regarding honey bee health. Pesticide/Pollinator Symposium Alfred, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

A survey of recent research findings regarding honey bee health.

Maryann Frazier Senior Extension Associate, Penn State University

Pesticide/Pollinator Symposium Alfred, NY

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html

North America Pollinators

• National Academies of

Science

• Status of Pollinators in

North America

• 2007
• Pollinators are in decline

European Pollinators

• J. C. Biesmeijer, S. P. M. Roberts, M.

Reemer, R. Ohlemler, M. Edwards, T. Peeters, A. P. Schaffers, S. G. Potts, R. Kleukers, C. D. Thomas, J. Settele, and W. E. Kunin

• 21 July 2006 Science 313 (5785),

351.[DOI:10.1126/science.1127863]

• Parallel declines in pollinators

and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands www.sciencemag.org

Honey Bee Colony Losses

• 2007 = 31%
• 2008 = 35.8%
• 2009 = 29%
• 2010 = 33.8%

AIA and USDA/ARS

Jeff Pettis/USDA Jeff Pettis/USDA

Colony Collapse Disorder [CDD]

• Adult bee population suddenly

gone or reduced to small cluster w/o dead bees

–Over a few weeks, or a few days –In locations where bees are active (FL CA in winter)

What have we learned?

Nosema disease

• New species?
• Nosema apis
• Nosema ceranae
• What Impact?

Nosema spores

High level of pesticide exposure

Acephate Acetamiprid Aldicarb sulfone Aldicarb sulfoxide Allethrin Amicarbazone Amitraz (2,4-DMA) Amitraz (2,4-DMPF) Atrazine Azinophos-methyl Azoxystrobin Bendiocarb Bifenthrin Boscalid Captan Carbaryl Carbaryl (1-Naphthol) Carbendazim Carbofuran , 3-hydroxy Carfentrazone Chlorfenapyr Chlorothalonil Chlorpyrifos Coumaphos Coumaphos -Chlorferone Coumaphos oxon Cyfluthrin Cyhalothrin (total) Cypermethrin Cyprodi nil Deltamethrin Diazinon Dicofol Difenoconazole Diflubenzuron Dimethomorph Diphenylamine Endos ulfan 1 Endos ulfan 2 Endos ulfan sulfate Esfenval erate Etoxazole Fenbuconazole Fenhexamid Fenpropath rin Fluva linate Heptac hlor Hexachlorobenzene Imidacloprid Imidacloprid olefin Imidacloprid, 5-hydroxy Indoxacarb Malathion Methidathion Methoxyfeno zide Methyl parathion Metolachlor Metribuzin Myclobuta nil Norflurazon Oxamyl Oxyfluorfen p,p' -DDE Pendimethalin Permethrin Phosmet Pyraclostrobin Pyrethrins Pyrimethanil Quintozene (PCNB) Sethoxydim Simazine Tebuconazole Tebufenozide Tebuthiuron Tetramethrin Thiabendazole Thiacloprid Tribufos Trifloxystrobin Trifluralin Vinclozolin

Multiresidue Pesticide Analysis on US Samples 2007-09

• Very few of 887 samples lacked detections
• Found 121 different pesticides and metabolites

pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, neonicotinoids insect growth regulators, organochlorines, chlorinated cyclodienes,

• 20 fungicides, 12 herbicides, 2 acaricides, 1 synergist,
• At least 14 of these are systemic pesticides
• On average 6.7 different pesticides per pollen sample
• Up to 31 in a single pollen sample
• Up to 39 in a single wax sample

http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009754

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006481

• 61 variables (including adult bee physiology,

pathogen loads, and pesticide levels) measured

• No one variable is likely to cause CCD
• CCD colonies had higher pathogen load
• Coumaphos levels were higher in control colonies

Study caveat

• Snap shot in time

WEIGHING RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BEE COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER BY CLASSIFICATION AND REGRESSION

TREE ANALYSIS

Dennis vanEngelsdorpa,b, Niko Speybroeckc,d, Jay Evanse, Bach Kim Nguyenf, Chris Mulli nb, Maryann Frazierb, Jim Frazierb, Diana Cox-Fosterb, Yanping Chene, David R. Tarpyg, Eric Haubruge f, Jeffrey S. Pettise, and Claude Saegermanh*

Journal of Economic Entomology

• 55 variables analyzed (used to construct tree)
• 6 of the 19 variables having the greatest

discriminatory value were pesticide levels in different hive matrices.

• coumaphos levels in brood had the highest

discriminatory value and were highest in control colonies

• fluctuating asymmetry; highest in CCD colonies

• High levels of disease in CCD colonies
• “New” pathogens (IAPV, N. ceranae)
• In general, high exposure to pesticides
• No one factor explains CCD; a combination of

factors likely, perhaps not always the same combination In Summary

QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.

The herbicide atrazine is linked to reproductive problems in frogs EPA commissioned study - no connection found 2008 Study Jason Rohr Univ. of S. Florida and others Atrazine kills off floating mats of algae, allowing algae on the pond bottom to thrive Snails flourish;flatworm host Flatworms parasitize frogs! 1980’s worldwide decline in frog populations Disease and habitat destruction are blamed

Question:

• Because bees and colonies are so sick - has the

honey bee immune system been compromised?

Factors that can impact immune function:

• Nutrition
• Stress
• Varroa
• Pesticides
• S. Camazine

Connections - pathogens and pesticides

• Sublethal effect of some pesticides - can impair the

immune system function – Higher levels of nosema in pesticide exposed bees - J. Pettis – Bees exposed to pesticides - reduced immune system function - Cox-Foster, Mullin, Frazier J&M ?????????????????

Increased viral titers following ingestion of fungicide and immune challenge in healthy bees

1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 ecoli saline uninjected (control) ecoli saline uninjected (control) saline uninjected (control)

Acetamiprid Myclobutanil Sucrose (control)

BQCV titers affected by fungicide and neonicotinoid following wounding and immune challenge

Alteration in immune gene expression by fungicide

We Gratefully Acknowledge the Following Funding Sources

• College of Agricultural Sciences
• USDA Critical Issues
• USDA CAPS
• NAPPC
• Jasper Wyman and Sons
• Haagen Daz
• National Honey Board