m H 1574 m Bouleau/Granite L 667 m M 1335 m H 1656 m Silver Star L 713 m M 1141 m H 1614 m

Vernon Kelowna

Pli Transects -2015

Pli Transect 2015

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 5-Sep-15 5-Sep-15 5-Sep-15 Low Mid High

Total & Filled Seeds / Cone

Total Filled

20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 5-Sep-15 5-Sep-15 5-Sep-15 Low Mid High

% Filled Seed / Cone

Pli Transect 2015

 Other Observations

 Occurrence of greater than

2 cones at one site frequent at high elevations, absent at low elevations

 Needles retention on

branches:

 7-8 years on high elevation  2-3 years on low elevation

Clone 1536 Methods Summary Multiple (8) locations were sampled weekly (July and August) at Kalamalka Orchards 230 and 307 and 3 collections (August) were taken at Prince George in Orchard 228. Each Orchard analyzed separately.

Common Clone -1536, Kal 230, 307 & PG 228

Common Clone - 1536

Total Seeds per Cone Total number of seeds per cone did not vary over time.

Filled Seeds per Cone The number of filled seeds per cone declined as the growing season progressed at Kalamalka 307 but not at the other orchards.

Common Clone -1536

Percentage Filled Seeds per Cone The proportion of seeds that were filled declined as the growing season progressed at the Kalamalka orchards. At the Prince George orchard, the proportion of seeds that were filled did not change over time, and was much higher than at the Kalamalka orchards.

Common Clone -1536

Seed Production:

Most of the variation in the percentage of filled seeds and in the number of filled seeds per cone occurs among sites, followed by orchards and locations within orchards. Most of the variation in the total number of seeds per cone occurs among locations, followed by orchards.

Common Clone -1536

Current Orchard Environments

 The Good – traditionally hotter drier

climates seen as great environments for

• rchards to provide

 Rapid growth  Away from pollen contamination  Environmental stress to induce flower

production

 The Bad – Trees growing outside of

environmentally adapted range

 Orchard site stress limits production  Weakened plant ability to produce and to

combat stress

 The Ugly – Tree mortality, low seed

production

 Mortality for various persistent or recurring

stresses

 mortality can occur in seasons after critical

stress

Where Does that leave us?

 What we know and are learning

 Orchard location – outside of the ecological zone of

many species

 Species characteristics – Seed production effected by

semi-arid locations

 Plant physiology – Responses to stress  Historical record – learn from past practices

 Managing for the best

 Managing for limiting factors  Tree health and vigor  Ultimately improving seed yields

Psychology 101

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (plants)

Stress & injury response

Environment resources

Growth

Reproduction

Orchard Environments

4˚C 35˚C

2706.6 2640.8 2538.8 2203 1938.4

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

1-Jan to 31-Dec, 2015 GDD’s

We are growing in environments that are limiting to some species, and the primary limiting factors are heat accompanied with low humidity.

Orchard Environment – High Temperature

Internal changes within the living tree as heat loading effects increase:



1.Decrease in photosynthesis (Ps) and increase in respiration (Rs).



2.Closing down of Ps (turn-over point for Ps and Rs = 35˚ C).



3.Closed stomata stop CO2 capture and food production.



4.Major slowing of transpiration (loss of heat dissipation, increase of internal temperature, and transportation / absorption problems).



5.Increasing cell membrane leakage.



6.Continued physical water loss and dehydration.



7.Cell division and expansion inhibited, and growth regulation disrupted.



8.Tree starvation through rapid use of food reserves, inefficient food use, increased photo-respiration, and inability to call on reserves when and where needed.



9.Toxins generated (cell membrane releases and respiration problems) and deficiencies

• f elements and metabolites occur.



10.Membrane integrity loss and protein breakdown.



11.Local cell death, tissue lesions, and tissue death.

Orchard Environment – H₂O – Atmospheric Moisture, Humidity

 Humidity affects VPD – “ Drying power of the air”  Hot Dry Air – Increases VPD

 Moisture loss initially through stomata  Transpiration cooling

 During low humidity and high temperatures

 The plant shuts stomata and can’t draw up water to cool itself  And if soil moisture is low, it can’t pull up moisture, esp. if fine textured soil  And Pli with partial stomata closure - continue to lose water even if it can’t be

replaced

 Other species have better stomatal control, but still can’t cool themselves

 Worsened by wind.  Experiences these conditions for a number of hours every day for many days

in the Okanagan summer.

