RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DERMATOGLYPHICS AND SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DERMATOGLYPHICS AND SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA JAMES NKETSIAH

INTRODUCTION  Dermatoglyphics (fingerprint and palmprint). (Lakshmana et al ., 2017).  Development of dermatoglyphics. (Bhat et al ., 2014; Margi et al ., 2016).  Characteristics of dermatoglyphics: genetic, unique, permanent. ( Eboh, 2013; Bhat et al., 2014).  Uses of dermatoglyphics: identification, diagnosis, authentication, mirror of one’s potential and talent. (Kucken and Newell, 2005; Offei et al., 2014; Atinga, 2017). 1

SICKLE-CELL ANAEMIA (SCA)  Genetic blood disorder that affects the haemoglobin within the RBC. (Wadood et al ., 2012).  300,000 infants are born each year worldwide. (WHO, 2006).  Prevalent in West Africa (2-5)% and 2% in Ghana. (WHO, 2006; Asare et al ., 2018).  18,000 babies born each year with SCA in Ghana. (Dennis-Antwi, 2018).  Effects of sickle cell anaemia: Chronic anaemia and damage to body organs. (Johnson, 2005; Sun, 2013). 2

PRESENT STUDY  Solubility test and haemoglobin electrophoresis may give a false negative result when performed too early in infants. (Wethers, 2000).  Infants less than 6 months possess predominantly foetal haemoglobin. (Piel, 2017).  Inaccuracy of diagnostic methods in babies less than 6 months. (Pagrut and Chide, 2017).  Dermatoglyphics can be use to diagnose some genetic and non-genetic diseases. (Andani et al ., 2007). 3

PRESENT STUDY  Limited data correlating dermatoglyphics and SCA.  Limited dermatoglyphics parameters studied.  Ethnic and racial variations in dermatoglyphics. 4

AIM To generate detailed baseline data to elucidate the possible diagnostic value and worth of dermatoglyphics for earlier detection of sickle cell anaemia. 5

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To determine:  the distribution of fingerprint patterns between sickle cell anaemic (SCA) group and normal individuals.  finger ridge counts (TFRC and AFRC) between SCA and normal individuals.  palmar inter-digital ridge counts (A-B, B-C and C-D) between SCA and normal individuals.  the distribution of PIC patterns between SCA and normal individuals.  palmar ATD and ADT angles between SCA and normal individuals. 6

MATERIALS AND METHODS  Study design and location • Cross sectional study. • Sickle Cell Units of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kumasi. • School of Medicine and Dentistry- KNUST, Kumasi.  Duration: February, 2018 – April, 2019.  Informed participants’ consent and Ethical approval were sought from KSMD/KATH Committee of Human Research, Publications and and Ethics. 7

MATERIALS AND METHODS  Sample size: 400 • 200 pre-diagnosed with SCA (SS) : 100 (50%) males and 100 (50%) females. • 200 without SCA (AA) : 100 (50%) males and 100 (50%) females.  Inclusion criteria • All ten fingers and palm intact. • Exclusively either SS or AA genotypes.  Exclusion criteria Physical fingers and palm deformities due to injury and burns. • • Absent fingers, extra, webbed or worn out fingers.  Data Analysis • SPSS version 23.0 (Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). 8

MATERIALS AND METHODS Data collection B A Figure 1: Photographs illustrating method of taking (A) palmar and fingerprints and (B) thumb print using CanoScan lide 120 scanner (X 0.2). 9

MATERIALS AND METHODS  Distribution of fingerprint patterns Figure 2: A schematic presentation showing the eight subdivisions of fingerprint patterns (Stevenson et al ., 2001) . 10

MATERIALS AND METHODS  Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC) and Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC)  TFRC : Addition of the finger ridge counts taking the highest count of a whorl for all the ten fingers (Ahmad and Pimpalkar, 2017).  AFRC: Addition of the finger ridge counts of all the ten fingers taking into consideration the presence of both count of a whorl (Ramesh et al ., 2011). b b a c a Figure 3: An illustration showing finger ridge counts; A- arch, B- loop and C-whorl (Source: Kahn et al. , 2001 ) . 11

MATERIALS AND METHODS PALMAR ATD, DAT AND ADT ANGLES a a d d t t Figure 4: A photograph of the palm illustrating atd, dat and adt angles (X 0.2). 12

MATERIALS AND METHODS  A-B, B-C AND C-D PALMAR INTER-DIGITAL RIDGE COUNTS A B C A B C D D B A Figure 5: A photograph (A) and illustration (B) showing palmar inter-digital a-b, b-c and c-d ridge counts (Source: Lakshmana et al ., 2017 ). 13

MATERIALS AND METHODS  PIC model • PIC 101 • PIC 200, 201 • PIC 210, 211 • PIC 300, 311, 310 (Mensvoort, 2009; Atinga, 2017) Distal transverse crease Proximal transverse crease Radial longitudinal crease Figure 6: A photograph showing the Primary Palmar Creases (X 0.2). 14

