Reproduction & Recovery - Energetics Iteroparity & - - PDF document
11/20/2014 Reproduction & Recovery - Energetics Iteroparity & Semelparity Iteroparity- (perennial) reproduces more than once. Semelparity- (annual) reproduces only once. 1 11/20/2014 Crespi, B.J. and R. Teo. 2002.
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more than once.
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Crespi, B.J. and R. Teo. 2002. Comparative phylogenetic analysis
Evolution 56(5). 1008-1020.
to higher reproductive investment.
and adult survival…at least in salmonids.
catadromy, amphidromy)
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Protein Lipid
Fleming, I.A. and J.D. Reynolds. 2004. Salmon breeding systems. Pages 264-294 In A.P. Hendry and S.C. Stearns. Evolution illuminated salmon and their relatives. Oxford University Press, USA.
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Fleming, I.A. 1998. Pattern and variability in the breeding system of Atlantic salmon, with comparisons to other salmonids. Canadian Journal
Gray — Anadromous Open — Resident
Fleming, I.A. and J.D. Reynolds. 2004. Salmon breeding systems. Pages 264-294 In A.P. Hendry and S.C. Stearns. Evolution illuminated salmon and their relatives. Oxford University Press, USA.
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populations have both anadromous & resident individuals within the same population?
populations have both anadromous & resident individuals within the same population?
“All juveniles do not grow & accumulate [energy] equally in freshwater due to differences in genetics & environment.” “Get a fish fat enough and it won’t move because the need has been quelled. In contrast, a hungry fish will move as far as necessary to get fat.” J.R. McMillan
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feeding
activity)
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Rideout, R.M., and Tomkiewicz. 2011. Skipped spawning in fishes: More common than you might think. Marine and Coastal Fisheries Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science 3:176-189.
Reasons for skip spawning:
could result in a overestimation of annual production (4 - 41%).
in Atlantic cod did not improve the stock- recruitment relationship.
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is highly variable (<1.0% to >70%)
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Goal: Evaluate how much energy & what type of energy is used during reproduction.
recovery?
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feeding at the time of reproduction
structure for absorption at the time of maturity.
mature Good kelt
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ASH PROTEIN LIPID H2O
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ASH PROTEIN LIPID H2O
Total Body Energy = βo + β1 *
Fillet & Carcass Total Body
Reconstructing Steelhead Bodies White Muscle
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White Muscle Energy (kcal/gram wet wt.) 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Total Body Energy (kcal/gram wet wt.)
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
LGR Kelt (N=11) Celilo (N=7) Linear Regression
r2 = 0.963
Model: Total Body Energy = -591.311+1.6267 *(White Muscle Energy)
White Muscle Lipid (%) 2 4 6 8 10
Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Lethal Samples SY09-SY11 (N=429) Linear Regression (r-square=0.80)
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White Muscle Protein (%)
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Lethal Samples SY09-SY10 (N=429) Linear Regression (r-square=0.80)
White Muscle Water (%)
60 65 70 75 80 85 90
Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Coefficients: b[0] 9396.9324981568 b[1] -103.1956545736 r ² 0.9421923762
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Early Early-Mid Spawners Kelt Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
JUN-SEP (N=14) OCT-DEC (N=60) JAN-MAY (N=186) APR-JUL (N=153)
Plasma Factors:
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total Energy (kCal/g wet wt.)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Logarithmic Regression (R-square = 0.48) Early (N=10) Early-Mid (N=55) Spawning (N=151) Kelt (N=152)
Below Detection Limit (BDL): Gritman & PAL (<2.5 g/dL)
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
200 400 600 800 1000
Total Energy (kCal/g wet wt.)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Logarithmic Regression (R-square = 0.68) Early (N=10) Early-Mid (N=55) Spawning (N=151) Kelt (N=152)
Below Detection Limit (BDL): Gritman & PAL (<10mg/dL)
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200 400 600 800 1000
Total Energy (kCal/g wet wt.)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Logarithmic Regression (R-square = 0.70) Early (N=10) Early-Mid (N=55) Spawning (N=151) Kelt (N=152)
Below Detection Limit (BDL): Gritman & PAL (<10mg/dL)
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System N Length (cm) Snake 50 Median 60.5 Range 52.0 - 83.0 Potlatch 47 Median 68.9 Range 60.0 - 76.0 Clearwater 25 Median 75.0 Range 62.0 - 81.0 Situk 24 Median 79.5 Range 61.0 - 87.5
(adipose intact)
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kelts
System Poor condition kelts Instream kelt mortalities Situk 11 Potlatch 5 Upper Clearwater Lower Granite Dam 31 Total 31 16
System N Above detection limits % Below detection limits % Significance α = 0.05 Situk River 24 92 8 No difference Upper Clearwater weirs 25 72 28 Lower Granite Dam 50 26 74 No difference Potlatch weirs 46 30 69
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System
Potlatch
Situk
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
50 100 150 200 250 300 N = 50 N = 47 N = 25 N = 24
System
Potlatch
Situk
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 N = 41 N = 46 N = 25 N = 24
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System
Potlatch
Situk
Calcium (mg/dL)
5 10 15 20 N = 50 N = 47 N = 25 N = 24
System
Potlatch
Situk
Glucose (mg/dL)
50 100 150 200 250 300 N = 50 N = 46 N = 25 N = 24
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Sodium (mmol/L)
120 140 160 180 200 220
Chloride (mmol/L)
80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Magnesium (mg/dL)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Phosphorous (mg/dL)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
a a b a a b a a b Potlatch R. Fish Cr. Situk R. Potlatch R. Fish Cr. Situk R.
Electrolytes Comparison of Weir Fish
LGR SY09 LGR SY10 LGR SY11 Potlatch Situk
Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.)
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
POOR ONLY (N=9) POOR ONLY (N=19) POOR ONLY (N=3) WEIR MORT (N=5) WEIR MORT Males only (N=11)
At ~ 1000 kcal/g of wet tissue wt. kelts may be at the limits of their energy reserves regardless of the system they come from.