 Stress in cumulative, plants need time to recover between stress events.

Water Management

 Water management experiments

 Reports of the 2006 – Pli working

Group, Chris Walsh

 Managing water

 Know water amount in soils is

adequate and available to plants as

• Temp. increases and Humidity drops.

 Adjust irrigation to meet need; rate

• f loss/replacement

 Consider irrigation design.  Know water source and what it

contains

Water Management – Kalamalka

10 15 20 25 30 35 40

230 – Sandy Loam, FC = 25%, WP = 12%

MC% 230

10 15 20 25 30 35 40

307 – Sandy Clay Loam, FC = 27%, WP = 17%

MC% 307

Water Management – Bailey

340 – Sandy Loam, FC = 25%, WP = 12%

Water – Kalamalka & Bailey

2015 City of Vernon Water Reclamation Centre (VWRC) Test Results April May June July August Septembe r October VWRC Reclaimed Water grab sample grab sample grab sample grab sample grab sample grab sample grab sample average pH 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.19 0.18 0.22 0.33 0.23 Total Nitrogen mg/l 3.8 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.0 4.4 4.9 MacKay Reservoir Reclaimed Water not irrigating Irrigating Irrigating Irrigating Irrigating Irrigating not irrigating pH 8.1 8.1 7.9 8.3 9.0 8.3 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.87 0.91 0.98 0.99 0.92 0.93 Total Nitrogen mg/l 2.93 2.46 3.00 2.22 2.16 2.6

Soils

Relationship of Field Capacity, Wilting Point, Available Water and Unavailable Water to Soil Texture Bailey, & Kalamalka

Soils – Based on the 1999 report and current work

• f Chuck Bulmer, Kalamalka Research Station

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 Sand % Clay % Silt %

Bailey - Soil Texture

Soils Bailey

Kalamalka Seed Orchards

Bailey Road Site

June 2012

N

340 EK Pli 324 2002 3.9 ha Fdi NE high 6 x 3.5

Security Residence

hold area

Seed Orchard Compound Wildfire Management Branch

335 Pw KQ 1995 5.7 ha 6 x 4 1571 ramets 2388 locations 347 Pli NE low

336 Fdi EK

2008 3.8 ha 6 x 3 2006 2.1 ha 2022 ramets

1048 ramets

2022 locations

1147 locations

2000 2.8 ha 1864 ramets 6 x 3 1864 locations 1484 ramets 1529 locations

340 expansion 2008 1.1 ha 519 ramets

324 x

519 locations

Fdi NE high 346 Py 2007 3.3 ha 6 x 3

2007 3.8 ha 6 x 4

1410 ramets 1386 ramets 1821 locations 1569 locations

100 metres

Note: Ramet and location numbers are as of early summer 2012

Clay Loam, 28 - 40% clay Loam, 8 – 28% clay Sandy Clay Loam, 20 – 36% clay Sandy Loam, < 20% clay

Soils - Kalamalka

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 Sand % Clay % Silt %

Kalamalka - Soil Texture

Soils - Kal

2014 2.0 ha 5 x 4 768 locations

Kalamalka Seed Orchards - Reservoir Road Site

Soils Approximation – 2016 (1998 Survey)

Orchards as of June 2012

Clay, 40 – 60% clay Loam, 8 – 28% clay Clay Loam, 28 – 40% clay Sandy Loam, < 20% clay Sandy Loam over Clay Sandy Clay Loam, 20 – 36% clay Loamy Sand, < 10% clay

332 Lw NE

1990 1.9 ha 5 x 2 1888 ramets 1911 locations — Windbreak 994 Lw IETIC 2007 1.44 ha 5 x 2.5 1048 ramets 1154 locations

100 metres

230 Pli BV low 1988 4.2 ha 5 x 4

1443 ramets 2094 locations

Sx NE mid 1981 2.25 ha

1117 ramets 1117 locations

307 Pli NE low 1986 4.4 ha 7 x 3.5

1098 ramets 1794 locations

Future Fdi US lETlC

• 2015

The 13 soil textures can be grouped into:

• 1. very coarse-sandy, loamy

sands

• 2. coarse-sandy loam
• 3. medium-loam, sandy clay

loam, sandy clay, clay loam

• 4. fine-silt loam, silty clay,

loam, silt

• 5. very fine-clay, silty clay,

heavy clay

Soils - pH

4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 336 Bailey Fdi - Clay loam 324b Bailey Fdi - Loam 324a Bailey Fdi - Sandy clay loam 347 Bailey Pli - Sandy clay loam 335 Bailey Pw - Sandy clay loam Hold Bailey Fdi - Sandy loam 340 Bailey Pli - Sandy loam 346 Bailey Py - Sandy loam 1998 2015