MATERIALS AND METHODS PIC patterns Figure 7: Cartoons showing PIC 101, PIC 200, PIC 201, PIC 211, PIC 300, PIC 311 and PIC 310 (Source: Mensvoort, 2009 ). 15

MATERIALS AND METHODS PIC patterns PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC 310 301 300 200 310 PIC PIC 201 300 Figure 8: Photographs showing PIC patterns (X 0.2). 16

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1600 1388 1400 1297 1200 1000 800 600 468 400 400 235 212 200 0 WHORL LOOP ARCH PRIMARY FINGERPRINT PATTERNS BETWEEN SCA AND CONTROL GROUPS SCA CG Figure 9: A bar chat showing the distribution of the primary fingerprint patterns between the SCA and control groups. Consistent with: ( Oladipo et al ., 2007; Ramesh et al ., 2011; Shetty and Sarda, 2017 ) 17

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1600 1372 1400 1284 1200 FREQUENCY 1000 800 600 386 333 400 213 204 200 53 52 30 22 14 16 13 8 0 CPW DLW PCW UL RL PA TA SUB-DIVISION OF THE FINGERPRINT PATTERN BETWEEN THE SCA AND CONTROL GROUPS SCA CG Figure 10: A bar chart showing the distribution of the subdivisions of fingerprints between the SCA and control groups. SCA-Sickle Cell Anaemia; CG-Control Group; CPW- Central pocket whorl; DLW – Double loop whorl; PCW – Plain concentric whorl; RL- Radial loop; UL- Ulnar loop; PA- Plain arch; TA- Tented arch. 18

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 70 61.25 60 54.75 50 PERCENTAGE 39.5 40 35 30 20 10 2.5 1.25 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 201 211 300 301 310 311 321 400 410 430 500 520 PIC PATTERN DISTRIBUTION OF PIC PATTERN BETWEEN THE SCA AND CONTROL GROUPS SCA CG Figure 11: A bar chart showing the distribution of the PIC pattern between the SCA and Control groups. SCA-Sickle Cell Anaemia; CG-Control Group; PIC- Primary crease, Intersections of primary crease and Complete transverse crease.  PIC 310 and 300 dominate in the Ghanaian population ( Offei et al ., 2014; Atinga, 2017 ). 19

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS New PIC’s patterns recorded PIC PIC PIC PIC 520 430 410 400 Figure 12: Photographs showing new PIC’s recorded in the study (X 0.2). 20

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1: Comparison of palmar ‘atd’ angle between the SCA and control groups . SICKLE CELL CONTROL 95% CI ANAEMIA GROUP Mean SD Mean SD lower Upper t p 43.62 5.92 41.61 5.26 0.442 3.65 2.542 0.015 SD= standard deviation; t = test statistic and p-value- statistically significant at 0.05.  Consistent with Oladipo et al. (2007); Shetty and Sarda (2017). 21

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2: Comparison of ‘adt’ angle between the SCA and control groups. SICKLE CELL CONTROL 95% CI ANAEMIA GROUP Mean SD Mean SD lower Upper t p 60.35 5.52 62.11 5.62 -3.415 0.381 2.212 0.045 SD= standard deviation (SD); t = test statistic and p-value- statistically significant at 0.05.  Paucity of literature 22

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 3: Comparison of total finger ridge count (TFRC) between SCA and control groups. TFRC SCA CG 95% CI SIDE Mean SD Mean SD Lower Upper t p 38.12 52.34 42.31 51.74 -14.417 6.047 -0.804 0.422 Right hand 29.05 47.26 36.18 50.98 -16.793 2.533 Left hand -1.451 0.148 67.17 94.52 78.49 97.64 -15.605 4.290 -1.177 0.240 Both hands SD= standard deviation; t = test-statistic and p-value- statistically significant at 0.05.  Consistent with Ramesh et al . (2011).  SCA is inherited as monogenic trait (chromosome 11) (Koch et al ., 2000)  FRC is inherited as a polygenic trait (chromosome 5 and 1: 5q14.1) (Medland et al ., 2007).  Problematic ridge count method (Acree, 1999). 23

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 4: Comparison of absolute finger ridge count (AFRC) between the SCA and control groups. AFRC SCA CG 95% CI SIDE Mean SD Mean SD Lower Upper t p 74.47 23.43 70.57 28.94 -1.276 9.076 1.481 0.139 Right hand 74.78 29.97 68.04 30.37 0.084 12.667 2.232 0.026 Left hand 149.25 50.71 138.61 57.26 -0.680 10.872 1.967 0.058 Both hands SD= standard deviation; t = test statistic and p-value- statistically significant at 0.05.  Inconsistent with Ramesh et al. (2011).  SCA is inherited as monogenic trait (chromosome 11) (Koch et al ., 2000).  FRC is inherited as a polygenic trait (chromosome 5 and 1: 5q14.1) (Medland et al ., 2007).  Significant association might : both genes might co-occur on the same chromosome. 24