Long-term monitoring of pesticides in air and atmospheric deposition - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Long-term monitoring of pesticides in air and atmospheric deposition in Sweden

Jenny Kreuger & Bodil Lindström

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden IUPAC Ghent, Belgium 20 May 2019

Background

• Long-term monitoring of

environmental fate of pesticides in Sweden since 2002

• Main focus on surface

water*

• To a lesser extent, also

monitoring of pesticides in atmospheric deposition and in air

* Boye et al (2019) Journal of Environmental Quality – in press DOI:10.2134/jeq2019.02.0056

Sampling sites

Vavihill – 2002-2016 Hallahus – from 2017 Aspvreten - 2009-2016

• Sampling sites located

jointly with other international/national atmospheric monitoring programs (e.g. EMEP & ICOS)

• Located in rural

background areas, surrounded by forests, >1 km from treated fields

Norunda - from 2017

• Event related sampling using a bulk

sampler (a stainless steel funnel, area 0.5 m2, above a fridge)

• Ca 12-15 samples/season
• Ca 140 pesticides analysed today
• Sampling during main growing

season

• From 2009 April-October
• Previously May-June + October
• Started in 2002 at Vavihill & in

2009 at Aspvreten (further north)

Methods - precipitation

Methods - air

Air samples collected

• At fixed, weekly, intervals using a high-

volume pump (ca 400 m3/day)

• Using pre-cleaned cartridges with quartz

fiber filter and PUF/XAD/PUF

• Ca 10-12 samples/season
• Ca 100 pesticides analysed today
• Started in 2009 at Vavihill

PUF-2 / XAD / PUF-1 Airflow

0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Total concentration (µg/l) Vavihill (south) - Total concentration in precipitation/ sample 2002 - 2015 Max total concentration 3.9 µg/l in a sample from October 2015, with prosulfocarb constituting the major part (3.8 µg/l)

0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Total concentration (µg/l)

Vavihill (south) - Total concentration per sample 2002 - 2015

Max total concentration 3.9 µg/l in a sample from October 2015, with prosulfocarb constituting the major part (3.8 µg/l)

• During later years (2012-2015) 65 a.i. & 6

TP:s were detected

• Most detects at the low ng/l-level, though

some were occasionally detected above 0.1 µg/l, mainly

• prosulfocarb, protioconazole-destio,

MCPA, pendimethalin, and terbutyhazine-desethyl

Detection frequency in rainwater at Vavihill (south) during recent years 2012-2015 Of those pesticides detected in ≥ 20 % of the samples – ca 50 % were not used in Sweden during the investigation period (e.g. lindane, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, terbuthylazine, metolachlor, epoxiconazole, flufenacet)

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% lindane prosulfocarb propamocarb endosulfan-alpha chlorpyrifos terbuthylazine-desethyl MCPA metazachlor terbuthylazine boscalid endosulfan-sulfate prothiochonazole-desthio clomazone endosulfan-beta isoproturon metolachlor fluazinam epoxiconazole diflufenican azoxystrobin fenpropimorph ethofumesate flufenacet HCH-alpha carbendazim pendimethalin cyprodinil dicamba vinclozolin pyraclostrobin 2,4-D Approved

0,1 1 10 100 prosulfokarb prothioconazole-desthio terbuthylazine-desethyl metazachlor propamocarb terbuthylazine MCPA boscalid bentazone isoproturon metamitron flufenacet metolachlor trinexapac-acid 2,4-D epoxiconazole chlomazon clopyralid propiconazole diflufenican ethofumesat pendimethalin fenpropimorph

Average deposi-on 2012-2015 (µg/m2*year)

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 terbuthylazine-desethyl terbuthylazine flufenacet metolachlor epoxiconazole pendimethalin tri-allate lindane chlorpyrifos diuron quinoxyfen linuron BAM methabenzthiazuron atrazine HCH-alfa dimethoate endosulfan-alfa endosulfansulfat endosulfan-beta dichlobenil HCB

Non-registred pes.cides

= not used in Sweden

Atmospheric deposition at Vavihill in southern Sweden 2012-2015 (April- October)

• Herbicides

dominate, followed by fungicides

• Also pesticides not

registered for use in Sweden (red bars) contribute to the total load

Yearly ∑ 3-month deposition (µg/m2) 2002-2017 for pesticides not used in Sweden

Banned within the EU (left) and approved within EU (right)

Now registered in Sweden, with sale starting in 2015

Long-term trends - deposition

Yearly ∑ 3-month deposition (µg/m2) 2002-2017

Pesticides used in Sweden (left) and for pesticides banned during the period (right)

66 15

Long-term trends - deposition

Air samples - distribution between filter, PUF and XAD

for 26 pesticides detected in >20% of the air samples (n = 34)

* Substances not approved for use within EU at the time of sampling

• PUF breakthrough (> 30%) for dichlobenil, HCH-a, HCB and trifluralin.
• However, only 4% of total pesticide concentration found in XAD and PUF-2

Pesticides in air

April 2017 – March 2018

• Some were

primarily detected on filter

• Seasonal
• ccurrence

Pesticides in air

April 2017 – March 2018

• Others were

detected on PUF

• Year round

Detection frequency in air (adsorbent, PUF-1) 2012-2015

• A total of 31 a.i. and 5 TP:s
• Majority of pesticides

detected in the gas phase are not approved for use within Sweden, many not even within the EU

• Most concentrations at low

levels (< 0.1 µg/m3 air), mainly prosulfocarb detected above this level (max. 30 µg/m3 air)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% endosulfan-alpha HCH-alpha chlorpyrifos lindane HCB prosulfocarb DDE-p,p DDT-p,p chlordane-gamma chlordane-alfa endosulfan-beta endosulfan-sulfat terbutylazine pendimethalin terbuthylazine-desethyl etofumesate tolchlofos-methyl Not approved Approved

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% diflufenican lambda-cyhalotrin esfenvalerate fenpropimorph propiconazole chlorpyrifos azoxystrobin tau-fluvalinate aclonifen terbuthylazine-… cypermethrin pendimethalin terbuthylazine cyprodinil prosulfocarb alfa-cypermethrin isoproturon Not approved Approved

Detection frequency in air (filter) 2012-2015

• Majority of pesticides

detected in the particulate phase are approved for use within Sweden

• Most concentrations at

low levels (< 0.1 µg/m3 air), mainly fenpropimorph detected above this level (max. 0.8 µg/m3 air)

Conclusions

• Currently used pesticides are regularly detected at

ng/l-levels in rainwater, with occasional µg/l-level findings

• A larger number of pesticide detected during

spring/early summer, however higher concentrations were detected during fall (mainly prosulfocarb)

• Deposited amount corresponds to ca 0.1 - 0.0001%
• f the applied dose in the field
• A significant contribution to atmospheric deposition

in southern Sweden from pesticides not used within Sweden, i.e. a transboundary atmospheric transport

• f pesticides

Thank you! Questions?

Acknowledgement:

• The national pesticide monitoring programme is funded by the Swedish

Environmental Protection Agency

• Information about the pesticide monitoring program at
• Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment or
• Centre for Chemical Pesticides