Bailey - pH CaCl²

4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 307 Kalam Pli - Clay loam 341 Kalam Sx - Clay loam 304r Kalam Sx - Clay loam 332 Kalam Lw - Loamy sand 305 Kalam Sx - Sandy clay loam 355 Kalam Fdi - Sandy loam 995 Kalam Fdi - Sandy loam 333 Kalam Lw - Sandy loam 994 Kalam Lw - Sandy loam 230 Kalam Pli - Sandy loam 306 Kalam Sx - Sandy loam 620 Kalam Sx - Sandy loam

Kalamalka - pH CaCl²

Soils - CEC

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

Baily - CEC CMOL+KG

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 1998

Kalamalka - CEC CMOL+/KG

Soils – Organic Matter

2.5 1.9 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.0 1.9 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Total C (%)

Bailey - Organic Matter (top)

3.5

1.7 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.4 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Kalamalka - Organic Matter (top)

Washington State University Bailey Kalamalka Values for soil analyses - guide in interpretation of soil test results 1998 2015 1998 2015 Soil analysis

• ptimal

low med high excessive notes pH 6.0-7.5 <5.0 >7.5 6.5-7.4 5.9-7.0 4.8-6.7 5.9-6.4 soluble salts <1.0 >3.0mmho/c m >4.0mmho/cm sodium (ESP) <15% >15% potassium (ppm)* 120-200 < 150 150- 250 250-800 >800 406-960 376-880 calcium 600-4000 <1000 1000- 2000 >2000 1424-2987 1369-2420 (ppm)* magnesium 60-480 <60 60- 180 >180 288-576 186-476 (ppm)* phosphorus (ppm)* 10-20 <10 10-20 20-40 >40 52.5-96.8 201-425 26.7-254.1 123-406 boron 0.5-2.0 <0.5 0.5- 2.0 >2.0 1.02-3.46 1.33-3.25 (ppm) sulfate-S 6-20 <2 2.0- 10.0 >10 (sufficient) 17.8-61.6 8.1-48.4 (ppm) nitrate May-15 <5 >100 16.2-45.9 12.4-28.9 20.8-40.8 6.9-33.6 2015 - NH4-N, Mineral N (usually larger value than NO3) (ppm)*** zinc (ppm) >1.0 2.6-8.6 2.3-9.1 copper (ppm) >0.6 2.59-6.27 2.68-4.97 manganese (ppm) >1.5

• def. only on soils pH > 7.0

toxicities may occur on acid soils 71-124 59-125 Iron (ppm) N/A 120-261 131-280

Soils Management

 Know soils

 Texture  pH  Organic Mater

 Soils are the medium for

 Water, nutrients, and crown support

 Water Management  Nutritional management

Nutrition – Bailey & Kal - 2015

 Tissue results over the growing season.  Graphs:  Combined results for both Bailey and Kalamalka, all species/orchards.  Low results for species/orchards sown for each element and location.

Nutrition - Macro

 Nutrients  Atmospheric and water

 C, H, O

 Macro:

 N,  P

,

 K,  Ca,  Mg,  S

2015 Bailey and Kal - N

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 15-May-15 15-Jun-15 15-Jul-15 15-Aug-15 15-Sep-15 15-Oct-15 Adequate Low Fdi-B-324 Fdi-B-336 Pli-B-340 Pli-B-347 Pw-B-335 Py-B-346 Fdi-K-355 Lw-K-332 Lw-K-333 Lw-K-994 Pli-K-230 Pli-K-307 Sx-K-305 Sx-K-306 Sx-K-341 Sx-K-620

N (%) - 2015

2015 Bailey – Low N (Nitrogen)

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 15-May-15 15-Jun-15 15-Jul-15 15-Aug-15 15-Sep-15 15-Oct-15 Adequate Low Pli-B-340 Pli-B-347

N (%) - 2015

2015 Kal – Low N

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 15-May-15 15-Jun-15 15-Jul-15 15-Aug-15 15-Sep-15 15-Oct-15 Adequate Low Fdi-K-355 Pli-K-230 Pli-K-307 Sx-K-305 Sx-K-306 Sx-K-341 Sx-K-620

N (%) - 2015

2015 - Micro

 Micro Nutrients (expressed as

ppm)

 B,  Mn,  Zn,  Cu,  Fe,  Mo

 Trace (not reported)

 Cl, Al, Na, Ni

2015 Bailey and Kal – Cu (Copper)

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 15-May-15 15-Jun-15 15-Jul-15 15-Aug-15 15-Sep-15 15-Oct-15 Adequate Low Fdi-B-324 Fdi-B-336 Pli-B-340 Pli-B-347 Pw-B-335 Py-B-346 Fdi-K-355 Lw-K-332 Lw-K-333 Lw-K-994 Pli-K-230 Pli-K-307 Sx-K-305 Sx-K-306 Sx-K-341 Sx-K-620

Cu (ppm) - 2015

2015 Bailey – Low Cu

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 15-May-15 15-Jun-15 15-Jul-15 15-Aug-15 15-Sep-15 15-Oct-15 Adequate Low Fdi-B-324 Fdi-B-336 Pli-B-340 Pli-B-347 Pw-B-335 Py-B-346

Cu (ppm) - 2015

2015 Kal – Low Cu

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 15-May-15 15-Jun-15 15-Jul-15 15-Aug-15 15-Sep-15 15-Oct-15 Adequate Low Fdi-K-355 Lw-K-332 Lw-K-333 Lw-K-994 Pli-K-230 Pli-K-307 Sx-K-305 Sx-K-306 Sx-K-341 Sx-K-620

Cu (ppm) - 2015

Nutrition Notes (from 2015 results)

 Most elements have general decline from May to June/

July and then recovery.

 All Ca and B results rise over year.  Lows at Bailey (micro in red):

 Fdi –

and Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe

 Pli – N, P

, Ca, Mg, S and Cu, Fe

 Pw –

Ca, Mg and Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe

 Py – P

, Ca, Mg, S and Mn, Cu, Fe

Nutritional Notes (continued)

 Lows at Kalamalka (micro in red):

 Fdi – N,

S and Zn, Cu, Fe

 Lw –

and Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe

 Pli – N, P

, K, Ca, Mg, S and B, Cu, Fe

 Sx – N, Mg, S and Mn, Cu, Fe

 N levels, although adequate, are all on the low side

and are recommended to be increased for optimum growth at levels closer to 2%.

Nutrition – Bailey & Kal, 1990 - 2015

 Tissue results over 25 growing seasons.  Tissue analysis all carried out by North

• Rd. Lab and all samples were taken

from the end of the growing season, in October of each year.

 Graphs :  Initial grouping is by nutritional element.  Combined results for all species/orchards at

a location.

 Combined results for each species/orchards

grouping at each location.

Nutrition - Macro

 Nutrients  Atmospheric and water

 C, H, O

 Macro: ( expressed as %)

 N,  P

,

 K,  Ca,  Mg,  S

Nitrogen, Bailey & Kalamalka

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

%

Nitrogen

Adequate Low Fdi-B-324 Fdi-B-336 Pli-B-340 Pli-B-347 Pw-B-335 Py-B-346 Lw-K-332 Lw-K-333 Lw-K-994 Pli-K-230 Pli-K-307 Pli-K-607(8) Sx-K-305 Sx-K-306 Sx-K-341

Nitrogen, Bailey – All Orchards

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

%

Nitrogen

Adequate Low Fdi-B-324 Fdi-B-336 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

%

Adequate Low Pli-B-340 Pli-B-347 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

%

Adequate Low Pw-B-335 Py-B-346

Nitrogen, Kal – All Orchards

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

%

Nitrogen

Adequate Low Lw-K-332 Lw-K-333 Lw-K-994 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

%

Adequate Low Pli-K-230 Pli-K-307 Pli-K-607(8) 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

%

Adequate Low Sx-K-305 Sx-K-306 Sx-K-341 Sx-K-620

2015 - Micro

 Micro Nutrients (expressed as

ppm)

 B,  Mn,  Zn,  Cu,  Fe,  Mo

 Trace (not reported)

 Cl, Al, Na, Ni

Copper, Bailey & Kalamalka

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

PPM

Copper

Adequate Low Fdi-B-324 Fdi-B-336 Pli-B-340 Pli-B-347 Pw-B-335 Py-B-346 Lw-K-332 Lw-K-333 Lw-K-994 Pli-K-230 Pli-K-307 Pli-K-607(8) Sx-K-305 Sx-K-306 Sx-K-341 Sx-K-620

Copper, Bailey – All Orchards

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

PPM

Copper

Adequate Low Fdi-B-324 Fdi-B-336 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

PPM

Adequate Low Pli-B-340 Pli-B-347 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

PPM

Adequate Low Pw-B-335 Py-B-346

Copper, Kal – All Orchards

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

PPM

Copper

Adequate Low Lw-K-332 Lw-K-333 Lw-K-994 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

PPM

Adequate Low Pli-K-230 Pli-K-307 Pli-K-607(8) 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

PPM

Adequate Low Sx-K-305 Sx-K-306 Sx-K-341 Sx-K-620

Nutrition Notes

 Many elements have general decline from 1990 to 2014 but

some recovery in various years and 2015.

 P is low in all Pli and for Pw and Py at Bailey  K is low in Pli at Kal  Ca & Mg are OK while S is low for all Pli and Py and for Sx  Lows macro elements are:  Pli – N, P

, K(Kal), S

 Pw – N,

S

 Py – N, P

, S

 Fdi – N  Lw – N  Sx – N, S

Nutritional Notes (continued)

 Lows micro elements are:

 Pli –

Mn(Bailey) Cu, Fe

 Pw –

Mn Cu, Fe

 Py –

Mn, Cu, Fe

 Fdi – Zn, Mn,

Cu, Fe

 Lw –

Mn(332,333), Cu, Fe

 Sx – Mn(620),

Cu, Fe

 Fe levels seem to be increasing in 2015  N levels, although adequate, are all on the low side

and are recommended to be increased for optimum growth at levels closer to 2%.

Mobility of Nutrients in Soils

Nutrient Macro/micro Uptake form Mobility in Plant Mobility in Soil

Carbon Macro CO2, H2CO3 Hydrogen Macro H+, OH-, H2O Oxygen Macro O2 Nitrogen Macro NO3

• , NH4

+

Mobile Mobile as NO3

• ,

immobile as NH4

+

Phosphorus Macro HPO4

2-, H2PO4

• Somewhat mobile

Immobile Potassium Macro K+ Very mobile Somewhat mobile Calcium Macro Ca2+ Immobile Somewhat mobile Magnesium Macro Mg2+ Somewhat mobile Immobile Sulfur Macro SO4

• Mobile

Mobile Boron Micro H3BO3, BO3

• Immobile

Very mobile Copper Micro Cu2+ Immobile Immobile Iron Micro Fe2+, Fe3+ Immobile Immobile Manganese Micro Mn2+ Immobile Mobile Zinc Micro Zn2+ Immobile Immobile Molybdenum Micro MoO4

• Immobile

Somewhat mobile Chlorine Micro Cl- Mobile Mobile Cobalt Micro Co2+ Immobile Somewhat mobile Nickel Micro Ni2+ Mobile Somewhat mobile

Nutritional Management

 Manage for optimum nutrient levels not just

adequate.

 Change can take time achieve.  Healthy trees have greater abilities to deal with

stress

 Healthy orchards trees have the ability of

producing cones of larger size which 2015 studies shows yields greater seeds per cone.

 Cone induction is stressful, start with healthy plants

and adjust to maintain tree health as cone crop develops.

Tree Management

 Energy

 Light – Sun  Heat – Sun

 Atmosphere

 Moisture  Nutrients – C,H,O  Heat Sink –

Greenhouse effect

 Partial

 Control excess  Water management

 Partial

 Water (VPD)  None  Some ( mulch, light/heat

reflective compounds)

Plant Inputs Management Control Possibilities

Tree Management

 Soils

 Moisture – Irrigation  Nutrients  Mycorrhiza  Structure/stability  Type  Organic matter

 Variable

 Water management  Nutrient addition  Some if needed  Some – limit compaction  None  Fallow additions, cover

crops

Plant Inputs Management Control Possibilities

Tree Management

 Metabolic activity  Growth

 Needles  Roots  Bole and Branches

 Repair  Reproduction

 Flowers/Cones  Pollen  Seed

 Various  Various

 Fertilization  Water/Soil Management  Crown Management

 Some  Various

 Initiation  Bulk pollination  Fertilization/Water, Stress

Management

Plant outputs Management Control Possibilities

Tree Management

 Environmental detractors

 Insects  Fungi

 Climate

 Intense Light  Heat/ Drought  Climate Change

 Various

 Pest management  Nutrition

 Various

 Crown treatments  Water management  Awareness, monitoring,

adapting

Plant Inputs Management Control Possibilities

Causality Dilemma...

Thank You.